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How Computer Works ?

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If you are looking for simple introduction to how computer works then you have

reached the right place. This is a step by step easy-to-understand introduction to

how computer works.

The entire computer functions can be broadly grouped into four basic operations.

These functions include input operations, storage operations, data processing and

output operations.

The computer system consist of both hardware components and the software

components. The software provides a set of instructions which directs the various

operations performed by the computer hardware components.

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Complete Video Tutorial

Learn Computer Science

Course Contents

SECTION – 1

Introduction To Computer Science


SECTION – 2
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Introduction To Computer System

How Computer Works ? Complete Beginners Guide.
How Computer Works ?

What Is Computer Hardware ?

Types Of Computers

SECTION – 3

CS And Binary Number System

SECTION – 4

Computer System Memory

What Is Virtual Memory ?

Random Access Memory ( RAM ).

SECTION – 5

Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

Computer Block Diagram What Is CPU ?

CPU Machine Cycle.

Instruction Cycle Explained.

Intel 8085 Architecture

Instruction Set Architecture

SECTION – 6

Computer Bus System

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SECTION – 7

Computer BIOS And CMOS

SECTION – 8

Computer Operating System

SECTION – 9

Data Structures And Algorithms

SECTION – 10

Computer Programming Fundamentals

Object Oriented Programming ( OOP )

Procedural Programming

Programming Paradigms

Program Compilation

SECTION – 11

Software Engineering

Application Software
This is a comprehensive step by step guide for you to learn the entire logical
System Software
sequence of operations performed by the computer system.
SECTION – 12

Web Design And Development


SECTION – 14

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Database Management Systems ( DBMS )

In this tutorial , you will also learn the various computer system components and
Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD )
how these components interact with each other when computer system is switched
SECTION – 15
on.
Relational Database Management System
( RDBMS )
Computer Working Explained : Step-By-Step
How To Design Database ?

Let us take a quick look at the series of operations performed by the computer Database Normalization

from the start till the shut down when computer is powered off. Database Keys

SECTION – 16

The User Starts the Computer. Computer Engineering

SECTION – 17
The computer performs power supply Check ( POST ).
MySQL RDBMS
The Computer Booting Process Is Initiated.
SECTION – 18
The Firmware BIOS Initiates the process to loads the operating System.
Android Development
The BIOS performs initial hardware check.
SECTION – 19
The BIOS Loads the operating system.
Java Programming Basics
The BIOS hands over the system control to main operating system.
SECTION – 20
The Operating System becomes fully operational.
What Is Computer Hardware ?
The user starts to interact with computer via operating system.
What Is Computer Motherboard ? 

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How To Select The Best Laptop ?

The user initiates the program execution.
SECTION – 21
The user inputs the data using input devises.
Computer Organization And Architecture
The operating system loads the program and data into the main memory
What Is CPU ?
RAM.
What Is Control Unit ?
The Microprocessor (CPU) initiates the program execution.
What Are CPU Registers ?
The CPU starts retrieving program instructions one by one from RAM.
What Is Instruction Format ?
The CPU decodes and execute each program instruction.
What Is Machine Instruction ?
The CPU operates on the data as per the program instructions.
Instruction Set Architecture
The processed data is sent to the main memory.
What Is Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU ) ?

The operating system presents the processed data to the user.

The CPU can handle multiple processes simultaneously.

The user can store the processed data into the permanent memory.

The user commands operating system to shut down the system.

The operating system terminates all the running processes.

The computer system turns into power off mode.

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What Is Computer ? | Beginners Guide To Computer System | How Computer Works ?

Latest Post

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Computer Science Salary Latest Trends

2022 | USA, UK IT Salary

Software Development Life Cycle | SDLC

Models, Phases, Methodologies

How Does A Computer Work ?

Table Of Contents What Is CPU ? | Central Processing Unit
CPU – Functions And Types 

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 What is a computer ?

 What is Computer Hardware And Software ?

 What is Computer System Architecture ?

Why Computer Use Binary Number
 What is Computer Program ? System ? | What Is Binary ?

 What is an operating system ?

 What are Computer Hardware components ?

 What are computer software components ?

 What is computer booting ? What Is Machine Cycle ? | How CPU

Executes Machine Cycle ? | Instruction
 How Computer Works - Step By Step. Cycle

What Is Computer Program ? | Computer


Programming Basics | Program Coding

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What Is Machine Learning ? | Applications

Of Machine Learning ( ML ) | Models

What is a Computer System ?

A computer system is an electronic machine. A computer is designed to perform

various user specified operations such as data processing, calculations, computer What Is Web Hosting ? | How to select
Best Web Hosting ? | Hosting Types
graphic, word processing and many such applications.

A computer basically works by performing four basic operations. These four basic

computer operations include input operations, storage operations, data processing

and the output operations.

What Is Full Stack Developer ? | 9 Essential

Skills For Full Stack Developer | Job 
Description , Salary

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How To Create A Blog ? | Make Money By

Blogging | Best Blogging Websites

How To Make Website ? | Create A

Website In 10 Easy Steps 2019 | SEO Tools
A computer system is an electronic machine. A computer is designed to perform

various user specified operations such as data processing, calculations, computer

graphic, word processing and many such applications.

A computer basically works by performing four basic operations. These four basic

computer operations include input operations, storage operations, data processing

Top 10 Software Engineering Skills | How
and the output operations. To Become Successful Software Developer

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Computer Science Fields Of Study

How Computer Works ?

Computer Basic Operations

Input Storage Processing Output Learn To Code | How to Learn Computer

Operations Operations Programming ?
Operations Operations

A computer is a digital electronic device because computer system can

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understand and execute only program instructions in binary .

A binary code is represented using binary number system in which each number

is represented using only two numbers that is either numeric zero ( 0 ) or one ( 1

). 

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What Is Database Managem…

Managem…

How Computer Works ?

YouTube

What is a Computer Hardware And Software

?

A computer system consist of various hardware and software components. The

hardware components are tangible electronic and mechanical components.

Whereas , the software components are the computer programs necessary to

operate the computer hardware components and also to perform user specified 

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other jobs on the system.

The user may use the computer for various operations such as data processing ,

word processing and other such applications.

The computer software can be broadly grouped into two categories that is system

software and application software .

The system software components are used by the computer itself to operate and

control the various hardware components and other hardware devices connected

to the system .

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Whereas, the application software are computer program specially created to allow

the user to perform various operations such as creating documents , image editing ,

music players and other such utility programs.

How Computer Works ?

What is a Computer System Architecture ?

The computer system architecture defines the configuration of the computer

system in terms of various components used, performance standards, features and

the specifications. The system architecture also defines the various performance

parameter that system must achieve.

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The system architecture does not specify any specific brand for various components

rather it specifies the performance benchmarks.

In simple words, the system architecture is a blueprint for building a computer

system in terms of components, configuration and the technology.

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The computer architecture is also defied as set of rules and methods that defines

the computer system in terms of its functionality, organization and implementation

of the computer system.

The system architecture is also defined in terms of system configuration for a

specific instruction set architecture ( ISA ) and its implementation into the

processor microarchitecture.

The ISA defines the machine code that processor can decode and execute the

machine instructions. The ISA is implemented into the CPU microarchitecture.

The term microarchitecture is also referred as computer organization. The

microarchitecture describes the implementation of the instruction set architecture.

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What is a Computer Program ?

A computer program is a set of instructions which directs the computer system. A

computer performs various operations only as per the program instructions . 

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A computer program can be written in any programming language . However , the

computer programs are generally written in using any high level programming

language such as C language , C++ , Java , Python and other programming

languages .

Since computer understands only machine code instructions in binary , a high level

program first needs to be converted into machine code instructions in Binary. This

conversion process is referred as program compilation.

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The binary machine instructions can be directly executed by the computer system .

The low level machine code in binary consist of only patterns of 0 ( zero ) and 1 (

one ).

And therefore , the computer programs are first written using a human friendly high

level programming languages and then compiled to machine code in binary.

How Computer Works ?

What is Computer Program ?



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What Is Computer Program ? | Computer Programming Basics | Computer Coding

How Computer Works ?

What is an Operating System?

An operating system is an essential component of every computer system . It is a

type of system software that gets loaded first into the memory each time when the

computer system is switched on.



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An operating system is a system software that is responsible to manage the

computer system. An OS provides a user friendly interface to the user to operate

the computer system.

The operating system also performs some of the most important functions such as

process management, system security, memory management, resource

management.

Read More

What Is Operating System ?

Operating System Functions Process Management

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How Computer Works ?

What are Computer Hardware Components ?

The computer hardware components include of all the electronic components and

also some mechanical components . Some hardware components are internal to

the system.

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These internal components are mounted inside a case . A computer case is a

cabinet which provides a protective enclosure to the main system components.

Some hardware components are attached externally to the computer system .

These external components attached to the system are also commonly referred to

as peripheral devices .

The peripheral devices include input devices such as keyboard , mouse , scanner ,

camera and other input devices . The standard output peripheral devices include

display monitor , printer and external storage devices. 

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Read More

What Is Computer Hardware ?

Computer Hardware Components

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How Computer Works ?

Computer Hardware Components

 Computer System Cabinet .  SMPS - Power Unit.

 Microprocessor ( CPU ).  Chipset - North And South Bridge.

 System Motherboard.  System Cooling Fan.

 Memory RAM Modules.  Optical Drive.

 Hard Drive.  Microprocessor Heat Sink.

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 Input And Output Devices..  Graphics Card .

Computer System Case

Computer Case

The computer case ( cabinet ) provides a secured enclosed space to the system in

which some of the most important system components are mounted.

The computer case also provides secure mechanical slots in which various internal

components can be placed .

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The internal hardware components are placed inside casing include power unit (

SMPS ) , motherboard , micro-processor , graphics card , main memory RAM

modules , hard disk , ventilation fan and other components.

Computer Case Types

Microprocessor ( CPU )


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The central processing unit ( CPU ) is the brain of the computer . The CPU is also

alternately referred as microprocessor or simply processor.

The CPU is responsible to perform all the arithmetic calculations and logical

operations . The CPU is securely mounted inside CPU socket present on the

motherboard .

The CPU mainly provides the processing power to the computer and therefore the

system performance is significantly depends upon the processor type and speed .

Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

How Computer Works ?

What is Microprocessor ( CPU ) ?

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What Is CPU ? | How CPU Works ? | Functions Of Central Processing Unit

Computer System Motherboard

The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the computer system .The

motherboard also works as a junction point where other vital components are

connected to the system.

Some of the most important system components placed on the motherboard


include microprocessor chip mounted inside a processor socket , the main memory
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RAM modules mounted inside slots , integrated controller chipset north bridge and

south bridge graphics card , BIOS and CMOS battery.

The motherboard also provide various connection sockets to connect the hard disk

( disk memory ) and other drives.

READ MORE

What Is Motherboard ?

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Computer Main Memory

RAM - Random Access Memory

The main memory RAM is considered to be the main system memory. The Random

Access Memory modules are mounted inside slots present on the motherboard.

The CPU starts the program execution only when it is loaded into the main

memory. The most commonly used RAM size for is 4 GB , 8 GB and 16 GB.

The main system memory is a critical resource that is managed by the operating

system . The main memory RAM is also referred as primary memory or volatile

memory .

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What Is Computer Memory ?

What is Computer Memory ?

What is computer memory ? | Random Access Memory ( RAM ) | Memory Types

Disk Memory ( Hard Disk )

The main memory RAM has limited capacity and therefore , the computer makes use of

another storage device called disk memory. Disk memory is also referred as secondary 

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memory.

The disk memory is installed in the system either as hard disk inside the cabinet or

connected externally as an external storage device .

The disk memory is considered to be the secondary memory. The hard disk

memory is mounted inside the specific mechanical slot inside the system casing.
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The disk memory has relatively much higher capacity as compared to the main

memory RAM and it is managed by the operating system . The disk memory is also

referred as secondary memory or permanent ( Non-volatile ) memory .

Power Supply Unit ( SMPS )

The power supply unit ( SMPS – Switched Mode Power Supply ) is responsible to

supply electricity current to various components as per the designated power

supply requirement for each device.

The SMPS power supply unit is connected to the input power source ( 110 V US ,

220 V UK , India ) . The SMPS provides power output with multiple output wires for

different internal system components .

This power supply to the system is managed and checked by the power unit

installed inside the computer cabinet .

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How Computer Works ?

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Input And Output Devices

The input and output devices are standard feature for almost all computer systems.

Input Devices

The computer system use different types input devices which allow the user to

interact with the computer system and accept the user input data .

The most commonly used input devices include keyboard , mouse , scanner , bar-

code reader , camera , mic and other such devices.

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Output Devices

The computer system use different types output devices to allow the user to use

the processed data for different applications and display the processed data or

store the data for future use.

The most commonly used Output devices include display monitor , printer , plotter ,

speaker and other such devices.

How Computer Works ?



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What are Computer Software Components ?

The software is an essential feature of every computer system . The computer

hardware components needs to be directed and controlled with the help of

programs also called software.

The computer system use two types of software components which includes both

application software and system software.

Application Software

The application software are designed to provide various functionality . The user
needs different types of application software to perform various operations .

For example , the most commonly used application software include Microsoft

Office . The MS Office internally consist of group of software and each provides a
specific functionality to the use such as MS Word , Power Point and MS Excel.

Read More


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What Is Application Software ?

System Software

The system software is an essential component of every computer system . The

operating system is the most commonly used operating system present in every

computer .

The operating system internally use other system software components such as

device drivers and system utility programs.

The operating system interacts with various hardware components with the help of

another system software called the device driver.

Read More

What Is System Software ?

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How Computer Works ?

So far we have learned the basics of computer system , various software and

hardware components and the functions performed by these components.

The entire computer functions can be broadly grouped into four basic operations

which include input operations , storage operations , data processing and output

operations

Let us now understand how computer works step by step and the interaction that

happens between the various components after the system is powered on.

How Computer Works ?



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How Computer Works - Step By Step

 The User starts the computer.

 The computer performs power supply Check ( POST ).

 The CPU activates BIOS to initiate the booting process.

 The BIOS loads the operating system.

 The Operating System takes the control of the computer.

 The user initiates the program execution .

The operating system loads program into the main


memory.

 The CPU initiates the program execution.

 The user input data is stored into the main memory..

 The processed data is sent to the output device.

Step - 1 

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The computer performs power supply

check ( POST ).

When the computer system is first powered on , the first job for the computer is to

ensure that the computer is getting adequate and designated power supply to the

system .

The system power supply unit carries out self-test called POST. The POST stands for

“Power On Self Test” .

The POST test checks the computer systems internal hardware for compatibility ,

connection and ensures that no errors exist before loading the operating system .

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Only after successful completion of the POST , the bootstrap loader routine on

the BIOS chip is invoked to load the operating system . If the POST fails then

the computer system will beep for different beep codes .

After successfully completing the POST ( Power On Self Test ) , the BIOS then

attempt to loads the operating system ( OS ) into the main system memory RAM (

Random Access Memory ).

The OS is located either on the internal hard disk attached to the computer system

OR from bootable OS disk in the CD ROM drive. The BIOS will pass the control to

the operating system once the it is fully loaded

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Step - 2

The CPU Activates the BIOS to Initiate the Booting

Process.

The user can start using the computer when the operating system is fully loaded

and operational . And therefore , the microprocessor’s first job is to locate and

initiate the process of loading the operating system every time the computer

system is switched on .

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The CPU loads the Operating system with the help of another system utility

program called BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) .

BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. The BIOS is a system utility program

which loads the operating system when computer is switched on. Learn More :

BIOS And CMOS .

Step - 3


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The Operating System Loads Program into

the Main Memory ( RAM ).

The operating system allocates the necessary resources in terms of memory ( RAM )

and the processor time required for the program execution.

The operating system then loads the executable copy of the program ( machine

code instructions ) and associated data into the main memory RAM .

The operating system efficiently manages the memory requirement needed for

different processes running on the system .

The OS makes use of virtual memory which is an internal mechanism to

accommodate the memory requirement for the processes that exceeds the

available main memory RAM .

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How Computer Works ?

Step - 4

The CPU Initiates the Program Execution .

The microprocessor is the brain of the computer system which provide the

processing power and the decision making ability to the system .

The CPU initiates the program execution by fetching the program instructions and

the data from the main memory RAM .

The CPU executes the program instructions one by one and operates on the data as

per the program instruction .

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CPU Instruction Cycle

In order to execute the program , the CPU repetitively performs a sequence of four

steps called instruction cycle. Depending upon the CPU microarchitecture CPU

might internally require one or more machine cycles to execute the instruction. The

machine cycle steps include :

1. FETCH 2. DECODE 3. EXECUTE 4. STORE

The processed data after the CPU operation is sent back and stored into the main

memory . This processed data can be sent to any output device such as display

monitor or printer or secondary storage device for future use.

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What Is Machine Cycle ?

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What Is Machine Cycle ? | Difference Between Machine Cycle And Instruction Cycle | CPU Cycle

CPU Instruction Cycle

The computer program is a set of instructions which directs the computer

hardware to perform various user defined operations.

The instruction cycle is the time required by the CPU to execute one program

instruction. It is the time taken by CPU to fetch , decode and execute one single


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instruction.

Depending upon the processor architecture , the processor takes either one or

more machine cycle to complete one instruction cycle.

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What Is Instruction Cycle ?

What Is Instruction Cycle ? | Fetch , Decode And Execute Cycle Explained Step By Step

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How To Select Best Laptop

If you are looking for a complete guide that will help you select the best laptop

within your budget then this video is going to be an important and interesting for

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Selecting the best laptop, is a challenging task.

After reading this article , you will be armed with the knowledge and the

information that will help you confidently select the best laptop that you are

looking for.

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