Calculus 2

Integral Calculus
Integration of Exponential and
Hyperbolic Functions
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students should be

able to:

Evaluate the integral of natural exponential and

exponential functions

Evaluate the integral of hyperbolic functions

Introduction

Because the natural logarithmic function is increasing on its

entire domain, ten by the inverse function theorem, it has an
inverse that is also an increasing function. The inverse of 𝑙𝑛 is
called the natural exponential function, denoted by 𝑒, which
we now formally define. The natural exponential function is
the inverse of the natural logarithmic function; it is, therefore,
defined by

𝑒 ! = 𝑦 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦

Introduction

If 𝑎is any positive number and 𝑥 is any real

number, the function 𝑓 defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ! is
called the exponential function to the base 𝑎.
The exponential function to the base 𝑎 satisfies
the same properties as the natural exponential
function
Introduction
Certain combinations of the exponential function 𝑒 ! and 𝑒 "! occur
frequently in mathematics, science, and engineering. These functions are
called hyperbolic functions. They are defined as follows:

𝑒 ! − 𝑒 "! 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 "!
! 1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 1
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 6. 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
Introduction

This week’s lesson focuses mainly on the Integration

of Natural Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions. The
Basic Integration Formulas and Integration by
Substitution will still be used and applied as we
present and discuss examples on the integral of natural
exponential and hyperbolic functions. But before that,
may we first recall the following differentiation of
natural exponential and hyperbolic functions:
Introduction

Differentiation of Exponential Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating exponential functions. The
symbol u denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of x.

𝑑 # #
𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑒 =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 # #
𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Introduction
Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
The following formulas are used for differentiating exponential functions. The
symbol u denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of x.

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 $
𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 $
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 6. 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Introduction

Integration of Exponential Functions

1. # 𝑒 ! 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 ! + 𝐶

!
𝑎
2. # 𝑎! 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
Introduction

Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

Let 𝑢 be the angle of any trigonometric function

1. % 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶 5. % 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

2. % 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶 6. % 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

3. % 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ# 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶 7. % 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

4. % 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ# 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶 8. % 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

Example 1
!𝟑𝒙
*Integration of exponential function
𝟏. # 𝒆 𝒅𝒙

Let: # 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 $ + 𝐶
𝑢 = −3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 Substitute u and du to the given
− = 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
= # 𝑒$ 0 −
3
1 Substitute back 𝑢 = −3𝑥
= − # 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢
3
1 $
=− 𝑒 +𝐶
3
𝟏 !𝟑𝒙 Final answer
=− 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑
Example 2
𝒅𝒗 *Integration of exponential function
𝟐. ' 𝒗
𝒆
Rewrite the given problem
𝑑𝑣 $
' " = ' 𝑒 #" 𝑑𝑣 Note: ! = 𝑒 #&
𝑒 %

Let: ' 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 ' + 𝐶

𝑢 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑣
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑣 Substitute u and du to the given

= ' 𝑒 ' 4 −𝑑𝑢

= − ' 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑢
Substitute back 𝑢 = −𝑣
= −𝑒 ' + 𝐶
𝟏 Final answer
= −𝒆#𝒗 + 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 − 𝒗 +𝑪
𝒆
Example 3
*Integration of exponential function
𝟑. # 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆!𝒕 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 Applying law of exponent ** 𝑒 ( 𝑒 !( = 1
Before integrating, expand first the integrand # 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 $ + 𝐶
= #(𝑒 '( − 2𝑒 ( 𝑒 !( + 𝑒 !'( )𝑑𝑡

= # 𝑒 '( 𝑑𝑡 − 2 # 𝑑𝑡 + # 𝑒 !'( 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= # 𝑒$ 0 $
− 2 # 𝑑𝑡 + # 𝑒 0 − % 𝑒 #$ 𝑑𝑡 % 𝑒 "#$ 𝑑𝑡
2 2
1 1
= # 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 − 2 # 𝑑𝑡 − # 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢
$ 𝑢 = 2𝑡 𝑢 = −2𝑡
2 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑡
1 $ 1 $
= 𝑒 − 2𝑡 − 𝑒 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2 = 𝑑𝑡 − = 𝑑𝑡
2 2
Example 3

Do not cancel out the first and last term

because they have different ‘u’ Substitute
back

𝟏 𝟐𝒕 𝟏 !𝟐𝒕 Final answer

= 𝒆 − 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Example 4
𝟏 *Integration of exponential function
𝒆𝒙
𝟒. # 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
# 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 $ + 𝐶
Let
1
𝑢=
𝑥
1 1 Substitute u and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 = − ' 𝑑𝑥 → −𝑑𝑢 = ' 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= # 𝑒 $ 0 (−𝑑𝑢)

= − # 𝑒 $ 𝑑𝑢
*
Substitute back 𝑢 =
$ +
= −𝑒 + 𝐶
𝟏
Final answer
= −𝒆𝒙 +𝑪
Example 5
*Integration of exponential function
𝟓. ' 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙

Let: ' 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 ' + 𝐶

𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 Substitute u and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
= ' 𝑒' 4
4

1
= ' 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑢
4 Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
1 '
= 𝑒 +𝐶
4
𝟏 Final answer
= 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒
Example 6
*Integration of exponential function
𝟔. ' 𝟓𝟑"𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 %
𝑎
' 𝑎% 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
Let: 𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝑎=5
𝑢 = 3 − 2𝑥 Substitute a, u, and du to the given
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥 → − = 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
%
= '𝑎 : −
2

1 %
1 𝑎% Substitute back 𝑎 = 5, 𝑢 = 3 − 2𝑥
= − ' 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = − +𝐶
2 2 𝑙𝑛𝑎
Apply law of logarithm
1 5&"'(
=− +𝐶 𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏 )
2 𝑙𝑛5

𝟓𝟑"𝟐𝒙 Final answer

=− +𝑪
𝒍𝒏𝟐𝟓
Example 7
*Integration of exponential function
𝟕. ' 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 Before integrating, rewrite the given applying law of
exponent
𝑚 & 𝑛 & = 𝑚𝑛 &
' 3& 2& 𝑑𝑥 = ' 6& 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 '

Let: ' 𝑎' 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶

𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝑎=6
𝑢=𝑥 Substitute a, u, and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

= ' 𝑎' 𝑑𝑢

𝑎' Substitute back 𝑎 = 6, 𝑢 = 𝑥

= +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝟔𝒙 Final answer
= +𝑪
𝒍𝒏𝟔
Example 8
*Integration of exponential function
𝟑
𝟖. % 𝟒𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Before integrating, rewrite the given
problem
B #! D
% #!
4 C𝑑𝑥 = % 4 C 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
% 𝑎D 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
Let:
𝑎=4
2𝑥
𝑢=
3
2 3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 Substitute a, u, and du to the given
3 2
Example 8
3 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
'
= ' 𝑎 4 𝑑𝑢
2

3 -&
= ' 𝑎' 𝑑𝑢 Substitute back 𝑎 = 4, 𝑢 =
.
2
3 𝑎' Apply law of logarithm
= +𝐶
2 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏 /
-&
3 4.
= +𝐶
2 𝑙𝑛4
-&
344.
= +𝐶
𝑙𝑛4-
𝟐𝒙 Final answer
𝟑4𝟒𝟑
= +𝑪
𝒍𝒏𝟏𝟔
Example 9

𝟑𝒙 *Integration of exponential function

𝟗. % 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 Before integrating, rewrite the given
𝟐
applying law of exponent
!
3! 3 𝑚! 𝑚 !
% ! 𝑑𝑥 = % 𝑑𝑥 =
2 2 𝑛 ! 𝑛
Let: 𝑎 D
% 𝑎D 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
3 𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝑎=
2
𝑢=𝑥
Substitute a, u, and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
Example 9

= % 𝑎D 𝑑𝑢
C
Substitute back 𝑎 = # , 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑎D
= +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
!
3
2 Apply law of logarithm
= +𝐶 𝑎
3
ln 2 ln = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 − 𝑙𝑛𝑏
𝑏

𝟑𝒙 Final answer
= 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟐 (𝒍𝒏𝟑 − 𝒍𝒏𝟐)
Example 10
*Integration of hyperbolic function
𝟏𝟎. ' 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
' 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
Let:
𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 Substitute u and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
= ' 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 4
3

1
= ' 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢
3 Substitute back 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
3
𝟏 Final answer
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒉 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝑪
𝟑
Example 11

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 (𝒍𝒏𝒙) *Integration of hyperbolic function

𝟏𝟏. % 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
Let: % 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ# 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 Substitute u and du to the given
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= % sech# 𝑢 (𝑑𝑢)
Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪 Final answer
Example 12
*Integration of hyperbolic function
𝟏𝟐. ' 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙

Let: ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ' 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥'
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 → − = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Substitute u and du to the given
2
𝑑𝑢 Bring out the constant then integrate the function
= ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ' 𝑢 : −
2

1
= − ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ' 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
=− −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶 Substitute back 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 '
2
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
2
𝟏 Final answer
= 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒖 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐
Example 13
𝟏 𝟏 *Integration of hyperbolic function
𝟏𝟑. ' 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
Let: ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
1
𝑢= 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 → 2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2 Substitute u and du to the given
Bring out the constant then integrate the function
= ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 : 2𝑑𝑢

= 2 ' 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

*
Substitute back 𝑢 = 𝑥
'
= 2 −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
= −2𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏 Final answer
= −𝟐𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
References

Printed References
1. Stewart, J. (2019). Calculus concepts and contexts 4th edition enhanced edition. USA :
Cengage Learning, Inc.
2. Canlapan, R.B.(2017). Diwa senior high school series: basic calculus. DIWA Learning
Systems Inc.
3. Hass, J., Weir, M. & Thomas, G. (2016). University calculus early transcendentals,global
edition. Pearson Education, Inc.Larson,
4. Bacani, J.B.,et.al. (2016). Basic calculus for senior high school. Book AtBP. Publishing Corp.
5. Balmaceda, J.M. (2016). Teaching guide in basic calculus. Commission on Higher Education.
6. Pelias, J.G. (2016). Basic calculus. Rex Bookstore.
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Ltd
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1. Pulham , John. Differential Calculus. Retrieved August 7, 2020 from http://
www.maths.abdn.ac.uk/igc/tch/math1002/dif
2. Weistein, Eric. Differential Calculus. Retrieved August 7, 2020 from
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/differential calculus
3. Thomas , Christopher . Introduction to Differential Calculus. Retrieved August 7,
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