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Unit 2 Analog-To-Digital Conversion

The document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion, focusing on the processes of sampling and quantization. It outlines the learning objectives, key concepts, and methods involved in converting analog signals into digital formats. Additionally, it includes assignments for practical application of the concepts discussed.

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14 views18 pages

Unit 2 Analog-To-Digital Conversion

The document provides an overview of analog-to-digital conversion, focusing on the processes of sampling and quantization. It outlines the learning objectives, key concepts, and methods involved in converting analog signals into digital formats. Additionally, it includes assignments for practical application of the concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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HANOI UNIVERSITY

TRƯỜNG OF SCIENCE
ĐẠI HỌC ANDHÀ
BÁCH KHOA TECHNOLOGY
NỘI
SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITCATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 2
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

Department of Computer Engineering


❑ Contents

1. Analog-to-digital conversion

2. Analog signal sampling

3. Quantization

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 2


❑ Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will have grasped the following topics:

▪ The method of converting analog signals into digital signals.

▪ The sampling method of signals and the basic parameters of the sampling
process.

▪ The quantization method of signals and the basic parameters of the


quantization process.

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 3


1. 1. Analog to digital converter

● Analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion

● Devices: A/D converters (ADCs)

● The implementation steps: sampling and quantization.

xa(t) xq(n) 01011…


x(n)
Sampling Quantization Encoding

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 5


2. Analog signal sampling

• Sampling rate/cycle 𝑇𝑠 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑇𝑠


1
• Sampling frequency 𝐹𝑠 =
𝑇𝑠
• Example: audio signal sampling

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 6


Example
• Analog signal:
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + 𝜃 (1)

• Output signal of the sampling process:

𝑥𝑎 𝑛𝑇𝑠 ≡ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑛𝑇𝑠 + 𝜃


2𝜋𝐹𝑛
= 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝜃
𝐹𝑠

= 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑛 + 𝜃 (2)

𝐹
𝑓= (3)
𝐹𝑠

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 8


Discrete Signal
• Relationship between sampling frequency and signal’s frequency?

• Baseband vs Passband (bandpass) signal?

• Consider the case of sampling a band-pass signal?

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 9


Quantization of a sine signal

Sampling and quantization of a sine signal


xa(t) = A . sin 0t

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 12


Average quantization noise power Pq
● eq(t) = xq(t) - xa(t)

1 𝜏 2 1 𝜏 2
𝑃𝑞 = න 𝑒𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜏 −𝜏 𝜏 0
𝜏 2 2
1 ∆ ∆ 𝐴2 /3
𝑃𝑞 = න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑃𝑞 = 2𝑏
𝜏 0 2𝜏 12 2
IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 13
Signal-to-quantization noise ratio SQNR
● Power of a signal xa(t)

1 𝑇𝑝 𝐴2
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇𝑝 0 2

● Signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR)


𝑃𝑥 3 2𝑏
𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 = = ∙2
𝑃𝑞 2

𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 1.76 + 6.02𝑏

14
4. Summary
● The process of converting analog signals into
digital signals consists of two main steps:
sampling and quantization.

● The sampling process is characterized by the


sampling rate and the sampling frequency.

● The quantization process is represented by the


quantization step and the quantization law.

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 15


5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 0

● Demonstrate the use of Octave to visualize a continuous/discrete signal

● Demonstrate the use of Octave subplot

● Demonstrate the frequency aliasing problem on Octave

● Demonstrate a quantized signal on Octave

● Demonstrate discrete signal loading/saving on Octave

● Demonstrate signal re-quantizing on Octave

● Demonstrate signal down-sampling on Octave

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 16


5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 0

● Demonstrate the use of Octave to generate a bandpass signal

● Demonstrate a bandpass signal on Audacity

● Demonstrate sampling of a bandpass signal

● Demonstrate lowpass filter of a digital signal on Audacity

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 17


5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 1

● Sample the following two signals with a sampling frequency of Fs = 40 Hz

𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 10 𝑡

𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 50 𝑡

● Determine and plot the signals x1(n) and x2(n)

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 18


5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 2

Given the following analog signal:

(a) Determine the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.


(b) Assuming the signal is sampled with Fs = 200Hz, determine the corresponding discrete signal?
(c) Assuming the signal is sampled with Fs = 75Hz. determine the corresponding discrete signal?
(d) Determine the frequency Fa such that 0 < Fa < Fs/2 so that the samples will match the result in
part (c) ?

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 19


5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 3. Determine the quantization error of a sine wave signal

● Given the following signal x(n): 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓0 𝑛


● The quantization noise power is approximated as follows:
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
1 2
1 2
𝑃𝑞 = ෍ 𝑒 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 𝑥(𝑛)
𝑁 𝑁
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

a. For f0 = 1/50 and N = 200, write a quantization program for the signal x(n) using the rounding
quantization method with quantization levels of 64, 128, and 256. For each case, plot the signals
x(n), xq(n), e(n), and calculate the corresponding signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
b. Compare and comment on the SQNR results in part (a) with the theoretical formula.

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 20


The next unit
3
DISCRETE SIGNALS

References:
• Nguyễn Quốc Trung (2008), Xử lý tín hiệu và lọc số, Tập 1, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ
thuật, Chương 1 Tín hiệu và hệ thống rời rạc.
• J.G. Proakis, D.G. Manolakis (2007), Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, Chapter 1 Introduction.

IT 4172 Signal processing Chapter 1. Signal and system 21


SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Wishing you all the best in your studies!

IT 4172 Signal processing 22

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