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chapter-3

The document provides a comprehensive overview of threaded joints, including definitions of key terms such as major diameter, minor diameter, and pitch diameter. It discusses various forms of screw threads, locking devices, and stresses in screwed fastenings due to static loading, along with practical examples and calculations. Additionally, it covers design dimensions and considerations for ensuring the integrity of threaded connections under various loading conditions.

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abodalharby87
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2 views

chapter-3

The document provides a comprehensive overview of threaded joints, including definitions of key terms such as major diameter, minor diameter, and pitch diameter. It discusses various forms of screw threads, locking devices, and stresses in screwed fastenings due to static loading, along with practical examples and calculations. Additionally, it covers design dimensions and considerations for ensuring the integrity of threaded connections under various loading conditions.

Uploaded by

abodalharby87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Threaded

Joints

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abouel Kasem Ahmed


Definition of important Terminologies

1.Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. The
screw is specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. It
is also known as core or root diameter.
3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, on a cylindrical screw
thread
Single , Double and triple threaded
screws threaded screws

(a) Single (STANDARD)-, (b) double-, and (c) triple threaded screws.
Thread Profile For Metric System (M, MJ)

major

H= 0.5(3)1/2 p

pitch

minor
a ISO 68= a American National (Unified) thread standard= 60°
Forms of Screw Threads
British standard whitworth (B.S.W.) thread.

British standard whitworth (B.S.W) thread. British association (B.A.) thread.


American national standard thread. Unified standard thread.

Square thread. Acme thread.


Locking Devices
Permanent locking of nuts on bolts: a- complete welding; b- partial
welding; c- notching with centre punch; d- upsetting ; e, f- staking ;
g- squeezing of the nut collar on the bolt; h- expanding of the bolt
end with a taper pin; 'and i- fastening the nut to the bolt with a taper
pin.
Notching with centre punch: a- nut to bolt; b- screw
head and component ; c- bolt end and component.
Locking with lock nut

Locking with split cotter pin


Castle nut. Sawn nut. Pen, ring or grooved nut.
Locking with tab washers
Locking plate Locking circular nut

Locking by wiring a – locking three tap; b- Locking two


through bolts; c- Locking threaded plug
Design dimensions of screw threads, bolts and nuts
according to IS : 4218
Note : In case the table is not available, then the core
diameter (dc) may be taken as 0.84 d, where d is the
major diameter.
Stresses in Screwed Fastening due
to Static Loading
The following stresses in screwed fastening due to static
loading are important from the subject point of view :

1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces,


2. Stresses due to Stress due to tightening forces,
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
1. Tensile stress due to stretching of bolt.

Permissible stress =P / Cross-sectional area


at bottom of the thread (i.e. stress area)
Shear stress across the threads. The average thread shearing
stress for the screw (τ) is obtained by using the relation :

where H is the height of thread part in engagement

Compression or crushing stress on threads.


1- The crane hook shown in figure is forged from steel grade 20.
The weight of the hook and grabbing device is equal to 5 kN. The
useful load lifting capacity of the crane is equal to 5 kN. Find the
size of the thread portion of the hook and the height of nut. Take
the factor of safety 5 and the allowable crushing stress of steel on
steel 300 kg/cm2.
2- Stress due to tightening.
The initial tension in a bolt, based on experiments, may be found by the relation
Pi = 2840 d N for metal to metal contact
Pi = 1420 d N for joint with flexible gasket
where Pi = Initial tension in a bolt, and
d = Nominal diameter of bolt, in mm.
The tightening torque is T = 0.2 d Pi

Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional resistance of


the threads during its tightening.

To take into account


the effect of the
torsional shear stress
the load Pi is
increased by 30%

1.3 Pi = Permissible stress × Cross-sectional area


2- Two steel rings are held together by means of a
through bolt as shown in figure . The tightening load is
equal to 1200 kg. The bolt is made of steel grade 20 with
factor of safety of 2.5. The coefficient of friction between
the nut and the surface of the ring is 0.15, and the
distance A/F=1.7 d where d is the outer diameter of the
bolts. Find the size of the bolt and the wrench torque.
3- Stress due to combination of stresses
3- The cylinder head of a steam engine is subjected to a steam
pressure of 0.7 N/mm2. It is held in position by means of 12 bolts. A
soft copper asbestos gasket is used to make the joint leak-proof.
The effective diameter of the cylinder is 300 mm. Find the size of
the bolts so that the stress in the bolt is not exceed 100 N/mm2,
then calculated the resultant tensile load on the bolt.
Assume that a soft gasket which has a modulus of elasticity equal to 10x10^8 Pa is
used to pressure vessel as shown in the figure. The net area of the gasket( subtracting
area of bolt holes) is 88 cm^2 and its thickness is 3.0 mm. The gasket is compressed
by 12 steel bolts 15 cm long and 1.0 cm in diameter. Assume the joint has been
carefully made up and that each bolt holds exactly 1/12 of the applied load. The
preload on each bolt is 7.5 KN. If the force added to the joint due to pressurization of
the vessel equals 54.0 KN, how much would the force acting on each bolt increase?
And check the size of bolts so that the stress in the bolt is not exceed 200 N/mm2
Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or nut are not
perfectly parallel to the bolt axis. When the outside surfaces of the
parts to be connected are not parallel to each other, then the bolt
will be subjected to bending action. The bending stress (σb) induced
in the shank of the bolt is given by

x = Difference in height between the


extreme corners of the nut or head,
l = Length of the shank of the bolt,
and
E = Young’s modulus for the material
of the bolt.
σ= X E/ 2 l =(0.2X
20000)/(2x60)=33.3 kg/mm2
Elimination of bending
(a) The surface under the nut or bolt head is spot face
(b) Using wedge-like washer

(a) (b)
4- A pulley bracket as shown in figure below is supported by 4 bolts
– 2 at AA and 2 at BB. The weight of pulley and bracket Wb equals
90 kg and load P on the rope is 2250 kg. Determine the standard size
of bolts, using an allowable shear stress of 350 kg/cm2 for the
material of the bolts.
37.5

A A

52.5

B B
P P
7.5
a
Wb
45
5- A crane runway bracket is shown in below figure.
Determine the tensile and compressive stresses produced
in the section X-X when the magnitude of the wheel load
is 15 kN. Also find the maximum stress produced in the
bolts used for fastening the bracket to the roof truss.
Solution. Given : W = 15 kN = 15 × 103 N
First of all, let us find the distance of centre of gravity of the section at
X–X. Let y = Distance of centre of gravity (G) from the top of the flange.

Distance of C.G. from the top of the flange,


y1 = y = 69 mm
and distance of C.G. from the bottom of the web,
y2 = 175 + 25 – 69 = 131 mm
The direct tensile load on each bolt,

w = Load in each bolt per mm distance


from the edge EE due to the turning effect
of the bracket,
L1 = Distance of bolts 1 and 4 from the
tilting edge EE = 50 mm, and
L2 = Distance of bolts 2 and 3 from the
tilting edge EE = 50 + 325 = 375 mm

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