MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERMENGT POLYTECHNIC VIKRAMGAD

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2023-24

TITLE OF PROJECT
DESIGN BASIC GATES
USING UNIVERSAL NAND
GATE

Program code:CO3I
Course: COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Course code:22320

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that MR. Gaurav Shrikrushna Patil
Roll No. 2112 of 3rd Semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of Institute, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
VIKRAMGAD (Code: 1547) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in Subject –DTE (22320) for the academic year
2023- 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: VIKRAMGAD Enrollment no: 2215470014

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No:145918

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Shahaji Sopan Suryawanshi
Roll No. 2142 of 3rd Semester of Diploma in Computer
Engineering of Institute, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
VIKRAMGAD (Code: 1547) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in Subject – DTE (22320) for the academic year
2023-2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: VIKRAMAD Enrollment no: 2215470079

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No: 145948

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

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Program code:CO3I
Course: DTE
Course code: 22320

Group Details:

Sr. Name of group Roll No Enrollment

No. members No

1 Shahaji Surywanshi 2142 2215470079

2 Gaurav Patil 2112 2215470014

Name of the Guide: PROF. DHOKE SIR

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 INDEX
SR. N0 CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Introduction 1

2. Components 2

3. Logic Gates 3

4. Nand Gate 4

5. Application 5

6. Advantage and disadvantage 6

7. Conclusion 7

8. Acknowledgement 8

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 Abstract

This project involves creating a simple LED circuit using

a IC 7400. The main objective this project is to understand
the operation of gate. In this project we learn the logical
operation of the NAND gate which is also called as
universal gate. IC 7400 is a NAND gate IC in which there
are four NAND circuit are integrated. By using a simple
LED circuit we can understand the operation of NAND
gate.

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 Introduction

The simple circuit is constructed by using IC 7400 to

understand the working of NAND gate. The circuit is
very simple to construct it consist of very few component.
There are many logic gates which are used to make
different circuit. The logic gates are building blocks at
digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according to some
logic statement relating to them. To understand The
operation of NAND gate we are making this project.

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 Component

Sr.no Component Quantity

1 IC 7400 2

2 Jumper wire 2

3 LED light 2

4 10k resister 4

5 Breadboard 1

6 Battery connector 2

7 9v Battery 1

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 Logic Gates

A logic gate is a device that acts as a building

block for digital circuits. They perform basic logical
functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. Most
electronic devices we use today will have some form of
logic gates in them. For example, logic gates can be used
in technologies such as smartphones, table or within
memory devices. In a circuit, logic gates will make
decisions based on a combination of digital signal coming
from its inputs. Most logic gates have two inputs and one
output. Logic gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any
given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary
conditions, false or true. False represents 0, and true
represents 1. Depending on the type of logic gate being
used and the combination of inputs, the binary output
will differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light
switch, wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in
another, it is on -- 1. Logic gates are commonly used in
integrated circuits (IC).

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 Nand Gate
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR,NOT,
NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
NAND GATE: -
The NAND gate represents the complement of the
AND operation. Its name is an abbreviation of NOTAND.
The graphic symbol for the NAND gate consists of an
AND symbol with a bubble on the output, denoting thata
complement operation is performed on the output of the
AND gate.
The truth table and the graphic symbol of NAND gate is
shown in the figure.

The truth table clearly shows that the NAND

operation is
the complement of the AND.

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 IC 7400

The IC 7400 can be built with a number of devices,

which provides all from basic logic-gates, FFs (flip
flops), counters to ALU, and bus transceivers. The
extended family of digital ICs is 7400 series ICs. This
series ICs mainly include different discreet logic chips
like logic gates along with different registers, RAM
units, and decoders. The IC 7400 is a 14-pin chip and
it includes four 2-input NAND gates. Every gate
utilizes 2-input pins & 1-output pin, by the remaining
2-pins being power & ground. This chip was made with
different packages like surface mount and through-hole
which includes ceramic (or) plastic dual-in-line and
flat pack.

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 Resistor

A resistor is an electronic component that is used to limit

the flow of current in an electronic circuit. Resistors are
designed to have a specific resistance value, measured in
ohms (n), which determines the amount of current that
can flow through them. Resistors are made of materials
that have a high resistance to electrical current, such as
carbon or metal film. The resistance of a resistor is
determined by its physical dimensions, such as Its length,
width, and thickness, and the material used to make it.
Resistors are used in electronic circuits for a variety of
purposes, such as voltage division, current limiting, and
blazing. They are available in different power ratings and
tolerances, and their values can range from a few ohms
to several megaohms. In electronic circuits, resistors are
often used in combination with other components, such
as capacitors and inductors, to

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 Bread Board

A breadboard is a device used in electronics prototyping

to build and test circuits without the need for soldering.
It is a reusable platform consisting of a plastic board with
a grid of holes arranged in a pattern that allows electronic
components to be inserted and interconnected without
the use of wires. The holes on a breadboard are arranged
in rows and columns, and each row and column are
electrically connected internally. This means that
components inserted into the same row or column of
holes are electrically connected. Breadboards are
commonly used in electronic hobbyist and educational
projects, and they are available in various sizes and
shapes to accommodate different project requirements.

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 Jumper Wire

Jumper wires are a type of wire used in electronics to

connect components on a breadboard or other type of
prototyping board. They are typically made of stranded
copper wire with an insulating sheath, and they are
available in various lengths and colors. Jumper wires are
used to make temporary connections between
components on a breadboard, such as connecting an LED
to a resistor or connecting a microcontroller to a sensor.
They are useful for testing and prototyping because they
allow for quick and easy changes to the circuit without
the need for soldering. Jumper wires are also commonly
used to connect a circuit on a breadboard to an external
device or a development board, such as an Arduino or
Raspberry Pl. They are an essential component of any
electronics prototyping kit,

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 Battery

A9V battery is a type of battery commonly used in

portable electronic devices. It is a rectangular-shaped
battery that contains six small cells inside it, which are
connected in series to provide a total voltage of 9 volts.
The cells are usually made of carbon-zinc or alkaline
materials, and the battery is typically enclosed in a plastic
casing with two metal terminals that allow it to be
connected to a circuit. 9V batteries are commonly used in
devices that require low to medium power, such as
smoke detectors, remote controls, and portable radios.
They are also commonly used in hobbyist electronics
projects

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 Application
➢ Used in alarm circuits through light detection
radiation.
➢ Employed in freezer warning buzzer devices.
➢ NAND logic gates are utilized in automatic
temperature regulation circuits.
➢ These are used for analyzing the status of the sensor
that is connected to various doors and windows.
➢ Used in burglar alarms.

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 Advantage

➢ Universality: The NAND gate is universal, which

means it can be used to implement any other logic
function. This property makes it a versatile building
block for designing digital circuits, as you can
create complex functions by connecting NAND
gates in various configurations.
➢ Simplicity: NAND gates have a straightforward
truth table with just four possible inputs. This
simplicity makes them easy to understand and
work with, which can be advantageous in both
educational and practical settings.
➢ Reduced Complexity: When you use NAND gates
exclusively, you can often simplify your circuit
design. This can lead to reduced component count,
lower power consumption, and smaller chip area,
making it cost-effective in integrated circuits.
➢ Ease of Manufacture: NAND gates are commonly
available and are often used as the basic building
blocks in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. This can
simplify the manufacturing process.

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 Disadvantage
➢ Latency: NAND gates may have a higher
propagation delay compared to simpler gates like
NOT or AND gates. This can affect the overall
performance of a circuit, especially in high-speed
applications.
➢ Complexity in Analysis: While NAND gates
simplify circuit design, they can make circuit
analysis more complex due to the many
combinations of inputs that must be considered
when determining the behavior of a complex
circuit.
➢ Increased Component Count: In some cases,
using only NAND gates may result in a larger
number of gates than if you used a more specialized
gate. This can increase power consumption and
manufacturing costs.
➢ Resource Utilization: In FPGA or ASIC designs,
NAND gates may not be the most efficient choice
because these technologies are often optimized for
specific gate types like LUTs (Lookup Tables).

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 Conclusion

Designing circuits using universal gates, such as the

Universal NAND gate, can be a powerful and efficient
way to create a wide variety of digital logic functions.
The Universal NAND gate is a gate that can be used to
implement all other logic gates, including AND, OR,
NOT, and more. When designing circuits using this
gate,

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 Acknowledgement

You should acknowledge that you understand the

basic principles of logic gates and know how to
implement it. Remember to use appropriate resistors to
limit the current through the LED which is of value
(1kohm). By this circuit we can learn the logical operation
of NAND gate which is a universal gate. The gates are
used in every electronic equipment where the logical
operation should have to be done.
Eg. Microcontroller, Microprocessor

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