PBL Report

On

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
By

Shadab Sayyed
Seat No:
Under the guidance
of
Mr. A. T. Shingan.
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Sinhgad Institute of Technology and Science, Narhe, Pune
Savitribai Phule Pune University
[2021-2022]
 Department of Civil Engineering,
Sinhgad Institute of Technology and
Science, Narhe, Pune.

Certificate

This is to certify that Shadab Sayyed from Second Year having Exam Seat Number: 72031765H
of Department of Civil Engineering has successfully completed his seminar on the
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING at Sinhgad
institute

of Technology and Science, Narhe in the partial fulfillment for the degree in Bachelor of
Engineering.
Mr. A. T. Shingan Mr. I. M. Jain Dr. S. D. Markande

[Guide] Head of Department Principal

 Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to thank my internal guide Mr. A. T. Shingan, for giving me guidance and
support throughout the Seminar. Her valuable guidelines and suggestions were very helpful.

I wish to express my thanks to Mr. I. M. Jain, Head of Civil Engineering Department, Sinhgad
Institute of Technology and Science, Narhe for giving me all the help and important suggestions
all over the Seminar Work. I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members, for their
indispensable support and priceless suggestions.

I also thank my friends for their help in collecting data without which this Seminar report has not
have been completed. At the end my special thanks to Dr. S. D. Markande, Principal Sinhgad
Institute of Technology and Science, Narhe for providing ambience in the college, which
motivates us to work.
Shadab Sayyed
Synopsis
 Contents

ABSTRACT

Chapter 1:-INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 History 2

1.2 Future Trends 3

1.2.1 Intelligent Optimization Methods in Civil Engineering 4

Chapter 2: - LITERATURE SURVEY 7

Chapter 3: Conclusion 8

3.1. Advantages and Disadvantages 11

Chapter 4: -References 12
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page

Fig. 1 Artificial intelligence graphic 1

Fig. 2 Artificial intelligence graphic 2

Fig. 3 Neural network architecture 10

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page

Tab 1 Artificial intelligence graphic 1

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Tab 2 Artificial intelligence graphic 2

Tab. 3 Neural network architecture 10

Notations

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 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The research of artificial intelligence has been developed since 1956, when the term
“Artificial Intelligence, AI” was used at the meeting hold in Dartmouth College. Artificial
intelligence, a comprehensive discipline, was developed based on the interaction of several
kinds of disciplines, such as computer science, cybernetics, information theory, psychology,
linguistics, and neurophysiology. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science,
involved in the research, design and application of intelligent computer. The goal of this field
is to explore how to imitate and execute some of the intelligent function of human brain, so
that people can develop technology products and establish relevant theories. The first step:
artificial intelligence’s rise and fall in the 1950s. The second step: as the expert system
emerging, a new upsurge of the research of artificial intelligence appeared from the end of
1960s to the 1970s. The third step: in the 1980s, artificial intelligence made a great progress
with the development of the fifth generation computer
The fourth step: in the 1990s, there is a new upsurge of the research of artificial
intelligence with the development of network technology, especially the international internet
technology; artificial intelligence research by a single intelligent agent began to turn to the
study of distributed artificial intelligence based on network environment. People study not
only the same goal-based distributed problem solving, but also the multiply intelligent agents
problem solving, which made the artificial intelligence more practical. Additionally, a thriving
scene of artificial neural network research and application emerged and it had been deep into
all areas of life as the Hopfield multilayer neural network model put forward. The main
theories and methods of artificial intelligence are summarized as symbolism, behaviorism, and
connectionism approach. Since the appearance of artificial intelligence AI in the 1950s, a lot of
hopes and dreams about it have been generated. Now we will elaborate the latest progress of
artificial intelligence technology in all aspects of civil engineering and their relationship as
follows.

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History

The Artificial Intelligence field (AI) collects all studies regarding the understanding and
construction of intelligent entities. Mixing up within another disciplines, the study of
intelligence and artificial intelligence are at the same time, an ancient and modern science
[Russel 1995]. Philosophers in the past (going back to Plato in 400 B.C.) made possible the
very concept of artificial intelligence, considering the idea of the mind as somehow a
machine that operates on the knowledge codificated by some internal language
processes. Nevertheless only with the genesis of computers in the beginning of the
fifties, transformed the wise philosophic reflec-tions in a articulated theory and
experimental discipline. A turning point of the matter happened with the famous article by
Alan Turing on Mind review in 1950. In the article is given a clue about how to create a
program to abilitate a computer in order to function in an intelligent manner. The birth of
artificial intelligence has been fixed in 1956 when Mc Carthy, along with other re-searchers as
Minsky, Shanno and Rochester, coined the definition in a historical convention at Dartmouth
University. The research field of artificial intelligence soon resulted so vast that they
couldn’t manage to give an universally acceptable definition of the terminology of “Artifi-cial
Intelligence”.

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 Future Trends

Artificial intelligence is in its development for civil engineering in the following aspects.

1. Fuzzy processing, integrated intelligent technology, intelligent emotion technology in

the civil engineering.
2. To deepen the understanding of the problems of uncertainty and to seek appropriate
reasoning mechanism is the primary task. To develop practical artificial intelligence
technology, only to be developed in the field of artificial intelligence technology, and
the knowledge to have a thorough grasp.
3. According to application requirements of civil engineering practical engineering, the
research and development of artificial intelligence technology in civil engineering field
were carried out continually. Many questions in civil engineering field need to used
artificial intelligence technology. Due to the characteristics of civil engineering field,
artificial intelligence technology was used in many areas for civil engineering field, such
as civil building engineering, bridge engineering geotechnical engineering, underground
engineering, road engineering, geological exploration and structure of health detection,
and so forth.
4. Hybrid intelligence system and a large civil expert system research.
5. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, some early artificial
intelligence technology need enhance and improve for knowledge, reasoning
mechanism and man-machine interface optimization, and so forth.
6. To some related problems, many single function of artificial intelligent system
integration can carry out, integrated as a comprehensive system of artificial intelligence,
and expand the artificial intelligence system to solve the question ability.
7. Artificial intelligence technology was used in the actual application, only in the

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practical application of artificial intelligence technology, to test the reliability and give
full play to the role of the artificial intelligence technology and to make artificial
intelligence technology to get evolution and commercialize. In the commercialization of
artificial intelligence technology, there are many successful examples abroad, for
enterprise and socially brought considerable benefit

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Intelligent optimization methods in Civil Engineering

Artificial intelligence is a science on the research and application of the law of the
activities of human intelligence. It has been a far-reaching cross-frontier subject, after
the 50 years’ advancement. Nowadays, this technology is applied in many fields such as
expert system, knowledge base system, intelligent database system, and intelligent robot
system. Expert system is the earliest and most extensive, the most active and most
fruitful area, which was named as “the knowledge management and decision-making
technology of the 21century.” In the field of civil engineering, many problems,
especially in engineering design, construction management, and program decision-
making, were influenced by many uncertainties which could be solved not only in need
of mathematics, physics, and mechanics calculations but also depend on the experience
of practitioners. This knowledge and experience are illogically incomplete and
imprecise, and they cannot be handled by traditional procedures. However, artificial
intelligence has its own superiority. It can solve complex problems to the levels of
experts by means of imitate experts. All in all, artificial intelligence has a broad
application prospects in the practice of civil engineering. Adam and Smith presented

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progress in the field of adaptive civil-engineering structures. Self-diagnosis, multi-
objective shape control, and reinforcement-learning processes were implemented within
a control framework on an active temerity structure. Among artificial intelligence-based
computational techniques, adaptive neuron fuzzy inference systems were particularly
suitable for modeling complex systems with known input-output data sets. Such systems
can be efficient in modelling nonlinear, complex, and ambiguous behavior of cement-
based materials undergoing single, dual, or multiple damage factors of different forms in
civil engineering.

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Due to a lot of uncertain factors, complicated influence factors in civil engineering,
each project has its individual character and generality; function of expert system in the
special links and cases is a notable effect. Over the past 20 years, in the civil engineering
field, development and application of the expert system have made a lot of achievements,
mainly used in project evaluation, diagnosis, decision-making and prediction, building
design and optimization, the project management construction technology, road and bridge
health detection and some special field, and so forth.

1. Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary computation EC is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which uses
iterative process often inspired by biological mechanisms of evolution  to evolve a
population of solution to a desired end. EC has been applied to the domain of civil engineering
for several decades, mainly served as an effective method for solving complex optimization
problems.
1.1Genetic Algorithms
Genetic algorithms (GAs) 13 are one of the famous evolutionary algorithms which
simulate the Darwinian principle of evolution and the survival of the fittest in optimization. It
has extensive application value in the civil engineering field, but in many aspects it needs to be
further studied and improved. According to the research progress above the genetic algorithm
in civil engineering, due to genetic algorithm developed rapidly, so there are still a lot of
improvement measures not included in this paper. In general, the improvement of genetic
algorithm approaches include change the genetic algorithm component or the use of
technology, the hybrid genetic algorithm, the dynamic adaptive technology, using nonstandard
genetic operators, and the parallel genetic algorithm.

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 1.2. Artificial Immune Systems
Provoked by the theoretical immunology, observed immune functions, principles, and
models, artificial immune system AIS stimulates the adaptive immune system of a living
creature to unravel the various complexities in real-world engineering optimization problems.
In this technique, a combination of the genetic algorithm and the least-squares method was
used to find feasible structures and the appropriate constants for those structures. The new
approach overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional and artificial neural network-based
methods presented in the literature for the analysis of civil engineering systems.
Dessalegne and Nicklow employed an artificial life algorithm, derived from the
artificial life paradigm. The resulting multi-reservoir management model was successfully
applied to a portion of the Illinois River Waterway.

1.3. Genetic Programming

Genetic programming is a model of programming which uses the ideas of biological
evolution to handle complex optimization problems 17. Aminian et al. 18 presented a new
empirical model to estimate the base shear of plane steel structures subjected to earthquake
load using a hybrid method integrating genetic programming GP and simulated annealing SA,
called GP/SA. Hsie et al. proposed a novel approach, called “LMGOT,” that integrates two
optimization techniques: the Levenberg Marquardt LM Method and the genetic operation tree
GOT. The GOT borrows the concept from the genetic algorithm, a famous algorithm for
solving discrete optimization problems, to generate operation trees OTs, which represent the
structures of the formulas. Results show a concise formula for predicting the length of

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pavement transverse cracking and indicate that the LMGOT was an efficient approach to
building an accurate crack model

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 CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey

1. Review Article “Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering” by Pengzhen Lu,

Shengyong Chen and Yujun Zheng Faculty of Civil Engineering & Architecture,
Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China. They explained
how Artificial intelligence can help in solving problems efficiently in civil
engineering.

2. Lead Editor Zheng-zheng Wang Guest Editors Di-yuan Li Yu-Sheng

Shen Danial Jahed Armaghani worked on “Artificial Intelligence for Civil
Engineering” they describe how AI helps in development of new procedures or
components, original application of existing knowledge, or new design
approaches.

3. “Artificial Intelligence as a Tool in Civil Engineering” – A Review Akshata

Patil, Lata Patted, Mahesh Tenagi, Vaishnavi Jahagirdar, Madhuri Patil and
Rahul Gautam. They show how using the concept of the artificial neural networks
and the results of the performed numerical analyses make the field of Civil
Engineering more accurate, precise and efficient especially in the fields of smart
materials and many more.

4. “Review on Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Engineering” Youqin

Huang, Jiayong Li, Jiyang Fu. In this paper it is shown that the studies of
artificial intelligence in civil engineering mainly focus on structural maintenance
and management, and the design optimization.

5. Prof. Dr. Nikos D. Lagaros Prof. Dr. Vagelis Plevris worked on “Artificial
Intelligence (AI) Applied in Civil Engineering”. The papers can focus on
applications related to structural engineering, transportation engineering,
geotechnical engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering,
coastal and ocean engineering and structural health monitoring, as well as
construction management.

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 CHAPTER 3

APPLICATIONS

MAJOR APPLICATION OF AI IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

• Structural Health Monitoring.

• Self-Repair Materials.
• Structural Engineering.
• Waste Management.
• Concrete Mix Design.
• Estimation.
• Analogy based solution to markup estimation problem.
• Neuromodex- Neural network system for modular construction decision making.
• Neuroform- Neural network system for vertical formwork selection.

SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS

1. For estimating the percentage of soil moisture content and further classifications.
2. In the structural engineering field machine learning can be applied to detect damages
using sensory or image data, identifying its location and extent.
3. Improving productivity by reducing idle time.
4. For predicting maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in concrete.
5. Using image recognition for proper site monitoring, including aspects of safety and
dangerous working conditions.
6. Identifying gaps and requirement of materials to cover the tasks without delay.

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 7. For travel time prediction and sign AI optimization in transportation engineering.
8. Efficient planning, designing and managing of infrastructure using Building Information
Modeling (BIM).
9. Utilizing Artificial Neural Network for predicting properties of concrete mix designs.
10.To monitor activity in the construction site and predicting changes in the costing based
on raw material market rates.

11.To analyze settlement of foundation and slope stability.

12.For monitor real time structural health of the building, giving warnings on when and
where repair is required.
13.Helping in tidal forecasting to aid construction in marine environment.
14.Reducing errors in the project by automatic analysis of data.
15.To develop site layouts and predict risks as part of project management.
16.Finding a solution for damage related to pre-stressed concrete pile driving in foundation
engineering.
17.To solve complicated problems in different stages of the project.
18.To make decisions in the design field.
19.In the construction waste management domain and handling of smart materials.
20.For expert monitoring and optimization if costs in the work system.

Fuzzy systems based on artificial intelligence in construction.

Fuzzy polynomial neural networks are used extensively for the approximation of the
compressive strength of concrete. From three separate sources experimental data of 458
different concrete mixes are collected. Based on the collected data, six architectures of Fuzzy
polynomial neural networks are made and tested. The input parameters include concrete
ingredients and the output is given as 28 days of compressive strength in the mix design.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on artificial intelligence in construction.

Artificial neural network uses methods like Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm (LMNN),
differential evolution algorithm (DENN) and Bayesian regularization method (BRNN). This
study applies artificial intelligence to find maximum dry density and unconfined compressive
strength of cement stabilized soil. The inputs of the study include liquidity limit, moisture

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content, cement content, plasticity index and fractions of sand, gravel and clay.

In addition to artificial neural networks, support vector machine (SVM) techniques can also be
used. Researcher’s state that the latter technique gives better clarity on results of unconfined
compressive strength and maximum dry density of cement stabilized soil.

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The data for the analysis was collected from the same ready-mix concrete plant so that
errors can be avoided with changing composition of the mixes. MATLAB R2011b
software is used for the assessment. The software with global optimization and neural
network toolbox works to put genetic algorithm into action (Chandwani et.al, 2015).

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ADVANTAGES

1. Reduces the risk of accidents in work place

2. Not affected by hostile environments
3. Can replace tiresome tasks
4. Do not need breaks

DISADVANTAGES
1. Can be very expensive
2. Not able to work outside of what they are programmed to do
3. Unemployment may rise
4. Robots do not get better with experience…..yet

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 CHAPTER 4
Fuzzy Systems
Zarandi et al. 60 develop fuzzy polynomial neural networks FPNN to predict the
compressive strength of concrete. The results show that FPNN-Type1 has strong potential as a
feasible tool for prediction of the compressive strength of concrete mix-design.
Hossain et al. presented an investigation into the comparative performance of intelligent
system identification and control algorithms within the framework of an active vibration
control AVC system 61. A comparative performance of the algorithms in implementing
system identification and corresponding AVC system using GAs and ANFIS is presented and
discussed through a set of experiments.
Cheng et al.62 developed an evolutionary fuzzy neural inference system EFNIS to imitate
the decision-making processes in the human brain in order to facilitate geotechnical expert
decision making.
Sobhani and Ramezanianpour 63 developed a soft computing system to estimate the
service life of reinforced concrete bridge deck as one of the most important issues in the civil
engineering. The proposed system utilizes four fuzzy interfaces to quantify the exposure
condition, required cover thickness, corrosion current density, and pitting corrosion ratio. The
results showed that the proposed system could effectively predict the service life; however, it
estimated longer service life in comparison with the probabilistic method.
Guo et al. 64 proposed a fuzzy control strategy based on a neural network forecasting
model of the building structure with MR dampers, in which a neural network forecasting
model is developed to predict dynamic responses of the system with MR dampers and a fuzzy
controller is t hen designed to determine control currents of MR dampers. Choi et al. 65
investigated the applicability of the magnet or theological MR damper-based smart passive

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control system with the electromagnetic induction EMI part to the seismic protection of base-
isolated building structures with nonlinear isolation systems such as friction pendulum
bearings and lead-rubber bearings. Omurlu et al. 66 introduced the application of cluster
control on viaduct roads composed of flat parts. Analysis of the performance of cluster control
along with the individual effects of the controller parameters on system frequency response is
discussed and presented. Guclu and Yazici 67 designed fuzzy logic and PD controllers for a
multi-degree-of freedom structure with active tuned mass damper ATMD to suppress
earthquake-induced vibration. Fuzzy logic controller FLC was preferred because of its robust
character, superior performance and heuristic knowledge use effectively and easily in active
control. The results of the simulations show a good performance by the fuzzy logic controllers
for different loads and the earthquakes. Ozbulutand Hurlebaus 68 proposed a neuro-fuzzy
model of NiTi shape memory alloy SMA wires that was capable of capturing behavior of
super elastic SMAs at different temperatures and at various loading rates while remaining
simple enough to realize numerical simulations. It was shown that SMA damping elements can
effectively decrease peak deck displacement and the relative displacement between piers and
superstructure in an isolated bridge while recovering all the deformations to their original
position. Shaheen et al. 69 demonstrate show fuzzy expert systems can be integrated within
discrete event simulation models to enhance their modeling and predictive capabilities for
construction engineering applications. A proposed methodology was presented for extracting
the information from experts to develop the fuzzy expert system rules. Chen et al. 70 examines
the feasibility of applying adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control AFSMC strategies to reduce the
dynamic responses of bridges constructed using a lead rubber bearing LRB isolation hybrid
protective system. The results demonstrate the viability of the presented methods. The
attractive control strategy derived there-from was applied to seismically excited bridges using
LRB isolation.

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 CHAPTER 5

Conclusion

This paper summarizes and introduces the intelligent technologies in civil engineering with
recent research results and applications presented. All aspects of applications of the
artificial intelligence technology in civil engineering were analyzed. On the basis of the
above research results, prospects of the artificial intelligence technology in civil
engineering field application and development trend were represented. Artificial
intelligence has been successfully applied to many civil engineering areas like prediction,
risk analysis, decision-making, resources optimization, classification and selection etc. The
artificial intelligence in civil engineering plays a major role in constructing, maintaining
and managing different aspects of problems. AI has a number of significant benefits that
make them a powerful and practical tool for solving many problems in the field of civil
engineering and are expected to be applicable in near future by using sophisticated
instruments based on algorithms and database to reduce the efforts and cost of construction
and management. AI has shown its potency to perform better than the conventional
methods. Artificial intelligence can help inexperienced users solve engineering problems,
can also help experienced users to improve the work efficiency, and also in the team
through the artificial intelligence technology to share the experience of each member.
Artificial intelligence technology will change with each passing day as the computer is
used more and more popularly, and in civil engineering field will have a broad prospect.

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 CHAPTER 6

References

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strength of masonry made of clay bricks and cement mortar: Estimation
based on Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic.” Engineering Structures, 48,
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synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. International Journal of Man-
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[3] Nguyen, H. T., Prasad, N., Walker, C., & Walker, E. A. (2003). “A
first course in fuzzy and neural control”. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman &
Hall/CRC.

[4] Tanyildizi, H. (2009a). Fuzzy logic model for the prediction of bond

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strength of high-strength lightweight concrete. “Advances in Engineering

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