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The document outlines a project on water treatment at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, detailing the importance of water treatment for safety and environmental protection. It describes the water treatment process involving five tanks with specific interactions, control mechanisms, and automation components. Additionally, it provides a mathematical model for the system's transfer functions, highlighting the dynamics and control of each tank in the treatment process.

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12 views7 pages

Update

The document outlines a project on water treatment at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, detailing the importance of water treatment for safety and environmental protection. It describes the water treatment process involving five tanks with specific interactions, control mechanisms, and automation components. Additionally, it provides a mathematical model for the system's transfer functions, highlighting the dynamics and control of each tank in the treatment process.

Uploaded by

sena.mokonin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
Department of Electromechanical
Industrial Automation and process control Project
Title – Water Treatment
Section – D
Name Id.no
1 Sena Mekonin ETS1466/14
2 Sem Wogayehu ETS 1462/14
3 Sinishawu Nigatu ETS 1481/14
4 Yonathan kefyalew ETS1742/14
Introduction

Water treatment is a crucial process for supplying safe and clean water for drinking,
industrial use, and environmental protection. The process involves several steps to
remove impurities, neutralize harmful chemicals, and improve water quality. Water
treatment facilities employ automation and control systems to ensure maximum efficiency,
reduce human intervention, and comply with regulatory standards.

Water Treatment Process Overview


The water treatment system consists of five tanks, with specific interactions and control
mechanisms at each stage:
1. Tank 1 & Tank 2 (Non-Interactive)
✓ These tanks operate independently of each other and focus solely on liquid level
control.
2. Tank 2 & Tank 3 (Interactive with Chemical Addition)
✓ Tank 2 feeds into Tank 3, and the flow rate between them is regulated.
✓ Tank 3 is where chemical treatment occurs, including the addition of chlorine for
disinfection.
3. Tank 3 & Tank 4 (Non-Interactive)
✓ Tank 3 discharges into Tank 4.
✓ Tank 4 serves as a holding tank to allow further settling and filtration before the final
stage.
4. Tank 4 to Tank 5 (Pumping Stage)
✓ A pump is installed at Tank 4 to transport purified water to Tank 5.
✓ Flow rate and pressure are monitored to ensure efficient water transfer.
✓ Tank 5 stores the final treated water for distribution or further use.

Automation in Water Treatment

Components of an Automated Water Treatment System

Process Measuring Controller Final Control


Instrument Element
Coagulation PH Sensor PID Dosing Pump
Filtration Flow Meter PLC Control Valves
Disinfection Chlorine PID Chlorine Dosing
Pump
PH Control PH Sensor PID Acid/Base Dosing
Pump
Terminology in Water Treatment Control

Term Description
Setpoint Desired value for water quality parameters
Actuating Error Difference between setpoint and measured value
Disturbance External factors affecting the system (e.g., chlorine
addition)

To derive the transfer function for water treatment system, we will analyse each mass balance
principle.
The flow dynamics of each tank can be modelled as first-order
Step 1: Define the Transfer Function for a Single Tank

For a general tank with inflow qin and outflow qout:-


dh
A = qin − qout
dt
Where:
✓ A – is the cross-sectional area of tank
✓ h – is the water level
✓ qin – inflow rate
✓ qout – outflow rate
✓ R – Flow Resistance

By taking the Laplace transform:


AsH(s) = 𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑠) − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑠)
𝐻(𝑠)
AsH(s) = 𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑠) −
𝑅
Solving for H(s):

𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑠)
H(s) =
1
𝐴𝑠 + 𝑅

Where: 𝜏 = 𝐴𝑅 & 𝑘 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛(𝑠) = 1


𝑘
H(s) =
𝐴𝑅𝑠 + 1
1
H(s) =
𝜏𝑠 + 1

Parameter Symbol Assumed Value Unit


Time constant for Tank 1 τ1 5 sec
Time constant for Tank 2 τ2 7 sec
Time constant for Tank 3 τ3 6 sec
Time constant for Tank 4 τ4 4 sec
Time constant for Tank 5 τ5 3 sec
Pump Gain Kp 2 -
Chlorine Disturbance D(s) 10 -

Step 2: Transfer Function for the Entire System


Tanks 1 & 2 (non-Interactive)
Each tank is modelled separately as:
1 1
𝐻1 (𝑠) = 𝜏 , 𝐻2 (𝑠) = 𝜏
1 𝑠+ 1 2 𝑠+ 1

1
𝐻12 (𝑠) =
(𝜏1 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)
1
𝐻12 (𝑠) =
(5𝑠 + 1) (7𝑠 + 1)
1
𝐻12 (𝑠) = 35𝑠2 +12𝑠+ 1
Tank 2 & Tank 3 (Interactive with Chlorine Disturbance)
For interactive tanks, the output of Tank 2 is the input to Tank 3:

1
𝐻3 (𝑠) =
𝜏3 𝑠 + 1
1 𝐷(𝑠)
𝐻23 (𝑠) = + , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛2 (𝑠) = (7𝑠 + 1)
(𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏3 𝑠 + 1) 𝑄𝑖𝑛2 (𝑠)

1 𝐷(𝑠)
𝐻23 (𝑠) = +
(7𝑠 + 1)(6𝑠 + 1) (7𝑠 + 1)
1 𝐷(𝑠)
𝐻23 (𝑠) = +
42𝑠 2 + 13𝑠 + 1 (7𝑠 + 1)
D(s) – Disturbance due to chlorine.
Tank 3 & Tank 4 (Non-Interactive)

Since they are non-interactive, their transfer function follows:

1
𝐻4 (𝑠) =
𝜏4 𝑠 + 1
1
( )
𝐻34 𝑠 =
(𝜏3 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏4 𝑠 + 1)
1
𝐻34 (𝑠) =
(6𝑠 + 1) (4𝑠 + 1)
1
𝐻34 (𝑠) =
24𝑠 2 + 10𝑠 + 1

Tank 4 to Tank 5 (Pump System)


The pump gain Kp, so:

1
𝐻5 (𝑠) =
𝜏5 𝑠 + 1

𝐾𝑝
𝐻45 (𝑠) =
(𝜏4 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏5 𝑠 + 1)
2
𝐻45 (𝑠) =
(4𝑠 + 1) (3𝑠 + 1)
2
=
12𝑠 2 + 7𝑠+ 1

Transfer Function of without disturbance (Tank 1→2, 3→4, 4→5)

1 1 2
= ∗ ∗
(5𝑠 + 1) (7𝑠 + 1) (6𝑠 + 1)(4𝑠 + 1) (4𝑠 + 1) (3𝑠 + 1)
Transfer Function of with disturbance (Tank 3→4, 4→5)

𝐷(𝑠) 1 2
= ∗ ∗
7𝑠 + 1 4𝑠 + 1 3𝑠 + 1

The Total Transfer Function:

𝐾𝑝𝑠
𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑠) =
(𝜏1 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏3 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏4 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏5 𝑠 + 1)
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝐷(𝑠)
+
(𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏4 𝑠 + 1) (𝜏5 𝑠 + 1)
2 2𝐷(𝑠)
𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑠) = +
(5𝑠+ 1)(7𝑠+ 1) (6𝑠+ 1) (4𝑠+ 1)(3𝑠+ 1) (7𝑠+ 1)(4𝑠+1)(3𝑠+1)

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