A Project report on

EARTHQUAKE DETECTION USING MACHINE

LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

by

AKSHAYA G (194G1A0505)
MANOJ A (194G1A0557)
ARAVIND B (204G5A0501)
DEEPTHI T (204G5A0503)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Nazeer Shaik M.Tech., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
Rotarypuram Village, B K Samudram Mandal, Ananthapuramu - 515701

2022-2023
 SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi &
Accredited by NBA (EEE, ECE & CSE)
Rotarypuram Village, BK Samudram Mandal, Ananthapuramu-515701

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled EARTHQUAKE DETECTION USING
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS is the bonafide work carried out by Akshaya G,
Manoj A, Aravind B, Deepthi T bearing Roll Number 194G1A0505, 194G1A0557,
204G5A0501, 204G5A0503 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering during the academic
year 2022-2023.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr. Nazeer Shaik M.Tech., (Ph.D) Mr. P. Veera Prakash M.Tech., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Date: EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Place: Rotarypuram
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success. It is a pleasant
aspect that we have now the opportunity to express our gratitude for all of them.
It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude
to our Guide Mr. Nazeer Shaik, Assistant Professor, Computer Science &
Engineering, who has guided us a lot and encouraged us in every step of the project
work. We thank him for the stimulating guidance, constant encouragement and
constructive criticism which have made possible to bring out this project work.
We express our deep felt gratitude to Dr. B. Harichandana, Associate
Professor, and Mrs. S. Sunitha, Assistant Professor, Project Coordinators for their
valuable guidance and unstinting encouragement enabled us to accoumplish our
project successfully in time.
We are very much thankful to Mr. P. Veera Prakash, Assistant Professor &
Head of the Department, Computer Science & Engineering, for his kind support
and for providing necessary facilities to carry out the work.
We wish to convey our special thanks to Dr. G. Bala Krishna, Principal of
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology (Autonomous) for giving the
required information in doing our project work. Not to forget, We thank all other
faculty and non- teaching staff, and our friends who had directly or indirectly helped
and supported us in completing our project in time.
We also express our sincere thanks to the Management for providing excellent
facilities.
Finally, we wish to convey our gratitude to our families who fostered all the
requirements and facilities that we need.

Project Associates
194G1A0505
194G1A0557
204G5A0501
204G5A0503
 DECLARATION

We Ms. G. Akshaya bearing reg no : 194G1A0505, Mr. A. Manoj bearing

reg no : 194G1AO557, Mr. B. Aravind bearing reg no : 204G5A0501, Ms. T.
Deepthi bearing reg no: 204G5A0503 students of SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Rotarypuram, hereby declare that the
dissertation entitled “EARTHQUAKE DETECTION USING MACHINE
LEARNING ALGORITHMS” embodies the report of our project work carried out
by us during IV year Bachelor of Technology under the guidance of Mr. Nazeer
Shaik, Assistant Professor ,Department of CSE and this work has been submitted for
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of
Technology degree.
The results embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other
University of Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

G. AKSHAYA Reg no: 194G1A0505

A. MANOJ Reg no: 194G1A0557

B. ARAVIND Reg no: 204G5A0501

T. DEEPTHI Reg no: 204G5A0503

 CONTENTS Page No.

List of Figures VII

Abbreviations VIII
Abstract IX
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1: Problem Statement 2
1.2: Objectives 2
Chapter 2: Literature Survey 3-5
Chapter 3: Analysis 6-12
3.1: Existing System 6
3.1.1: Disadvantages 6
3.2: Proposed System 7
3.2.1: Advantages 8
3.4: Methodology 8
3.4.1: Machine Learning 8
3.4.2: Types of ML 9
3.4.3: Algorithm Used 12
Chapter 4: System Requirements Specifications 14-19
4.1: Hardware Requirements 14
4.2: Software Requirements 16
4.3: Functional Requirements 18
4.4: Non-Functional Requirements 18
4.5: Scope 19
4.6: Performance 19
Chapter 5: Design 20-26
5.1: System Architecture 20
5.2: Steps Involved in Design 21
5.2.1: Data Collection 21
5.2.2: Data Preprocessing 21
5.2.2.1: Explanatory Data Analysis 22
5.2.2.2: Filling Missing Data & 23
Data Encoding
5.2.3: Training the model 23
5.2.4: Model Evaluation 23
5.3: UML Introduction 24
5.3.1: Usage of UML in project 24
5.4: Use Case Diagram 25
 5.5: Class Diagram 25
5.6: Activity Diagram 26
Chapter 6: Implementation 27-39
6.1: Libraries 27
6.2: Implementation 31
6.2.1: Importing modules and libraries 31
6.2.2: Data visualization 32
6.2.2.1: Data Cleaning 32
6.2.2.2: Balancing 33
6.2.2.3: Exploratory Analysis 33
6.2.2.4: Magnitude vs Depth 34
6.3: Feature Engineering 34
6.4.1: Splitting the dataset 35
6.4.2: Standard Scaler 35
6.5: Model Prediction 33
6.5.1: Modelling with KNN algorithm 36
6.5.2: Modelling with Logistic Regression 36
6.5.3: Modelling with SVC 36
6.5.4: Modelling with Random Forest 37
6.6: Classification Metrics 38
6.7: Confusion Matrix 38
6.8: Web app UI 39
Chapter 7: Testing 40-42
7.1: System Testing 40
7.2: Types of Tests 40
7.2.1: Unit Testing 40
7.2.2: Integration Testing 41
7.2.3: Functional Testing 41
7.3: System Test 41
7.3.1: Black Box Testing 42
7.3.2: White Box Testing 42
Chapter 8: Results & Analysis 43-46
CONCLUSION 47
REFERENCES 48
PUBLICATION 49
 List of Figures

Fig. No Description Page No.

3.1 Types of Machine Learning 9

3.2 Supervised learning 10
3.3 Unsupervised learning 10
3.4 Reinforcement learning 11
3.5 Basics of Machine learning 12
4.1 Processor 14
4.2 Hard disk 15
4.3 RAM 15
4.4 Colab icon 16
4.6 Python icon 14
4.7 Visual Studio Code 17
5.1 System Architecture 20
5.2 Use Case Diagram 25
5.3 Class Diagram 26
5.4 Activity Diagram 26
6.1 Training and test data set 30
6.2 Dataset with 19 different attributes 31
6.3 Importing of modules and libraries 32
6.4 Checking null values 32
6.5 Balancing Method 33
6.6 Exploratory Analysis 34
6.7 Train and Test split of data 35
6.8 Standard Scaler 35
6.9 Fitting model with KNN 36
6.10 Fitting model with Decision Tree 36
6.11 Fitting model with SVC 37
6.12 Fitting model with Random Forest 37
8.1 Evaluation of Algorithms 43
8.2 Confusion matrix for Decision Tre 43
8.3 Confusion matrix for KNN 44
8.4 Confusion matrix for SVM 44
8.5 Confusion matrix for Random forest 44
8.6 Performance comparison of algorithms 45
8.7 Detection of earthquake using webapp UI 46
8.8 Result of Earthquake using Webapp UI 46

VII
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IDE Integrated Development Environment

SVM Support Vector Machine

RF Random Forest

KNN K-Nearest Neighbor

ML Machine Learning
DT Decision Tree

VIII
 ABSTRACT
An Earthquake is the sudden shaking of the surface of the earth resulting from sudden
release of energy in the Lithosphere. Reliable prediction of earthquakes has numerous
societal and engineering benefits. In recent years, the exponentially rising volume of
seismic data has led to the development of several automatic earthquake detection
algorithms through machine learning approaches. Different algorithms have been
applied on earthquake detection like Decision tree, Random Forest classifier, Support
vector Machine, KNeighborsClassifier.

Earthquake detection using machine learning is a complex and evolving field

that has the potential to significantly improve early warning systems and disaster
response efforts. By improving the accuracy and speed of earthquake detection,
machine learning can help people prepare for and respond to earthquakes more
effectively.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Earthquake, Random Forest Classifier, Decision

tree, Support Vector Machine, KNeighborsClassifier.

IX
 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
Earthquake detection refers to the process of identifying and measuring seismic
activity, including the vibrations and waves that are generated by the movement of
tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes are among the most powerful and
destructive natural disasters, and their detection is crucial for understanding and
mitigating their impact.
The detection of earthquakes is typically carried out using a variety of tools and
techniques, including seismometers, which are instruments that measure the movement
of the ground, and other devices such as accelerometers, tiltmeters, and strain meters.
These devices are placed in various locations throughout the Earth's crust, including on
the surface, in boreholes, and on the seafloor.
When an earthquake occurs, it generates seismic waves that can be detected by
these instruments, and the resulting data can be used to determine the location,
magnitude, and other characteristics of the earthquake. This information is then used by
scientists and emergency responders to assess the potential impact of the earthquake and
to take appropriate actions to mitigate its effects.
Earthquakes are a natural disaster that can cause significant damage and loss of
life. Detecting earthquakes early is crucial for reducing their impact and ensuring the
safety of people living in affected areas. Traditional methods of earthquake detection
rely on seismometers and other specialized equipment, which can be expensive and
require significant resources to operate. Machine learning algorithms offer a promising
alternative for earthquake detection. By analyzing seismic data and identifying patterns,
these algorithms can help predict the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in a given
area. This can provide early warning signals and help initiate disaster response efforts,
potentially saving lives and reducing the impact of earthquakes. Various machine
learning algorithms can be used for earthquake detection, each with its own strengths
and weaknesses.
Once an earthquake is detected, the seismic data is analyzed to determine the
location and magnitude of the earthquake. This information is then used to issue alerts
and warnings to people in affected areas, which can help them prepare for and respond
to the earthquake.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

1.1 Problem Statement

The problem definition for earthquake detection using machine learning
algorithms involves developing a model that can accurately and efficiently detect
earthquakes from seismic data. To develop an earthquake detection model using
machine learning algorithms, we need to gather large amounts of seismic data from
various sources such as seismometers, accelerometers, and other seismic instruments.
The data collected is then preprocessed to remove noise, correct for instrument errors,
and convert the data into a suitable format for analysis. Once the data is preprocessed,
it can be fed into a machine learning model to learn the patterns and trends associated
with earthquake activity.

1.2 Objectives
The objective of using machine learning algorithms for earthquake detection
is to improve the accuracy and speed of earthquake detection and to provide real-time
alerts and warnings to help mitigate the effects of earthquakes. Machine learning
algorithms can be used to analyze large amounts of seismic data and to identify patterns
and trends that are difficult or impossible for humans to detect.
By using machine learning algorithms for earthquake detection is that they can
process vast amounts of seismic data quickly and accurately. In addition, machine
learning algorithms can identify patterns and trends in the data that may be difficult for
humans to detect, especially in large and complex datasets.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Dinky Tulsi Nandwani et al. [1] research helps in reducing the effects of damage
and destruction caused by aftershocks of earthquake. If we know the grade of buildings,
we can take measures to reduce its weakness and try to strengthen it to face earthquake.
The lower the grade of building, the more damage it is to be caused by earthquake. The
higher the grade of building then it makes it easy for the building to survive an
earthquake. The predicted output of buildings data helps in identifying safe and unsafe
buildings. Using machine learning has helped us to make earthquake less painful and
severe. It is a feasible option to prevent the damage to buildings and loss of human lives.

Roxane Mallouhy et al. [2] worked on Eight machines learning algorithms. They
have been tested for our work to classify the major earthquake events between negative
and positive. The study has been applied to a dataset collected from a center in
California, which was recording inputs for 36 years. Every machine learning technique
shows different results from each other. KNN, Random Forest and MLP are the best by
producing the least false output (FP) while SVM, KNN, MLP and Random Forest
classify the higher number of outputs correctly.

Vindhya Mudgal et al. [3] has proposed AI-based approaches have opened up
new opportunities for enhancing the prediction process due to their greater precision
when compared to conventional procedures. The BP-AdaBoost model, which has high
percent accuracy, came out on top, followed by random forest and the support vector
machine stacking model, which has low percent accuracy. Each machine learning
approach yields outcomes that differ from one another.

Dr. S. Anbu Kumar et al. [4] has proposed earthquake prediction was performed,
by training different Machine Learning models on seismic and acoustic data collected
from a laboratory micro-earthquake simulation. During this research, six machine
learning techniques including Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random
Forest Regression, Case Based Reasoning, XGBoost and Light Gradient Boosting
Mechanism are separately applied and accuracies in the training and testing datasets
were compared to pick out the best model. Light Gradient Boosting Model (LGBM)

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

performs well as compared to its rest competitors, it has a fair balance between Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) time to failure, and range of observations, and also has the least
outliers.

Alyona Galkina et al. [5] has proposed a method which aims to systematize the
methods used and analyze the main trends in making predictions using machine
learning. The main approaches in application of machine learning methods to a problem
of earthquake prediction are observed. The main open-source earthquake catalogs and
databases are described. The definition of main metrics used for performance
evaluation is given.

Nakshatra et al. [6] introduces us to the idea that a strong earthquake is

accompanied by means of aftershocks. s. AR picker algorithm used to determine values
of P-wave and S-wave arrival time which can be treated as extracted function.
Waveform is then converted into ASCII layout. Statistics is then fed to extraordinary
gadget getting to know models-SVM, decision tree, Random Forest and linear
regression for evaluation reason. Random forest distinguishes among earthquake
leading and non-earthquake main statistics the pleasant, with an accuracy of 90.

D. G. Cortés et al. (2018) In study [7], which was published in Computers &
Geosciences in 2018, an attempt to predict magnitude of the largest seismic event within
the next seven days was made. The problem of earthquake prediction was treated as a
regression task: four regressors (generalized linear models, gradient boosting machines,
deep learning and random forest) and ensembles for them were applied. The most
effective regressor was random forest (RF), yielding a mean absolute error of 0.74 on
average. RF was also one of the fastest, taking only 18 minutes to train the regression
models on all data. Particularly, the most accurate predictions of RF were made for
moderate earthquakes (magnitudes within a range on [4, 7); MAE<=0.26. Based on
these results, the authors concluded that using more complex regressor ensembles
would improve the accuracy of predictions for quakes of large magnitude.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Pratiksha Bangar et al. [8] which was published in Computers & Geosciences
in 2020, an accurate forecaster is designed and developed, a system that will forecast
the catastrophe. It. Data-sets for Indian sub-continental along with rest of the World are
collected from government sources. Pre-processing of data is followed by construction
of stacking model that combines Random Forest and Support Vector Machine
Algorithms. Algorithms develop this mathematical model reliant on “training data-set”.
Model looks for pattern that leads to catastrophe and adapt to it in its building, so as to
settle on choices and forecasts without being expressly customized to play out the task.
After forecast, we broadcast the message to government officials and across various
platforms.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

CHAPTER - 3
ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
In the existing system Neural networks have been investigated for predicting the
magnitude of the largest seismic event based on the analysis of seismicity indicators.
Seismicity indicators are mathematically computed parameters that are based on
earthquake data and can be used to assess the likelihood of future earthquakes.

The selection of seismicity indicators is typically based on the Gutenberg-

Richter and characteristic earthquake magnitude distribution, which are empirical
relationships between earthquake frequency and magnitude. Other recent earthquake
prediction studies may also be used to inform the selection of seismicity indicators.

Neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm that can be

trained to learn complex relationships between inputs (in this case, seismicity
indicators) and outputs (in this case, the predicted magnitude of the largest seismic
event). The neural network is trained on a dataset of historical earthquake data, where
the input is a set of seismicity indicators and the output is the magnitude of the largest
seismic event.

3.1.1 Disadvantages
➢ The efficiency of existing algorithms is limited.

➢ Less Accuracy.

➢ Incorrect Predictions.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Our proposed system for earthquake detection involves using a variety of
machine learning algorithms, including the Random Forest classifier, Support Vector
Machine, Decision tree, and K Nearest Neighbor, to accurately predict the level of
magnitude of future earthquake occurrences. We will collect seismic data, process it,
and train our models on historical earthquake data to learn the patterns and trends that
are indicative of future seismic events. We will then use the trained models to predict
the level of magnitude of future earthquakes and continually update and improve them
as new data becomes available

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

➢ SVM (Support Vector Machine )

SVM uses a classifier that categorizes the info set by setting an optimal
hyperplane between data. This classifier is choosen as it is incredibly versatile in the
number of different kernel functions that can be applied, and this model can yield a high
predictability rate. .

➢ Random Forest

Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method

for classification, regression and other tasks that operates by constructing a multitude
of decision trees at training time. For classification tasks, the output of the random
forest is the class selected by most trees.

➢ KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor)

K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm, also

known as KNN or k-NN, is a non-parametric, supervised learning classifier, which
uses proximity to make classifications or predictions about the grouping of an
individual data point.

➢ Decision Tree
Decision Tree is a Supervised learning technique that can be used for both
classification and Regression problems, but mostly it is preferred for solving
Classification problems. It is a tree-structured classifier, where internal nodes represent
the features of a dataset, branches represent the decision rules, and each leaf node
represents the outcome.

Overall, the decision tree algorithm can help improve the accuracy of earthquake
detection by identifying the most important features for classification, allowing for the
creation of more complex models that capture the nuances of the seismic data.

3.2.1 Advantages

• Increase the performance and Accuracy.

• Increase the Efficiency.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

3.3 Methodology
The system uses machine learning to make predictions of the Thyroid disease
and Python as the programming language since Python has been accepted widely as a
language for experimenting in the machine learning area. Machine learning uses
historical data and information to gain experiences and generate a trained model by
training it with the data. This model then makes output predictions. The better the
collection of dataset, the better will be the accuracy of the classifier. It has been
observed that machine learning methods such as regression and classification perform
better than various statistical models.

3.4 Machine learning

Machine Learning is undeniably one of the most influential and powerful

technologies in today ‘s world. Machine learning is a tool for turning information into
knowledge. In the past 50 years, there has been an explosion of data. This mass of data
is useless; we analyse it and find the patterns the valuable underlying patterns within
complex data that we would otherwise struggle to discover.

Basic Terminology
• Dataset: A set of data examples, which contain features important to solving
the problem.
• Features: Important pieces of data that help us understand a problem.
These are fed into a Machine Learning algorithm to help it learn.

• Model: The representation (internal model) of a phenomenon that a Machine

Learning algorithm has learnt. It learns this from the data it is shown during
training. The model is the output you get after training an algorithm. For
example, a decision tree algorithm would be trained and produce a decision tree
model.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

3.4.1 Types of Machine Learning

There are multiple forms of Machine Learning; supervised, unsupervised,
semi supervised and reinforcement learning. Each form of Machine Learning has
differing approaches, but they all follow the same underlying process and theory.

Fig 3.1: Types of Machine Learning

Supervised Learning: It is the most popular paradigm for machine learning. Given
data in the form of examples with labels, we can feed a learning algorithm these
example-label pairs one by one, allowing the algorithm to predict the label for each
example, and giving it feedback as to whether it predicted the right answer or not.
Over time, the algorithm will learn to approximate the exact nature of the relationship
between examples and their labels. When fully- trained, the supervised learning
algorithm will be able to observe a new, never before-seen example and predict a
good label for it.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Fig 3.2: Process of Supervised Learning

Unsupervised learning: It is very much the opposite of supervised learning. It

features no labels. Instead, the algorithm would be fed a lot of data and given the tools
to understand the properties of the data. From there, it can learn to group, cluster, and
organize the data in a way such that a human can come in and make sense of the newly
organized data. Because unsupervised learning is based upon the data and its
properties, we can say that unsupervised learning isdata- driven. The outcomes from
an unsupervised learning task are controlled by the data and the way it‘s formatted.

Fig 3.3: Process of Unsupervised Learning

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Reinforcement learning: It is fairly different when compared to supervised and

unsupervised learning. Reinforcement learning is very behaviour driven. It has
influences from the fields of neuroscience and psychology. For any reinforcement
learning problem, we need an agent and an environment as well as a way to connect
the two through a feedback loop. To connect the agent to the environment, we give it
a set of actions that it can take that affect the environment. To connect the
environment to the agent, we have it continually issue two signals to the agent: an
updated state and a reward (our reinforcementsignal for behaviour).

Fig 3.4: Reinforcement Learning

Machine Learning offers a wide range of algorithms to choose from. These are usually
divided into classification, regression, clustering and association. Classification and
regression algorithms come under supervised learning while clustering and association
comes under unsupervised learning
• Classification: A classification problem is when the output variable is a category,
such as ―red‖ or ―blue‖ or ―disease‖ and ―no disease‖. Example: Decision
Trees
• Regression: A regression problem is when the output variable is a real value, such
as dollars or weight. Example: Linear Regression
• Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the inherent
groupings in the data, such as grouping customers by purchasing behavior
Example: k means clustering.
• Association: An association rule learning problem is where you want to discover
rules that describe large portions of your data, such as people that buy X also tend
to buy Y.

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Basic Process of Machine Learning

i. Data Collection: Collect the data that the algorithm will learn from.
ii. Data Preparation: Format and engineer the data into the optimal format,
extracting important features and performing dimensionality reduction.

iii. Training : Also known as the fitting stage, this is where the Machine Learning
algorithm actually learns by showing it the data that has been collected and
prepared.
iv. Evaluation: Test the model to see how well it performs.
v. Tuning: Fine tune the model to maximize its performance.

Fig 3.5: Basic process of Machine learning

3.4.2 Algorithms Used

SVM (Support Vector Machine)

SVM uses a classifier that categorizes the info set by setting an optimal
hyperplane between data. This classifier is chosen as it is incredibly versatile in the
number of different kernel functions that can be applied, and this model can yield a
high predictability rate. Support Vector Machine is one among the foremost popular
and widely used clustering algorithms. It belongs to a gaggle of generalized linear
classifiers and is taken into account as an extension of the perceptron.

K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm, also

known as KNN or k-NN, is a non-parametric, supervised learning classifier, which uses
proximity to make classifications or predictions about the grouping of an individual

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

data point. It works by finding the distances between a query and all the examples in
the data, selecting the specified number examples (K) closest to the query, then votes
for the most frequent label (in the case of classification) or averages the labels (in the
case of regression).

Random Forest Algorithm

Random Forest is a popular machine learning algorithm that belongs to the

supervised learning technique. It can be used for both Classification and Regression
problems in ML. It is based on the concept of ensemble learning, which is a process
of combining multiple classifiers to solve a complex problem and to improve the
performance of the model.

Advantages

• Increase the performance

• Consistent Accuracy.

• Increase the Efficiency.

Decision Tree
Decision Tree is a Supervised learning technique that can be used for both
classification and Regression problems, but mostly it is preferred for solving
Classification problems. It is a tree-structured classifier, where internal nodes represent
the features of a dataset, branches represent the decision rules, and each leaf node
represents the outcome.

Overall, the decision tree algorithm can help improve the accuracy of earthquake
detection by identifying the most important features for classification, allowing for the
creation of more complex models that capture the nuances of the seismic data.

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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

CHAPTER - 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS
4.1 Hardware Requirements
The hardware requirements include the requirements specification
of the physical computer resources for a system to work efficiently. The hardware
requirements may serve as the basis for a contract for the implementation of the system
and should therefore be a complete and consistent specification of the whole system.
The Hardware Requirements are listed below:
1. Processor:
A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the
calculations that run a computer. A processor performs arithmetical, logical,
input/output (I/O) and other basic instructions that are passed from an operating
system (OS). Most other processes are dependent on the operations of a processor. A
minimum 1 GHz processor should be used, although we would recommend S2GHz or
more. A processor includes an arithmetical logic and control unit (CU), which
measures capability in terms of the following:
• Ability to process instructions at a given time

• Maximum number of bits/instructions

• Relative clock speed

Fig 4.1: Processor

2. Hard Drive:
A hard drive is an electro-mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic
storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating
disks, commonly known as platters, coated with magnetic material. The platters are
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 Earthquake Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms

paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which reads
and writes data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner,
meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not
only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even
when powered off. 50 GB or higher is recommended for the proposed system.

Fig 4.2: Hard Disk

3. Memory (RAM):
Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage that stores
data and machine code currently being used. A random- access memory device allows
data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory. In today's technology, random-access
memory takes the form of integrated chips. RAM is normally associated with volatile
types of memory (such as DRAM modules), where stored information is lost if power
is removed, although non- volatile RAM has also been developed. A minimum of
RAM is recommended for the proposed system.

Fig 4.3: RAM

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4.2 Software Requirements

The software requirements are description of features and functionalities
of the target system. Requirements convey the expectations of users from the software
product. The requirements can be obvious or hidden, known or unknown, expected or
unexpected from client’s point of view.

1. Google Colab:

Google is quite aggressive in AI research. Over many years, Google

developed AI framework called TensorFlow and a development tool
called Colaboratory. Today TensorFlow is open-sourced and since 2017, Google made
Colaboratory free for public use. Colaboratory is now known as Google Colab or
simply Colab.

Another attractive feature that Google offers to the developers is the use of
GPU. Colab supports GPU and it is totally free. The reasons for making it free for
public could be to make its software a standard in the academics for teaching machine
learning and data science. It may also have a long term perspective of building a
customer base for Google Cloud APIs which are sold per-use basis.

Irrespective of the reasons, the introduction of Colab has eased the learning and
development of machine learning applications.

Fig 4.5: Google Colab icon

2. Python:
It is an object-oriented, high-level programming language with integrated
dynamic semantics primarily for web and app development. It is extremely attractive
in the field of Rapid Application Development because it offers dynamic typing and

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dynamic binding options. Python is relatively simple, so it's easy to learn since it
requires a unique syntax that focuses on readability. Developers can read and translate
Python code much easier than other languages. In turn, this reduces the cost of
program maintenance and development because it allows teams to work
collaboratively without significant language and experience barriers.

Fig 4.6: Python icon

3. VS CODE:
VS Code (Visual Studio Code) is a free and open-source source code editor
developed by Microsoft. It is a popular tool used by developers for coding and
debugging applications. VS Code provides features such as syntax highlighting, code
completion, debugging tools, and Git integration, among others. It supports many
programming languages including Java, Python, C++, and JavaScript.

One of the advantages of using VS Code is its lightweight and fast

performance. It has a large number of extensions available that can enhance its
functionality and make it more suitable for different kinds of development tasks.
Additionally, VS Code has a customizable user interface that allows developers to
configure the editor to suit their needs.

Fig 4.7: Visual studio code icon

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4.3 Functional Requirements

A Functional Requirement is a description of the service that the software
must offer. It describes a software system or its component. A function is nothing
but inputs to the software system, its behaviour, and outputs. It can be a calculation,
data manipulation, business process, user interaction, or any other specific
functionality which defines what function a system is likely to perform. In software
engineering and systems engineering, a Functional Requirement can range from the
high-level abstract statement of the sender's necessity to detailed mathematical
functional requirement specifications.
● Data Collection
● Data Pre-Processing
● Training and Testing
● Modelling
● Predicting

4.4 Non-Functional Requirements

Non-Functional Requirement (NFR) specifies the quality attribute of a
software system. They judge the software system based on Responsiveness, Usability,
Security, Portability and other non-functional standards that are critical to the success
of the software system.
Failing to meet non-functional requirements can result in systems that fail to
satisfy user needs. Non-functional Requirements allows you to impose constraints or
restrictions on the design of the system across the various agile backlogs. Example,
the site should load in 3 seconds when the number of simultaneous users is > 10000.
They specify the criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system rather than
specific behavior. They may relate to emergent system properties such as reliability,
response time and store occupancy.
Non-functional requirements arise through the user needs, because of budget
constraints, organizational policies, the need for interoperability with other software
and hardware systems or because of external factors such as: - Product Requirements,
Organizational Requirements, User Requirements, Basic Operational Requirement,
etc.

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● A requirement for ease of use; a requirement for ease of maintenance;

● The need for manageability
● The need for Security
● Requirement of availability
● Need for Scalability

4.5 Scope
● To design a model for earthquake detection with four algorithms Random
Forest, decision tree, KNN and Support Vector Machine and we uses
Random Forest for detection
● To detect the random forest with good accuracy.

4.6 Performance
● The performance of our project can be estimated by using the confusion
matrix.
● The accuracy of this project is estimated to 97%.

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CHAPTER - 5
DESIGN

5.1 System Architecture

Architecture diagrams can help system designers and developers visualize the
high-level, overall structure of their system or application for the purpose of ensuring
the system meets their user’s needs. They can also be used to describe patterns that are
used throughout the design. It's somewhat like a blueprint that can be used as a guide
for the convenience of discussing, improving, and following among a team.

Fig 5.1: Architecture

Now, apply feature selection techniques to the rainfall dataset which has some
features in it. Then a subset of features which are most important in the prediction of

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floods. choose the algorithm that gives the best possible accuracy with the subset of
features obtained after feature selection. Applying the algorithms to the dataset
actuallymeans that it needs to train the model with the algorithms and test the data so
that the model will be fit.

5.2. Steps Involved in Design

➢ Data Collection

➢ Data Preprocessing

➢ Model Training

➢ Model Evaluation

5.2.1 Data Collection

➢ Data is an important asset for developing any kind of Machine learning
model. Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring
information from different kinds of sources.
➢ This is an initial step that has to be performed to carry out a Machine
learning project. In the present internet world these datasets are available in
different websites(Ex: Kaggle, Google public datasets, Data.gov etc.)
➢ The dataset used in our project is downloaded from the Kaggle website and
it contains nearly 116 records and 20 different attributes.
➢ The dataset consists of 19 independent attributes and one dependent
attributes.

➢ So, the aim of the project is to predict the dependent variables using
independent variables.

5.2.2 Data Preprocessing

➢ Data preprocessing is a process of preparing the raw data and making it

suitable fora machine learning model. It is the first and crucial step while
creating a machine learning model.
➢ When creating a machine learning project, it is not always the case that we
come across clean and formatted data. And while doing any operation with
data, it is mandatory to clean it and put it in a formatted way. So, for this,

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we use data preprocessing tasks.

➢ Preprocessing of the data consists of different kinds of steps in which
analysis of thedata, Data cleaning, Data encoding are part of this.

5.2.2.1 Exploratory Data Analysis

➢ Data preprocessing is a process of preparing the raw data and making it

suitable fora machine learning model. It is the first and crucial step while
creating a machine learning model.
➢ When creating a machine learning project, it is not always the case that
we come across clean and formatted data. And while doing any operation
with data, it is mandatory to clean it and put it in a formatted way. So, for
this, we use data preprocessing tasks.
➢ Preprocessing of the data consists of different kinds of steps in which
analysis of thedata, Data cleaning, Data encoding are part of this.

➢ Dimension reduction techniques which help create graphical display of

high dimensional data containing many variables.
➢ Univariate visualization of each field in the raw dataset, with summary
statistics.
➢ Bivariate visualizations and summary statistics that allows you to assess
the relationship between each variable in the dataset and the target
variable in the dataset and the target variable you’re looking at.
➢ Multivariate visualizations, for mapping and understanding interactions
betweendifferent fields in the data.
➢ This data analysis is of two types:
a. Univariate analysis
b. Bivariate analysis

Univariate analysis is the simplest form of data analysis where the data being
analyzed contains only one variable. Since it's a single variable it doesn't deal with
causes or relationships.
Bivariate data is data that involves two different variables whose values can
change.Bivariate data deals with relationships between these two variables.

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5.2.2.2 Filling Missing Data & Data Encoding

➢ The next step of data preprocessing is to handle missing data in the datasets.
If our dataset contains some missing data, then it may create a huge problem
for our machine learning model. Hence it is necessary to handle missing
values present in the dataset.
➢ By calculating the mean and Mode: In this way, we will calculate the mean or
Modeof that column or row which contains any missing value and will put it
on the placeof missing value. This strategy is useful for the features which
have numeric data such as age, salary, year, etc.
➢ Data encoding: Since the machine learning model completely works on
mathematicsand numbers, but if our dataset would have a categorical variable,
then it may createtrouble while building the model. So, it is necessary to
encode these categorical variables into numbers.
➢ Our dataset also consists of different categorical data in which they are
encoded in this step.
5.2.3 Training the Model

In this step the model is trained using the algorithms that are suitable. Flood
prediction is a kind of problem in which One variable has to be determined using
someindependent variables Regression model is suitable for this kind of scenario.
• A training model is a dataset that is used to train an ML algorithm. It
consists ofthe sample output data and the corresponding sets of input data
that have an influence on the output. The training model is used to run the
input data throughthe algorithm to correlate the processed output against
the sample output.

• Our project implements these algorithms like Logistic Regression, K

Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest.

5.2.4 Model Evaluation

In this step the trained model is evaluated by determining the accuracy of

the model against the test data. various ways to check the performance of our machine
learning or deep learning model and why to use one in place of the other. We will
discuss terms like:

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• Accuracy

• Recall score

• Precision score

• F1 score

Out of these we used Accuracy for evaluating our model. Accuracy is the most
commonly used metric to judge a model and is actually not a clear indicator of the
performance. The worst happens when classes are imbalanced balanced datasets. In
such cases, other evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score can provide
a more informative picture of the model's performance.
It is important to carefully choose the evaluation metrics based on the
characteristics of the dataset and the problem being solved. In the case of imbalanced
datasets, using accuracy alone can lead to inaccurate conclusions about the
performance of a machine learning model, and it is important to consider alternative
metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score.

5.3 UML Introduction

The unified modeling language allows the software engineer to express an

analysis model using the modeling notation that is governed by a set of syntactic,
semantic and pragmatic rules. A UML system is represented using five different
viewsthat describe the system from a distinctly different perspective.
UML is specifically constructed through two different domains, they are:
• UML Analysis modeling, this focuses on the user model and structural
model views of the systems.
• UML Design modeling, which focuses on the behavioral modeling,
implementation modeling and environmental model views.

5.3.1 Usage of UML in Project

As the strategic value of software increases for many companies, the industry
looks for techniques to automate the production of software and to improve quality

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and reduce cost and time to the market. These techniques include component
technology, visual programming, patterns and frameworks. Additionally, the
development for the World Wide Web, while making some things simpler, has
exacerbated these architectural problems. The UML was designed to respond to these
needs. Simply, systems design refers to the process of defining the architecture,
components, modules, interfaces and data for a system to satisfy specified
requirements which can be done easily through UML diagrams.

5.4 Use Case Diagram:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of

behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to
present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of
actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use
cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions are
performed for which actor.

Fig 5.2: Use Case Diagram

5.5 Class Diagram:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by
showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the
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relationships among the classes. It explains which class contains information.

System User
+read dataset +upload dataset
+train dataset +apply algorithm
+test dataset +predict results

+generate results()
+generate graph() +Analysis results()

.
Fig 5.3: Class Diagram

5.6 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Fig 5.4: Activity Diagram

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise

activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the
Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business
and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity
diagram shows the overall flow of control.

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CHAPTER - 6
IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation part is made using CSV file containing 20 different attributes

with nearly 700 records. Mortality of earthquake detection using the data collected
with Machine Learning algorithms like Logistic Decision Tree, KNN, SVM, Random
Forest All these algorithms help to predict the Mortality. It is predicted by
implementing all these four algorithms separately and are compared one with another.
6.1 Libraries
Python is increasingly being used as a scientific language. Matrix and
vectormanipulation are extremely important for scientific computations. Both NumPy
and Pandas have emerged to be essential libraries for any scientific computation,
including machine learning, in python due to their intuitive syntax and high-
performance matrix computation capabilities.
Pip:

The pip command is a tool for installing and managing Python packages, such
as those found in the Python Package Index. It's a replacement for easy installation.
Theeasiest way to install the nfl* python modules and keep them up-to-date is with a
Python-based package manager called pip.
pip install (module name)

NumPy:

NumPy stands for ‘Numerical Python’ or ‘Numeric Python’. It is an open-

sourcemodule of Python which provides fast mathematical computation on arrays and
matrices. Since arrays and matrices are an essential part of the Machine Learning
ecosystem, NumPy along with Machine Learning modules like Scikit-learn, Pandas,
Matplotlib, TensorFlow, etc. complete the Python Machine Learning Ecosystem.
NumPy provides the essential multi-dimensional array-oriented computing
functionalities designed for high-level mathematical functions and scientific
computation. NumPy can be imported into the notebook using
import numpy as np

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Pandas:

Similar to NumPy, Pandas is one of the most widely used python libraries in
datascience. It provides high-performance, easy to use structures and data analysis
tools. Pandas provides an in-memory 2d table object called Data frame. It is like a
spreadsheet with column names and row labels. Hence, with 2d tables, pandas are
capable of providing many additional functionalities like creating pivot tables,
computing columns based on other columns and plotting graphs. Pandas can be
imported into Python using:

import pandas as pd.

Matplotlib:

Matplotlib is an amazing visualization library in Python for 2D plots of arrays.

Matplotlib is a multi-platform data visualization library built on NumPy arrays and
designed to work with the broader SciPy One of the greatest benefits of visualization
isthat it allows us visual access to huge amounts of data in easily digestible visuals.
Matplotlib consists of several plots like line, bar, scatter, histogram etc. Matplotlib
comes with a wide variety of plots. Plots help to understand trends, patterns, and to
make correlations. They’re typically instruments for reasoning about quantitative
information.Matplotlib can be imported into Python using:

import matplotlib. pyplot as plt

Seaborn:
Seaborn is a data visualization library built on top of matplotlib and closely
integrated with pandas’ data structures in Python. Visualization is the central part of
Seaborn which helps in exploration and understanding of data. Seaborn offers the
functionalities like Dataset oriented API to determine the relationship between
variables, Automatic estimation and plotting of linear regression plots, it supports
high-level abstractions for multi-plot grids and Visualizing univariate and bivariate
distribution.

Flask:

Flask is a web framework for Python that enables developers to build web applications
quickly and easily. It is a lightweight framework that provides only the essentials,
allowing developers to add additional libraries as needed. Flask is known for its

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simplicity, flexibility, and scalability, making it a popular choice for building web
applications, including machine learning web apps.

Flask includes a built-in development server, enabling developers to test their

web app locally before deploying it to a live server. Flask also supports various third-
party libraries and extensions, including database integration, user authentication.

from flask import Flask, render_template, request

The Flask module is a web framework for Python that enables developers to
build web applications quickly and easily. The render_template function allows
developers to render HTML templates, while the request object enables access to
incoming request data, such as form data or query parameters.
Sklearn:
Scikit-learn is a free software machine library for Python programming
language. It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms. In
ourproject we have used different features of sklearn library like:
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
In machine learning, we usually deal with datasets which contain multiple
labels in one or more than one column. These labels can be in the form of words or
numbers. To make the data understandable or in human readable form, the training
datais often labeled in words.

Label Encoding refers to converting the labels into numeric form so as to

convert it into the machine-readable form. Machine learning algorithms can then
decide in a better way on how those labels must be operated. It is an important
preprocessing step for the structured dataset in supervised learning.

Label encoding converts the data in machine readable form, but it assigns a
unique number (starting from 0) to each class of data. This may lead to the generation
of priority issues in training of data sets..

from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures

Polynomial features of sklearn are mainly useful for the implementation of
Polynomial regression algorithm of different kind of degrees like 1,2,3,4… This
feature of sklearn help to fit the dataset with Polynomial regression algorithm. So that
ithelps to Predict the sales.

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from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

The train-test split procedure is used to estimate the performance of machine

learning algorithms when they are used to make predictions on data not used to train
themodel. It is a fast and easy procedure to perform, the results of which allow you to
compare the performance of machine learning algorithms for your predictive
modeling problem. Although simple to use and interpret, there are times when the
procedure should not be used, such as when you have a small dataset and situations
where additional configuration is required, such as when it is used for classification
and the dataset is not balanced.
• Train Dataset: Used to fit the machine learning model.

• Test Dataset: Used to evaluate the fit machine learning model.

Fig.6.1 Training and test data set

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CSV file
The dataset used in this project is a .CSV file. In computing, a comma-
separated values (CSV) file is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate
values. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text. Each line of
the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by
commas. The use of thecomma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file
format. CSV is a simplefile format used to store tabular data, such as a spreadsheet or
database. Files in the CSVformat can be imported to and exported from programs that
store data in tables, such asMicrosoft Excel or OpenOffice Calc. Its data fields
are most often separated, ordelimited, by a comma.
A CSV is a comma-separated values file, which allows data to be saved in a
tabular format. CSVs look like a garden-variety spreadsheet but with a .csv extension.
CSV files can be used with most any spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel
orGoogle Spreadsheets.

Fig.6.2 Dataset with 15 different attributes

Earthquake_data.csv

6.2 Implementation

6.2.1 Importing all the required Modules and Libraries

All the required libraries like SK-learn and Modules like NumPy, Pandas,
Matplotlib, Seaborn are imported into the Jupyter notebook initially into the filecreated
in the notebook.
After importing all the modules and libraries into the notebook, A csv file has
to be loaded using Pandas into the notebook. The implementation of these will be as
follows:

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Fig.6.3 Importing of modules and libraries

6.2.2 Data Visualization
As it contains large amounts of data it is not possible to analyze with the human
eye normally so the feature of Data Visualization helps to analyze the entire data. The
relation between any two features can be only analyzed with the Data Visualization
technique. This Visualization can be made in different forms by representing the data
in the pictorial forms like graph, bar chart and many other forms.
Some Visualizations are made for the dataset that is collected for the detection
of earthquake. They are as follows:
6.2.2.1 Data Cleaning
In data cleaning, checking for null values is a common step in data cleaning to
ensure that the dataset is complete and ready for analysis. To check for null values in
a Pandas DataFrame, you can use the isnull() method to return a Boolean DataFrame
indicating which cells have missing data, and then use the sum() method to count the
number of missing values in each column.

Fig 6.4: checking for null values

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6.2.2.2 Balancing
Balancing in machine learning refers to the process of addressing class
imbalance in a dataset. Class imbalance occurs when the number of instances in one
class is significantly higher than the other classes, which can lead to biased models
that perform poorly on the minority class.

Fig 6.5: Balancing method

To visualize the class distribution of the target variable in the dataset. If there
is a significant imbalance between the classes, such as one class having a much larger
count than the others, it may be necessary to balance the dataset before training a
machine learning model to avoid biased performance.

6.2.4 Exploratory Analysis

Exploratory analysis is an important step in data analysis, which involves exploring and
summarizing data to gain insights and identify patterns, trends, and relationships. The
goal is to understand the data better, and to generate hypotheses that can be tested in
further analyses.

There are several techniques and tools that can be used for exploratory analysis,
including:

❖ Summary statistics: This involves calculating measures such as mean, median,

standard deviation, and correlation coefficients to summarize the data.

❖ Visualization: This involves creating graphs and charts to display the data
visually, such as histograms, scatterplots, and boxplots. Visualization can help
to identify outliers, trends, and patterns in the data.

❖ Data cleaning: This involves identifying and addressing issues such as missing
data, outliers, and inconsistencies in the data.

❖ Dimensionality reduction: This involves reducing the number of variables in

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the data, for example by using principal component analysis (PCA) or factor
analysis.

❖ Clustering: This involves grouping similar data points together, based on their
characteristics or attributes.

Fig 6.6: Exploratory analysis of magnitude,NST,MMI

6.2.5 Magnitude vs Depth

The relationship between magnitude and depth is an important aspect of
earthquake analysis, as it can provide information about the nature of the earthquake
and its potential impact. Generally, larger earthquakes tend to occur at greater depths,
but there are many exceptions to this rule.

One way to explore the relationship between magnitude and depth is to create
a scatter plot, with magnitude on the x-axis and depth on the y-axis. Each point on the
plot represents a single earthquake event, and the position of the point indicates its
magnitude and depth.

6.3 Feature Engineering

What is a feature and why do we need the engineering of it? Basically, all
machine learning algorithms use some input data to create outputs. This input data
comprises features, which are usually in the form of structured columns. Algorithms
require features with some specific characteristics to work properly. Here, the need for
feature engineering arises. I think feature engineering efforts mainly have two goals:
• Preparing the proper input dataset, compatible with the machine learning
algorithmrequirements.
• Improving the performance of machine learning models.

Item Visibility is one of the features of the dataset in which maximum number of

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values in that row are Zeros so they have to be normalized and are set to some value.
So, mean of the entire column of data visibility is calculated and the value is set to that
mean value. This make all the Zeros of the column to particular value and accuracy of
the model can be made more efficient.

6.3.1 Splitting the dataset

Fig 6.7: Train and Test split of data

For all the Machine learning models to train with any algorithm of their choice
the dataset has to be divided into two parts called Training dataset and Testing dataset.
Generally, the training dataset will be 80% of the entire dataset and 20% of the data as
the Testing dataset.
Training dataset will be used to train the model and testing dataset will be used
to find the accuracy of our predicted model. Performance evaluation can be made with
the accuracy of the trained model with required algorithm.
Those splitting of the dataset to train and test splitting can be made using the command
from the sklearn library as shown above.
x_train-Represents train dataset
x_test-Represents test dataset.

6.3.2 StandardScaler

Fig 6.8: Standard Scaler

StandardScaler is a preprocessing technique in machine learning used to scale
and transform the features (input variables) of a dataset. It is a widely used technique
to normalize and standardize the features before training a model. This ensures that
the mean of the features is 0 and the variance is 1. The formula used to calculate the
standardized value of a feature 'x' is:

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6.4 Model prediction

In this prediction the entire data is trained with five different models in which
each model provides different output values of different accuracies. All the models
are compared and the conclusions are made.

6.4.1 Modelling with KNN AlgorithmStep1: Load the dataset

Step2: Divide the dataset
Step3: Assign the KNN algorithm to a variable.
Step4: Fit the training dataset using KNN algorithm
Step5: Predict the values for the testing dataset using a trained model.
Step6: Check the accuracy of the model.

Fig 6.9: Fitting model with KNN

6.4.2 Modelling with decision Tree

Step1: Load the dataset.

Step3: Assign the Decision Tree algorithm to a variable.

Step4: Fit the training dataset using Decision Tree algorithm.

Fig 6.10: Fitting model with decision tree

6.4.3 Modelling with SVC Algorithm

Step1: Load the dataset
Step2: Divide the dataset
Step3: Assign the svc to a variable.
Step4: Fit the training dataset using svc algorithm.
Step5: Predict the values for the testing dataset using a trained model.
Step6: Check the accuracy of the model.

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Fig 6.11: Fitting model with SVC

svc-Variable of SVC algorithm

.fit()-fit method of sklearn
.predict()-predict method for predicting the
valuesX_train,Y_train-Training data
X_test,Y_test-Testing data

6.4.4 Modelling with Random Forest Algorithm

Step1: Load the dataset
Step2: Divide the dataset

Step3: Assign the Random Forest Classifier to a variable.

Step4: Fit the training dataset using Random Forest Classifier algorithm.

Step5: Predict the values for the testing dataset using a trained model.

Step6: Check the accuracy of the model.

Fig 6.12: Fitting model with Random Forest

.fit()-fit method of sklearn

.predict()-predict method for predicting the
valuesX_train,Y_train-Training data
X_test,Y_test-Testing data

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6.5 Classification metrics:

When evaluating classification models, there are several common metrics used to assess
their performance. Here are some of the most common metrics and how to calculate
them:
from sklearn.metrics import f1_score,accuracy_score, recall_score,
precision_score

➢ Accuracy: measures the proportion of correct predictions out of the total

number of predictions. It is calculated as:
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁)
Accuracy =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁)
where TP is the number of true positives (correctly predicted positive instances),
TN is the number of true negatives (correctly predicted negative instances), FP
is the number of false positives (incorrectly predicted positive instances), and
FN is the number of false negatives (incorrectly predicted negative instances).

➢ Precision score: measures the proportion of true positive predictions out of the
total number of positive predictions. It is calculated as:
𝑇𝑃
Precision =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃)

➢ Recall score: measures the proportion of true positive predictions out of the
total number of actual positive instances. It is calculated as:
𝑇𝑃
Recall =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁)

➢ F1 score: is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, and provides a single
score that balances the trade-off between precision and recall. It is calculated as:

2 ∗ (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙)
F1 =
(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙)

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6.6 Confusion matrix:

A confusion matrix is a table that is often used to evaluate the performance of a
classification model. The matrix compares the predicted class of a set of data points to
the actual class of those data points, and shows the number of true positives (TP), true
negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN).
The confusion matrix is a useful tool for evaluating the performance of a
classification model because it provides a more detailed understanding of the model's
performance beyond a single accuracy score. For example, it can be used to calculate
metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score, which provide insight into the model's
ability to correctly identify positive cases, negative cases, or both.

6.7 Web app UI:

A web app user interface (UI) is the visual front-end that users interact with
when accessing a web app. It typically includes various elements, such as buttons,
forms, images, and text, that enable users to interact with the app and perform different
actions.
In the context of a machine learning web app, the UI can include input fields
where users can enter data to be used for prediction, as well as output fields where the
predicted results are displayed. The UI can also include various other elements, such as
data visualizations, charts, and graphs, that help users better understand the predicted
results.
The design of the web app UI is an essential aspect of the overall user
experience, as it can significantly impact how users interact with the app and their
overall satisfaction with it. Therefore, developers should carefully consider the design
and layout of the UI, ensuring that it is intuitive, user-friendly, and aesthetically
pleasing.

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CHAPTER - 7

TESTING
7.1 SYSTEM TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub-assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product. It is
the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system
meets its specified requirements and functions as expected. Testing involves creating
and executing test cases to verify that the software behaves correctly under various
conditions and scenarios.

Software system meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an
unacceptable manner. The testing process can be manual or automated and can be
conducted at various stages of the software development life cycle, such as unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Overall, testing plays a
crucial role in ensuring the quality and reliability of software products.

7.2 TYPES OF TESTS

7.2.1 Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic
is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision
branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application it is done after the completion of an individual unit
before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its
construction and is invasive.

Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately to the
documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results. unit
testing is an essential part of the software development process, which helps developers
identify defects early, improve the quality of the software, and reduce the cost of bug
fixes. By validating the functionality of each unit of code, developers can ensure that
the software application meets its functional requirements and performs as expected.

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7.2.2 Integration testing

Integration testing is a type of software testing that involves testing the interactions and
interfaces between different software components that have been integrated into a larger
system. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure that these components work
together as expected and that the integrated system meets its functional requirements.

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if

they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with
the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically
aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

7.2.3 Functional Test

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available
as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.

Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes
must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests
are identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.

7.3 SYSTEM TEST

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements.
It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system
testing is the configuration-oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and points.
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7.3.1 White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of
the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is
purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

7.3.2 Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings,
structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing
in which the software under test is treated, as a black box you cannot "see" into it. The
test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software
works
Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail,
Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.
• Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused
by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software
applications, e.g., components in a software system or one step up- software
applications at the company level-interact without error.
• Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No
defects encountered.
• Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires
significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets
the functional requirements. Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above
passed successfully. No defects encountered.

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CHAPTER - 8

RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Evaluation of Algorithms:
Evaluates the performance of four different machine learning algorithms,
including decision tree, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM),
and Random Forest.

Fig 8.1: Evaluation of algorithms

Confusion Matrix:
The model is designed to classify objects based on their color, then the x-axis
of the confusion matrix would represent the predicted classes, which are the colors
green, yellow, orange, and red. The y-axis would represent the actual classes of the
objects. The confusion matrix would show the number of true positives (TP), true
negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN) for each class.

Fig 8.2: Confusion for decision tree

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Fig 8.3: Confusion matrix for KNN

Fig 8.4: Confusion Matrix for SVM

Fig 8.5: Confusion Matrix for Random Forest

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Performance comparison of Model:

After evaluating the performance of the four machine learning
algorithms, the results can be compared to determine which algorithm performs the
best. For instance, the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.

Fig 8.6: Performance comparison of algorithms

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Web app results:

Fig 8.7: Detection of earthquake using web app UI

Fig 8.8: Result of the earthquake using webapp UI

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CONCLUSION

Based on the evaluation of four machine learning algorithms, namely

Decision Tree Classifier, Kneighbors Classifier, SVC, and Random Forest Classifier,
it can be concluded that all models have performed well in detecting earthquakes.
Among all the algorithms, the Random Forest Classifier algorithm achieved the
highest accuracy score of 0.976923, which is the best performance compared to the
other models. The Decision Tree Classifier, Kneighbors Classifier, and SVC
algorithms also performed well, with accuracy scores of 0.942308, 0.923077, and
0.930769, respectively. Moreover, all the models have performed well in terms of
precision, recall, and F1-score. These performance metrics are essential for earthquake
detection as it requires accurate and reliable predictions to avoid false positives and
false negatives. In conclusion, the Random Forest Classifier algorithm is the best
model for earthquake detection based on the given dataset. However, other algorithms
such as Decision Tree Classifier, K-Neighbour’s Classifier, and SVC can also be used
as they have also shown good performance.

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PUBLICATION

[1] MR. Nazeer Shaik, G. Akshaya, A. Manoj, B. Aravind, T. Deepthi “THE

CAVALCADE OF IMMACULATE AND DISPERATE ALGORITHMS FOR
DETECTING DISTRACTED EARTHQUAKES EMPLOYING MACHINE
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