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1. Explain the Collection Hierarchy with a Neat Diagram

The Java Collection Framework organizes data structures into a hierarchy of interfaces and classes
to handle data effectively.

Key Interfaces and Their Description:

Collection: Root interface with basic methods like add, remove, size.

List: Ordered collection allowing duplicate elements.

Implementations: ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector.

Set: Unordered collection with unique elements.

Implementations: HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet.

Queue: Collection designed for element processing in FIFO order.

Implementations: PriorityQueue, Deque.

Map: Stores key-value pairs, with unique keys.

Implementations: HashMap, TreeMap, LinkedHashMap.

The hierarchy provides flexibility and reusability, enabling operations like sorting, searching, and
manipulation.

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2. Explain ArrayList Class with an Example Program

The ArrayList class in Java is a resizable array implementation of the List interface.

Key Features:

Dynamic Size: Automatically adjusts its size as elements are added or removed.

Maintains Order: Retains the sequence of insertion.

Allows Duplicates: Supports repeated elements.

Not Thread-Safe: Requires external synchronization for concurrent use.

Provides random access for fast retrieval.

Utility methods simplify operations, like sort and contains.

Limitations:

Inefficient for frequent insertions and deletions from the middle of the list.

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3. Explain HashSet Class with an Example Program

The HashSet is a class in the Java Collection Framework implementing the Set interface, designed
to store unique elements.

Key Features:

No Duplicates: Ensures all elements are unique.

Unordered: Does not guarantee any specific order of elements.

Efficient Performance: Offers constant time for basic operations.

Allows Null: Accepts one null element.

Advantages:

Suitable for scenarios requiring fast lookups and unique data.

Limitations:

Cannot maintain the insertion order.

Not thread-safe.

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4. Explain HashMap Class with an Example Program

The HashMap is a class in the Java Collection Framework used to store key-value pairs.

Key Features:

Unique Keys: Ensures keys are distinct.

Allows Nulls: Accepts one null key and multiple null values.

Unordered: Does not maintain the order of elements.

Advantages:

Ideal for applications requiring fast data retrieval by key.

Limitations:

Not synchronized; thread safety requires external handling.

Unordered storage.

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5. Explain Different Ways of Retrieving Elements from a Collection with an Example Program

Retrieving elements from a collection in Java can be done in multiple ways, depending on the
requirements.

Methods:

1. For-Each Loop: Simple and concise for iterating over collections.

2. Iterator: Ensures safe traversal and removal of elements.

3. Streams (Java 8): Provides a functional approach to process collections.

4. For Loop with Index: Useful for List where elements are indexed.

Each method offers specific advantages, such as better readability, flexibility, or parallelism in the
case of streams.

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6. Write a Java Program to Sort Students Based on Roll Number Using ArrayList

Sorting is achieved using the Comparable or Comparator interfaces in Java.

Comparable: Natural ordering within the Student class by implementing the compareTo method.

Comparator: External sorting logic passed as a parameter.

Steps:

1. Create a Student class with fields like roll number, name, and age.
2. Use ArrayList to store Student objects.

3. Implement sorting logic using Collections.sort() or List.sort().

4. Display the sorted list.

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7. List and Explain Basic Steps to Connect with a Database Using JDBC

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) provides a standard API for connecting Java applications with
databases.

Steps to Connect:

1. Load Driver: Use Class.forName() to load the JDBC driver.

2. Establish Connection: Use DriverManager.getConnection() with database URL, username, and

3. Create Statement: Obtain a Statement or PreparedStatement to execute SQL queries.

4. Execute Query: Use methods like executeQuery() or executeUpdate().

5. Process Results: Iterate through the ResultSet to retrieve data.

6. Close Connection: Use close() to release resources.

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8. List and Explain Different Classes and Interfaces in JDBC

JDBC provides several classes and interfaces to handle database operations effectively.

Core Interfaces:

1. DriverManager: Manages JDBC drivers and establishes connections.

2. Connection: Represents a connection to the database.

3. Statement: Executes SQL queries.

4. PreparedStatement: Executes parameterized SQL queries.

Classes:

1. DriverManager Class: Connects the application with the database.

2. SQLException Class: Handles database access errors.

These interfaces and classes form the backbone of JDBC programming.

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9. Explain Different Drivers Available in JDBC

JDBC drivers are used to connect Java applications to different databases.

Types of JDBC Drivers:

1. Type-1 Driver (JDBC-ODBC Bridge): Converts JDBC calls into ODBC calls.

2. Type-2 Driver (Native-API Driver): Uses database-specific APIs.

3. Type-3 Driver (Network Protocol Driver): Converts JDBC calls into a database-independent
network protocol.

4. Type-4 Driver (Thin Driver): Directly converts JDBC calls to database-specific protocol.

Each driver type has its own advantages and use cases, with Type-4 being the most commonly
used.

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10. Define Transaction. Describe Properties of a Transaction and Write a Sample Program to
Achieve Transaction

A transaction is a sequence of database operations performed as a single unit.

Properties of Transactions (ACID):

1. Atomicity: All operations within a transaction are completed or none are.

2. Consistency: Ensures the database remains in a valid state.

4. Durability: Changes made by a transaction are permanent once committed.

Steps to Implement Transactions:

1. Disable auto-commit using setAutoCommit(false).

2. Execute multiple queries.

3. Commit the transaction using commit().

4. Rollback in case of errors using rollback().

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11. Write a JDBC Program to Demonstrate CRUD Operations

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete, the basic database operations.

Steps:

1. Create: Insert records using INSERT INTO statements.

2. Read: Fetch data using SELECT statements.

3. Update: Modify records using UPDATE statements.

4. Delete: Remove records using DELETE statements.

Use PreparedStatement for parameterized queries to enhance security and performance.