STUDY UNIT 5

DRAINAGE &
DRIVEWAY
 Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1. Identify and interpret related SMM clauses for measuring drainage work.
2. Interpret drawings and specifications related to drainage work.
3. Understand and apply the measurement technique for drainage work.

Overview
This study unit introduces the SMM rules and principles involves in measuring
concrete works related to drainage work. Examples and illustrations are given to
guide students with the measurement processes.

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 Chapter 1 Drainage Work
1.1 Aim
This chapter aims to give students an understanding of the general principles
involves in measuring drainage work.

1.1.1 General Notes

Cl.22.01a. The nature of the ground in which the excavations are to be made shall be
stated where available. This information is taken from the site investigation report
and bore log details

Figure 5.1 Bore log details (Source: Earthsoft report)

Cl.22.01b. Work beyond the boundary of the site shall be so described and given
separately and any restriction regarding access shall be stated. Work within &
outside boundary are to be measured separately. Restriction if any regarding access
shall be stated (eg. Day & time)
Cl 22.01c. Work to be carried out by a statutory authority shall be covered by a prime
cost sum (PC) A prime cost sum is an allowance usually calculated by the consultant

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QS for the supply of work or materials to be provided by a contractor or supplier that
will be nominated by the client.

This estimated sum shall be set aside in the BoQ (Bill No 2 – Prime Cost &
Provisional Sum) for such works to be carried out by the NSC/Statutory Authority
The allowance is exclusive of any profit mark up or attendance (such as material
handling, scaffolding and rubbish clearance etc) by the main contractor.

Nominated sub-contractors.

cl.2.11a – The name of the sub-contractor shall be given if known together with a
description of the sub-contract work

cl.2.11b – An item is to be provided for general attendance which shall deemed to

include the use of contractor’s temporary facilities & utilities on site.

Allow a PC sum of $20,000 (twenty thousand dollars) for drainage works to be

executed by a Statutory Authority

Add: Profit (%)

Add: Overheads (% or Lump sum)

Cl 22.02. The work in each different type of drainage system shall be measured
separately:
1. Agricultural
2. Storm water
3. Special trade waste

1.1.2 Description
Cl 22.03. The description of each item of excavation shall be deemed to include:

1. Getting out

2. Maintaining faces of trenches

3. Grading bottoms & ramming

4. Planking & strutting

5. Backfilling & disposal of surplus soil

6. Keeping excavation free from subterranean water

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Figure 5.2 Planking & Strutting (Source: Chest of Books)

1.1.3 Manholes & Inspection Chambers

Underground drainage systems must have access points, to enable the drains to be
inspected on a regular basis and to be cleaned in the event of a blockage.
The most common form of access is an inspection chamber, often still referred to as a
manhole.
In the past, manholes were actually large, bricked up chambers that had iron steps
built into the wall, enabling a person to physically climb down into the drainage
system.
The main difference between ICs and these old manholes is that inspection chambers
do not permit physical entrance into the drains.

1.1.4 Measurement Example for Inspection Chambers

Cl. 22.08a. Manhole & Inspection Chambers shall each be given in detail under an

appropriate heading stating the number:

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The following in 4 Nos brick Inspection Chambers

Work Example:

Figure 5.3 Plan of Inspection Chamber (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

Figure 5.4 Plan details of Inspection Chamber (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Figure 5.5 Section Details of Inspection Chamber (Source: Construction Project
Drawing)

Figure 5.6 Drainage details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Take-off list for Inspection Chamber

1. Excavation

2. Base slab lean concrete

3. Base slab concrete

4. Base slab formwork

5. Concrete wall

6. Concrete wall formwork

7. Brickwall

8. Internal & external renderings

9. PC concrete slab

10. IC cover & frame

11. Half round main channel

12. Branch channel

13. Benching

14. Step iron

15. Testing

16. De-watering (If not measured under Excavation Works)

Specifications: IC. X, Internal size = 1000x750

IC. X calculations

External size: 1700x1450

Length = 1000

Add: 2/10= 20

Add: 2/190 380

Add: 2/150 300

1700

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IC. X

External size: 1700x1450

Width = 750

Add: 2/10= 20

Add: 2/190 380

Add: 2/150 300

1450

IC X. Invert Depth Calculations:

Invert Depth: 1500mm

Top level = 100.000

Invert level = 98.500

Invert depth = 1.500

Total Excavation Depth: 1775mm

Invert dp = 1500

Drain thk = 50

Conc base = 150

Blinding = 75

1775

IC. X

Precast Conc Cover slab: 1400x1150

Length = 1000

Add: 2/10 = 20

Add: 2/190 = 380

1400

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IC. X

Precast Conc Cover slab: 1400x1150

Width = 750

Add: 2/10 = 20

Add: 2/190 = 380

1150

IC. X

Internal Girth of bwall:

Length = 1020

Width = 770

2x 1790

= 3580mm

IC. X

IG of wall = 3580

MG of wall = 3580

Add: 4/190 = 760

4340

IC. X

EG of bwall

IG of wall = 3580

Add:2/ 4/190 = 760

5100

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The following in 2 Nos brick inspections:

m3 Exc pit for IC c.f.e.g.l, n.e. 2.00m

deep including part r.f.&r & part

disposal off site.

m2 75mm thick lean conc grade 15

blinding to u/s of conc base (m/s)

m2 150mm Thick PC grade 30 in base

m Sn fmwk to v/s of conc base,

e.100mm & n.e. 200mm high

m2 210mm Thick PC grade 25 in

wall

m2 Sn fmwk to v/s of conc wall

m2 190mm Thick bwall in commons

in Eng bond bedded & jointed in ct.

sand mortar (1:3)

m2 10mm Thick ct. sand (1:3) rendering

to walls

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 1 150mmThick x1400mmx1150mm RC

precast conc slab reinforced with A8

Fabric Mesh

1 900x805x70mm C.I. medium duty IC

cover set in air tight fr in ct. sand (1:3)

mortar

Cl. 22.08c. Concrete benching, main & branch channels, step-irons, covers etc shall
be measured in No stating the type, quality, size and method of bedding & fixing

Figure 5. 7 Benching (Source: The Home Improvement Hub)

1 Benching bottom overall size

1000x750mm with grade 25 conc

225mm thick (av) & finished to falls

including trowelling smooth

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 1 150mm dia half round vitrified clay

straight main channel, 1000mm lg bedded &

jointed in ct. & sand (1:3) mortar

1 100mm dia half round vitrified clay

bend branch channel, 300mm lg

bedded & jointed in ct. & sand (1:3)

mortar

1 13mm dia m.s. C-shaped step iron &

cast into b.walls

Cl. 22.08b. Standard IC approved by the relevant authorities shall be so described

and measured in No

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1.2 Drain work
1.2.1 Excavation
Cl.22.04a Excavating trenches for pipes shall be given in M stating the commencing
level, size of pipe, width of concrete bed (if applicable), and the average depth
classified in successive stages of 2.00m given in multiples 250mm.

Cl.22.04b Excavating curved trenches shall be so described (given separately)

irrespective of radius

1.2.2 Measurement Example for Drains

Figure 5.8 Inspection chamber plan (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

Figure 5.9 Inspection Chamber plan details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Figure 5.10 Inspection chamber section details (Source: Construction Project
Drawing)

Figure 5.11 Drain details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Take off list for drain

1. Excavation
2. Lean concrete
3. Bed
4. Surround
5. Drain pipe
6. Testing

Calculations:

Ext size of IC X = 1700x1450

Ext size of IC Y = 1900x1450

Length of trench = 20.00 – [(1700 + 1900)]/2 = 18.20m

Width of Trench

Pipe dia = 150

Pipe Thk = 26 (2/13mm)

Sides = 200 (2/100mm)

376

Depth of trench:

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Beds, Benchings, surrounds & coverings

Cl 22.05 Beds, benchings, surrounds and coverings to pipes shall each be given
separately in M stating the nominal size of the pipes, width & thickness of beds,
benchings, coverings or dimensions of surrounds and the mix or materials from
which the beds, benchings, surrounds or coverings are to be constructed

Formwork required shall be deemed to be included with the item

Figure 5.12 Drain Supports (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Drain Pipe Length:

Length = 18.20

Add: 2/150 = 0.30

Add: 2/200 = 0.40

18.90

Cl 22.06a. Pipes of any material shall be measured the net length along the centre
lines of the pipes over bends, junctions and given in M, stating the kind & quality of
the pipe, size & the method of jointing.

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1.2 Covered Drain
1.3.1 Measurement Example for Covered Drains
Figure 5.13 Covered Drain Plan (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Figure 5.14 Covered drain section details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

Bakau Piles
Length of drain = 10.00
Less: 2/150 = 0.30
(750-450)/2 9.70/450mm
= 21.55, say 22 + 1 = 23 Nos

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Trench Excavation

cl.5.09a. Excavation for foundation trenches shall be given in m3 in stages of 2.00m

stating the commencing level.

Lean Concrete

cl. 6.04. Blinding concrete shall be given in m2 stating the thickness.

Ground Slab

cl. 6.06a – Ground slab shall be given in m2 stating the thickness

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Figure 5.15 U Shape drain (Source: Tekun Concrete Manufacturer)

cl. 6.25b Formwork to edges of floors where under 300mm shall be given in M and
grouped in stages of 100mm

1st stage – n.e. 100mm high

2nd stage – e. 100 & n.e. 200mm high

3rd stage – e.200 & n.e. 300mm high

Concrete Wall

cl. 6.08a - Walls shall be given in m2 stating the thickness

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Drain walls

Concrete wall

Av Invert = (600 + 900)/2 = 750

Add: drain thickness= 40

790

Less: Top slab= 125

665

2/10.00 150mm Thick RC grade 40 in drain walls

0.67

Formwork to Walls

cl. 6.26 – Formwork shall be measured to both sides of walls

Figure 5.16 Wall Formwork (Source: Carpentry for Vocational Schools)

2/2/ 10.00 Sn fmwk to v/s of drain walls

0.67

2/2/ 0.67

0.15

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Suspended concrete slab

cl. 6.07a. Suspended concrete slab shall be given in m2 stating the thickness. If laid
to fall, this shall be stated, the average thickness given

10.00 125mm Thick RC grade 40 in

0.75 Susp slab

2/10.00 Sn fmwk to v/s of susp slab e.

100mm & n.e. 200mm high

2/ 0.75

Soffit Formwork

cl. 6.23d Where the height of strutting exceeds 3.50m, formwork shall be given
separately in stages of 1.50m but not to be measured in successive stage

Soffit Formwork

1st stage – not exceeding 3.50m

2nd stage – exceeding 3.50m & not exceeding 5.00m

Soffit Formwork

Width = 750

Less: 2/150= 300

450

10.00 Sn fmwk to soffit of susp slab

0.45 strutting n.e. 3.50m high

Fabric Mesh Reinforcement

cl.6.22a – Fabric mesh reinforcement shall be given in m2 stating the weight &
extent of laps.

Only the net area shall be measured and no deduction shall be made for opening less
than 1.00m2.

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Bending, welding, extra materials at laps and notchings around obstructions shall be
deemed to be included with the item.

Table 5.1 Fabric Mesh Reinforcement table (Source: Steel Reinforcement Supplier)

Fabric Mesh – U shaped (wall & base)

Concrete cover = 25mm

Invert depths (600 + 900)/2 = 750

Add: Thk of drain 40

Add: Base slab 150

Add: Top proj 50

990

Less: Cover (base) 25

965 x 2 = 1930

Add: (750 – 2/25) 700

2630

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Fabric Mesh – U shaped (wall & base)

Length = 10.00 – (2/25) = 9.950

9.95 WSF (BRC) B8 weighing __ kg/m2 in

2.63 walls/slab (msd nett – no allowance

for laps)

10.00 Ditto but in susp slab & do

0.70

PC Drain

10.00 230mm Dia, type C2 half round

precast conc drain channel laid

to level as specified

Benching

Width = (450 – 230) = 220mm

10.00 Grade 40 conc benching at base of

0.22 drain finished to fall av 150mm high

Figure 5. 20 Precast concrete half round channel

Gratings
cl. 14.24 Gratings, inspection chamber and manhole covers, access hatches etc shall
be given in No

Mild Steel Grating

1 868x578mm hot dipped galv m.s.

hinged grating fabricated with m.s.

flats & bars on angle frame set in

conc slab (m/s)

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 Chapter 2 Driveway & Car Parks

2.1 Aim
This chapter aims to give students an understanding of the general principles
involves in measuring driveway and car parks.

2.1.1 Rigid Pavements

The two types of pavements are:

1. Rigid

2. Flexible

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2.1.2 Rigid Pavement

Figure 5.17 Section of Rigid Pavement (Source: The Constructor)

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2.1.3 Flexible Pavement

Figure 5.18 Flexible Pavement (Source: Pavement Interactive)

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Figure 5.19 Section of Flexible Pavement (Source: Civil Blog Org)

2.1.4 Measurement Example

Figure 5.20 Section of Rigid Pavement (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Figure 5.21 Kerb Details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

Specifications:

1. Unless otherwise specified, concrete shall be grade 40

2. Minimum cover of concrete shall be 40mm

3. Sub-grade shall be trimmed to levels and well compacted

4. Sub-base shall be 150mm thick hardcore blinded with quarry dust and well
compacted

5. Base course shall be 100mm thick crushed granite aggregate

6. Pre-cast concrete road kerb shall be 980mm long.

7. Road paints shall be 1.5mm thickx150mm wide

8. Road kerbs shall be painted with 2 coats of synthetic gloss enamel paint in
alternate black & white colours

De-watering

cl. 5.16 – An item shall be given for keeping the site and all excavation free from
all water by pumping or otherwise

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De-watering

Item Keeping exc free from all

waters by pumping or

otherwise

Excavation

cl. 5.03e – All excavations except over site to reduced level or cuttings & tunnellings
shall be given in successive stages of 2.00m, stating the commencing level

1st stage – n.e. 2.00m deep

2nd stage – e. 2.00m but n.e. 4.00m deep

3rd stage – e. 4.00m but n.e. 6.00m deep etc

Excavation

Calculations: Depth

EGL = 105.150

Pavement level = 105.000

0.150

Concrete = 0.200

Crush agg = 0.100

H/C = 0.150

0.700

Length to be: 12.00m

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Excavation

Width of pavement

Kerb base = 400

Less: 125

100 225

175

Width of pavement = 6000

Less: 2/175 350

5650

Figure 5.22 Kerb Details (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Excavation

Depth of kerb

150

100

265

515

Width of pavement = 400

Trimming Sub-grade

cl. 5.19a – Surface treatment

Trimming the surface of the ground to slope or cambers shall be described and given
separately in m2

Hardcore

cl. 5.23c – Hardcore filling not exceeding 300mm thick shall be given in m2

cl. 5.23a – The material to be sued for hardcore and the method of consolidated and
any blinding shall be described.

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cl. 6.25b – Formwork to edges of floors where under 300mm shall be given in M and
grouped in stages of 100mm

cl. 6.25 – Formwork to small features shall be given in No

4 Sn fmwk to ends of

pavement slab

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Kerb Fdn

cl. 6.05 – Foundations shall be given separately in m3

Kerb Fdn

265

Less: 235

30

Figure 5.23 Kerb Foundation (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

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Kerb Fdn Excavation

Backfilling

Depth = 150

100

30

280

Figure 5.24 Kerb Backfilling (Source: Construction Project Drawing)

Road Painting

12.00 Prepare & apply 2 coats gloss

synthetic enamel paint in alt

black & white colour to exposed

side & top of PCC kerb

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Road Painting

cl. 21.03d – Work on surfaces not exceeding 300mm wide or girth, shall be given in
M stating the girth in stages of 100mm

1st stage – n.e. 100mm wide

2nd stage – e. 100 & n.e. 200mm wide

3rd stage – e.200 & n.e. 300mm wide

Road Painting

12.00 Prepare & apply white

thermoplastic paint 150mm

wide x 1.5mm Thick on

concrete pavement (m/s)

Road Kerb

Painting on exposed

Kerb surfaces

Girth length:

v/s 150

v/s 100

top 80

330

Road Painting

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Kerb – Girth 250mm

12.00 Prepare & apply 2 coats gloss

synthetic enamel paint in alt

black & white colour to exposed

side of PCC kerb girth 3.200 & n.e.

300mm high

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 References

1. Building Quantities Explained, Ivor H Seeley, 4th Edition

2. Building Quantities, Revised Edition by Ai-Lin, Teo

3. CP 97: Part 1: 2002: Code of Practice for Construction Electronic Measurement

Standards.

4. Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works (Second Edition), June 1986

5. Designing Buildings Wiki

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