Fill in the Blanks - Database Management System (Weeks 1 to 4)

1. _____ Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Database Management System Week 01

Introduction to Databases Engr.

Answer: International

2. _____ Farid Chishtihttp://youtube.com/rfchishtihttp://sites.google.com/site/chishti Understand the

fundamental concepts of databases

Learn the importance and applications of DBMS

Differentiate between traditional file systems and modern databases

Types of Database Users

Real-Life Examples of Databases

Course Objectives Definition: A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily

accessed, managed, and updated.

Examples:

Banking systems

University records

Why should we use databases ?

Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:

Highly valuable

Relatively large

Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.

A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to manage a large, complex

collection of data.

Answer: Rashid

3. _____ is a Database ?
Answer: What

4. A _____ Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to store, retrieve, manage,

and manipulate data in a database.

Role of DBMS: It provides an interface between the database and end users or application

programs.

Examples of DBMS:

MySQL Open-source RDBMS widely used for web applications.

PostgreSQL Advanced, object-relational DBMS known for extensibility.

MongoDB NoSQL DBMS that stores data in JSON-like documents.

Oracle _____ Enterprise-level RDBMS used in large-scale applications.

Answer: Database

5. _____ is a DBMS ?

Answer: What

6. _____ and Finance

Transaction Management: Manages deposits, withdrawals, and transfers.

Customer Management: Stores customer details and account information.

Risk Management: Analyzes large datasets to detect fraud.

Healthcare

Patient Records: Maintains medical history, prescriptions, and test reports.

Hospital Management: Tracks doctors, staff, and resource allocation.

Billing and Insurance: Automates billing and claim processes.

Education

Student Information Systems: Manages student records, grades, and attendance.

Library Management: Tracks book inventory, lending, and returns.

Course Management: Organizes course materials and schedules.

Answer: Banking

7. _____ of DBMS (1/4) E-Commerce

Product Catalogs Stores product details, inventory, and prices.

Order Management Manages orders, payments, and shipping.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Tracks customer preferences and feedback.

Telecommunications

Call Data Records Manages logs of calls and messages.

Billing Systems Tracks usage and automates billing.

Network Management Monitors network performance and resources.

Manufacturing

Inventory Management Tracks raw materials, finished products, and supply

chain logistics.

Production Planning Helps in scheduling and resource allocation.

Answer: Applications

8. _____ of DBMS (2/4) Quality Control Monitors production quality

and testing.

Government and Public Sector

Citizen Records Stores data on citizens, such as tax records and licenses.

Law Enforcement Manages criminal records and case files.

E-Governance Facilitates online services like voting and tax filing.

Social Media

User Data Management Stores user profiles, posts, and connections.

Analytics Tracks user engagement and preferences.

Security Ensures data privacy and controls access.

Logistics and Transportation

Fleet Management Tracks vehicles and delivery schedules.

Ticket Booking Manages ticket reservations and cancellations.

Answer: Applications

9. _____ of DBMS (3/4) Supply Chain Management: Monitors inventory

movement and delivery.

Entertainment and Media

Content Management: Stores and manages digital content.

Subscription Services: Tracks user subscriptions and payments.

Advertising: Uses data analytics to target ads to users.

Real Estate

Property Management: Tracks listings, sales, and tenant information.

Lease and Rent Management: Automates rent collection and lease renewals.

Retail

Point of Sale (POS) Systems Manages sales transactions and inventory.

Loyalty Programs Tracks customer purchases and rewards.

Answer: Applications

10. _____ of DBMS (4/4) Traditional File Systems

Data is directly stored in set of files.

It contains flat files that have no relation to other files.

Vulnerable to Inconsistency
Traditional File Systems Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

Duplicate Data: The same data is stored in multiple files, leading to redundancy.

Inconsistency: Changes in one file may not reflect in others, resulting in data discrepancies.

Lack of Data Integrity

No Constraints: Traditional file systems lack mechanisms to enforce data integrity rules (e.g., unique

constraints, foreign keys).

Data Errors: Manual checks are required to maintain accuracy, increasing the chance of errors.

Limited Data Sharing and Accessibility

Restricted Access: Files are often tied to specific applications, limiting access to data across

different programs.

Concurrency Issues: Multiple users accessing same file may cause conflicts & corruption.

Answer: Applications

11. _____ of Traditional File Systems (1/4) Difficulty in Data Retrieval

Complex Queries: Retrieving specific data requires complex programming.

Lack of Search ability: Searching through files is inefficient and time-consuming.

Poor Security

No Access Control: File systems lack advanced access control mechanisms.

Vulnerable to Unauthorized Access: Data can be easily accessed or modified by unauthorized

users.

Data Isolation

Scattered Data: Data is stored in separate files, making it hard to consolidate for analysis.

Incompatibility: Different file formats across systems hinder seamless data integration.

Answer: Limitations

12. _____ of Traditional File Systems (2/4) Concurrency and Recovery Issues

Concurrency Control: Traditional file systems lack mechanisms to handle concurrent data access

properly.
No Automatic Recovery: Data loss due to system crashes or hardware failures often results in

permanent damage.

Scalability _____

Handling Large Data: File systems struggle to manage large volumes of data efficiently.

Performance Degradation: As data grows, file access and management become slower.

Limited Backup and Recovery Options

Manual Backup: Backup processes are manual and prone to human error.

No Transaction Logging: There is no mechanism to roll back or recover from partial updates.

Answer: Limitations

13. _____ of Traditional File Systems (3/4) Application Dependency

Tight Coupling Files are created and managed by specific applications, leading to tight coupling

between data and software.

Difficult Migration Moving data between systems or applications is challenging.

Comparison with DBMS:

DBMS Provides structured data management, supports concurrency, ensures data integrity, and

automates backup and recovery.

File Systems Simple to use but lacks advanced features required for complex data management.

_____ of Traditional File Systems (4/4) A Database Management System (DBMS) is an

application software that allows users to efficiently define, create, maintain and share databases.

Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures and constraints of date to be

stored in the database.

Answer: Limitations

14. _____ is a Database Management System ?

Answer: What

15. _____ Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

Normalization: Databases eliminate duplicate data by storing information in related tables.

Consistency: Updates to data are reflected across all related records, ensuring data remains

consistent.

Improved Data Integrity

Constraints Databases enforce rules such as primary keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints to

maintain data accuracy and reliability.

Validation Data entry is validated to prevent incorrect or invalid data.

Enhanced Data Security

Access Control Databases allow user permissions at different levels (read, write, delete).

Encryption Sensitive data can be encrypted, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

Answer: Reduced

16. _____ of Databases Over File Systems (1/4) Efficient Data Retrieval and Management

SQL Queries Databases support complex queries to retrieve specific data quickly.

Indexing Data indexing speeds up search and retrieval processes.

Data Sharing and Concurrency

Multi-user Access Multiple users can access and modify data concurrently without conflicts.

Answer: Advantages

17. google drive.

_____ Control DBMS uses locking mechanisms to prevent data corruption.

Backup and Recovery

Automated Backup Databases support automatic backup and point-in-time recovery.

Transaction Logging Changes are logged, allowing recovery from system failures.

Answer: Concurrency

18. _____ of Databases Over File Systems (2/4) Data Integrity Across Applications
Centralized Management A single database can be used by different applications, ensuring

uniformity of data.

Reduced Application Dependency Changes in the database structure do not necessarily affect

application logic.

Structured and Organized Storage

Relational Models Data is organized in tables with relationships, making it easier to manage and

update.

Data Models DBMS supports hierarchical, relational, and object-oriented models for better

organization.

Answer: Advantages

19. _____ of Databases Over File Systems (3/4) Scalability and Flexibility

Horizontal and Vertical Scaling Databases can scale to accommodate growing data needs.

Distributed Databases Data can be distributed across different servers for faster access and

reliability.

Concurrency and Transaction Management

ACID Properties Databases ensure Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, making

transactions reliable.

Rollback and Commit Changes can be rolled back if errors occur, preserving data integrity.

Efficient Reporting and Analysis

Data Analytics DBMS supports data aggregation, reporting, and analytical queries.

Business Intelligence Advanced queries enable trend analysis and forecasting.

Answer: Advantages

20. _____ of Databases Over File Systems (4/4) Types of Database Users Database DBMS

How to get Application Programs What to get End users interact Application Programmers

Database Administrators Database Designers develop maintain design Software Data Users
The main types of database users can be classified into four key categories based on how they

interact with the database system:

1.

Answer: Advantages

21. _____ Administrator (DBA)

Role:

Manages the overall database environment.

Responsibilities:

_____ installation, configuration, and maintenance.

Performance tuning and optimization.

User management and access control.

Backup and recovery.

Ensuring database security and integrity.

Answer: Database

22. _____ of Database Users (1/4) 2.

Answer: Types

23. _____ Programmers/Developers

Role:

Create and maintain applications that interact with the database.

Responsibilities:

Write SQL queries, stored procedures, and triggers.

Develop front-end applications that access the database.

Optimize database interactions in applications.

Ensure smooth data flow between applications and the database.

Answer: Application
24. _____ of Database Users (2/4) 3.

Answer: Types

25. _____ Analysts and Designers

Role:

Design the database structure to meet business needs.

Responsibilities:

Define tables, schemas, and relationships.

Analyze data requirements and create database models.

Ensure scalability and normalization of the database.

Collaborate with developers and DBAs for implementation.

Examples:

Designing a hospital management systems database.

Planning database structures for an e-commerce platform.

Types of Database Users (3/4) 4.

Answer: System

26. End _____

Role:

Use the database through applications or direct queries.

Types of End _____: Types of Database _____ (4/4) 3.1 Casual _____

Definition: Occasional users who access the database irregularly and do not have deep knowledge

of database query languages.

Characteristics:

Use graphical interfaces (GUIs) to interact with the database.

Perform simple tasks such as generating reports or retrieving data.

Typically rely on predefined queries or forms.

Examples:
Managers running performance reports.

Teachers accessing student records.

Sales representatives retrieving customer information.

Answer: Users

27. _____ of End Users (1/3) 3.2 Parametric Users (Naive Users)

Definition: Users who perform routine tasks by interacting with applications that access the

database.

Answer: Types

28. _____ usually work with pre-defined queries and forms.

Characteristics:

Use standard, repetitive procedures without modifying queries.

Limited or no SQL knowledge rely on applications.

Large in number compared to other user types.

Examples:

Retail workers processing sales and inventory.

ATM users performing deposits, withdrawals, and balance checks.

Answer: They

29. _____ of End Users (2/3) 3.3 Sophisticated Users

Definition: Advanced users who directly interact with the database by writing complex queries,

scripts, or programs.

Characteristics:

Use SQL or other query languages.

Perform data analysis, reporting, and custom query generation.

Have a deep understanding of database structures.

Examples:

Data analysts conducting market research.

Researchers running statistical queries.

Answer: Types

30. _____ of End Users (3/3) 1.

Answer: Types

31. _____ and Finance

Examples:

Habib Bank Limited (HBL), MCB Bank, UBL

State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) National Credit Registry (NCR).

Use Cases:

Core banking systems managing millions of accounts and transactions.

ATM networks and mobile banking apps.

Fraud detection and financial reporting.

Databases:

Oracle, MS SQL Server, PostgreSQL Real-Life Examples of Databases (1/8) 2.

Answer: Banking

32. _____

Examples:

Jazz, Telenor, Zong, Ufone

Use Cases:

Call detail records (CDRs).

Customer data management (CRM).

Billing and prepaid/postpaid services.

Databases:

Oracle, MongoDB, Cassandra.

Answer: Telecommunications

33. Real-Life _____ of Databases (2/8) 3.

Answer: Examples

34. E-Government and _____ Sector

Examples:

National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)

Pakistan Revenue Automation Limited (PRAL) FBR tax system.

Excise and Taxation Department Vehicle registration databases.

Use Cases:

National identity card (CNIC) and biometric databases.

Taxpayer records and online tax filing.

Vehicle and property registration databases.

Databases:

Oracle, DB2.

Answer: Public

35. Real-Life _____ of Databases (3/8) 4.

Answer: Examples

36. _____

Examples:

Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital (SKMH)

Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH)

Sehat Card System (Government Health Insurance Program).

Use Cases:

Electronic medical records (EMR).

Patient management systems.

Laboratory and pharmacy databases.

Databases:

SQL Server, PostgreSQL.

Answer: Healthcare

37. Real-Life _____ of Databases (4/8) 5.

Answer: Examples

38. _____

Examples:

Higher _____ Commission (HEC)

National Testing Service (NTS)

University Management Systems (NUST, LUMS, COMSATS).

Use Cases:

Student information systems.

Degree verification and examination records.

Online learning and library systems.

Databases:

PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB.

Answer: Education

39. Real-Life _____ of Databases (5/8) 6.

Answer: Examples

40. E-Commerce

_____

Daraz, Foodpanda, OLX Pakistan

Use Cases:

Product catalogs and customer orders.

Delivery tracking and inventory management.

Customer reviews and recommendations.

Databases:

MongoDB, DynamoDB.
Answer: Examples

41. Real-Life _____ of Databases (6/8) 7.

Answer: Examples

42. _____ and Logistics

Examples:

Pakistan Railways, PITB's Driving License Issuance System (DLIMS)

Careem, Bykea

Use Cases:

Ticketing systems and passenger databases.

Fleet and driver management systems.

Real-time ride-hailing and route optimization.

Databases:

PostgreSQL, MySQL.

Answer: Transportation

43. Real-Life _____ of Databases (7/8) 8.

Answer: Examples

44. _____ and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)

Examples:

Metro Cash & Carry, Carrefour, Imtiaz Super Market

Use Cases:

Inventory and sales databases.

Loyalty programs and customer profiles.

Supply chain management.

Databases: Oracle, SQL Server.

Answer: Retail

45. Real-Life _____ of Databases (8/8)

Answer: Examples

46. _____ Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Database Managements Systems Week

02 Database System Architecture Engr.

Answer: International

47. _____ Farid Chishtihttp://youtube.com/rfchishtihttp://sites.google.com/site/chishti Identify the

components of DBMS architecture

Understand the architectural design of DBMS

Learn the three-tier architecture model

Explore the interactions between users and databases.

Understand different types DBMS based on application needs.

Course Objectives Software: DBMS software (e.g., Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL)

Procedures: Rules and guidelines for database operations

Database Access Language: SQL for querying and managing data

Hardware: Physical servers, storage devices

Data: Actual data stored in tables

Users:

Database Administrators (DBA)

Developers

End Users Components of DBMS Hardware: Set of physical electronics devices such as computers,

I/O devices, storage devices.

Answer: Rashid

48. _____ When we run oracle or MySQL on our personal computer, then our computers hard disk,

our keyboard using which we type in all the commands.

Answer: Examples

49. _____ This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall database.

Answer: Software
50. _____ The software in DBMS environment includes operating system, database management

system, application programs, support utility programs.

Answer: Example

51. _____ The main task of DBMS is to process the data.

Answer: Data

52. _____ are defined, constructed, and then data is stored, retrieved and updated to and form the

database.

Answer: Database

53. _____ Name (Size, Characters, Unique, Length) Components of DBMS Procedures: These are

the instructions and rules that assist on how to use the DBMS, and in designing and running the

database, using documented procedures, to guide the users that operate and manage it.

Answer: Example

54. _____ Procedures are used to setup and install a new DBMS to login and logout of DBMS

software, to manage DBMS or application programs, to take backup of the database, and to change

the structure of the database, etc.

Answer: Examples

55. _____ The people are who control and manage the databases and perform different types of

operations on the database in the DBMS.

Answer: People

56. _____ Administrator: Managing the license keys, user accounts and access etc.

Answer: Database

57. _____ Developer: This user group is involved in developing and designing the parts of DBMs.

Answer: Software

58. End _____ Web or Mobile, store user data.

Answer: Users
59. _____ of DBMS Database Access Language

SQL (Structured Query Language):

Standard language for database management.

Used for querying, updating, and managing data.

Example Commands:

SELECT: Retrieve data.

INSERT: Add new records.

UPDATE: Modify records.

DELETE: Remove records.

Answer: Components

60. _____ of DBMS Definition: Database architecture is the design and structure that defines how a

database is managed, organized, and interacts with users and applications.

Goal: To enable efficient data storage, retrieval, and management.

Types of Database Architectures:

One-Tier Architecture

The database and application reside on the same system.

Answer: Components

61. _____ Microsoft Access.

Two-Tier Architecture

Consists of a client and a server.

Answer: Example

62. _____ MySQL with a direct client connection.

Three-Tier Architecture

Includes a client (User interface (UI), application server (Business logic processing), and database

server (Storage and management.).

Answer: Example
63. _____ Web applications using MySQL with PHP.

Answer: Example

64. _____ is Database Architecture?

Answer: What

65. It is a software design pattern where all components of an application (user interface, business

logic, and data) reside in a single codebase or system.

_____ of One-Tier Architecture:

All-in-One Structure: The applications interface, logic, and database are combined in one layer.

Direct Access: The client directly interacts with the database or performs all functions within the

same environment.

Simpler Design: Easier to develop and deploy since everything is contained in a single executable or

environment.

Limitations:

Not scalable for large applications One-Tier Architecture Desktop Software (Microsoft Word, Excel,

Notepad)

All functionalities (text processing, data management) operate within the same application without

relying on a separate server or database.

Small Databases (MS Access, SQLite)

The database and application logic are embedded within the same file or system.

Standalone Media Players (VLC, Windows Media Player)

The player interface, decoding logic, and file access are all managed by the application itself.

Offline Games (Solitaire or Minesweeper)

The game runs entirely on the user's device.

Answer: Characteristics

66. _____ of One-Tier Architecture Two-Tier Architecture, also known as Client-Server Architecture,

is a software architecture where the application is divided into two main components client and
server.

Client (Presentation Layer):

Responsible for the user interface (UI) and user interactions.

Sends requests to the server and displays the results to the user.

_____: Web browsers, desktop applications, or mobile apps.

Server (Data Layer):

Manages data storage, processing, and business logic.

Receives requests from the client, processes them, and sends back the results.

_____: Database servers (e.g., MySQL, Oracle) or application servers.

Communication:

The client and server communicate over a network using protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, or SQL.

Answer: Examples

67. Two-Tier _____ Web Applications (Early Days)

Client: Web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox).

Server: Web server and database server (e.g., Apache + MySQL).

Example: A simple website where the browser sends HTTP requests to the server, and the server

responds with HTML pages.

Desktop Database Applications

Client: Desktop application (e.g., a custom-built app using Java or .NET).

Server: Database server (e.g., Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle).

Example: A point-of-sale (POS) system where the desktop app interacts with a local or remote

database.

Email Clients

Client: Email application ( Microsoft Outlook).

Answer: Architecture

68. _____ Email server (Microsoft Exchange)

Example: An email client retrieves emails from a server and displays them to the user.

Answer: Server

69. _____ of Two-Tier Architecture Three-Tier Architecture divides an application into three logical

and physical layers: the presentation layer, the application layer (business logic), and the data layer.

Presentation Layer (Client Tier):

Responsible for the user interface (UI) and user interactions.

Displays data to the user and sends user inputs to the application layer.

_____: Web browsers, mobile apps, or desktop applications.

Application Layer (Logic Tier):

Handles the business logic, processing, and application functionality.

Acts as an intermediary between the presentation layer and the data layer.

_____: Web servers, application servers, or microservices.

Data Layer (Data Tier):

Manages data storage, retrieval, and persistence.

Stores and processes data requested by the application layer.

_____: Databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB) or file systems.

Answer: Examples

70. Three-Tier _____ Web Applications

Presentation Layer: Web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox).

Application Layer: Web server and backend application (Node.js, Django, Spring Boot).

Data Layer: Database (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).

Example: An e-commerce website where:

The browser displays the product catalog (presentation layer).

The backend processes user requests, such as adding items to a cart (application layer).

The database stores product and order information (data layer).

Mobile Applications
Presentation Layer: Mobile app (e.g., iOS or Android app).

Application Layer: Backend API (e.g., RESTful API built with Flask or Express.js).

Data Layer: Cloud database (e.g., Firebase, AWS RDS).

Answer: Architecture

71. _____ of Three-Tier Architecture Example: A social media app where:

The mobile app displays posts and notifications (presentation layer).

The backend API handles user authentication and post creation (application layer).

The database stores user profiles and posts (data layer).

Gaming Applications

Presentation Layer: Game client (e.g., Unity or Unreal Engine).

Application Layer: Game server (e.g., custom backend or cloud-based service).

Data Layer: Database for storing player profiles and game data.

Example: A multiplayer online game where:

The game client renders the game world (presentation layer).

The game server manages player interactions and game logic (application layer).

The database stores player progress and achievements (data layer).

Answer: Examples

72. _____ of Three-Tier Architecture Internal Level (Physical View)

Describes how data is physically stored

Focuses on efficiency and performance

Conceptual Level (Logical View)

Defines what data is stored and the

relationships between data

Single view for the entire database

External Level (User View)

Defines how users interact with the database

Multiple views for different users Levels of DBMS Architecture External Level (User View)

Conceptual Level

(User View) Internal Level

(Physical View) Levels of DBMS Architecture © Virtual University of Pakistan

01110011010011100101001010100101010010101..

Answer: Examples

73. _____ level of Data Abstraction.

It defines how data is stored.

It tells the actual location of data that is being stored by the user.

The Database Administrator (DBA) decides that which data should be kept at which particular disk

drive, how the data has to be arranged, where it has to be stored etc.

They decide if the data has be centralized or distributed.

It totally depends on the DBA, How he/she manages the database at the physical level.

Answer: Lowest

74. _____ Level (Physical View) This level defines what data are stored in database & What

relationship exists among these data.

Logical levels decide structure of entire database.

DBA use the logical level for abstraction purpose.

Example:

Let us take an example where we use the relational model for storing the data.

We have to store the data of a student, the columns in the student table will be student name, age,

mail_id, roll_no etc.

Though the data is stored in the database but the structure of the tables like the student table,

teacher table, books table, etc are defined here in the conceptual level or logical level.

Also, how the tables are related to each other are defined here.
Answer: Internal

75. _____ Level (Logical View) This level tells the application about how the data should be shown

to the user.

Different views of same database can be created for user to interact with database for user friendly

approach.

Example:

If we have a login-id and password in a university system, then a student can view his marks,

attendance, etc.

Answer: Conceptual

76. But the faculty of the university will have a different view.

_____ will have options like salary, edit marks, enter attendance of the students, etc.

So, both the student and the faculty have a different view.

By doing so, the security of the system also increases.

In this example, the student can't edit his marks but the faculty who is authorized to edit the marks

can edit the student's marks.

Answer: Faculty

77. _____ Level (User View) _____ to Conceptual: Translates user queries to logical structures

Conceptual to Internal: Maps logical data to physical storage

Internal to Conceptual: Retrieves data from storage for logical representation Interactions between

Levels Relational DBMS (RDBMS): Data is stored in tables (rows and columns).

Answer: External

78. _____ between tables are established using keys.

Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server.

Use Case: Web applications, financial systems, banking systems.

NoSQL DBMS: Non-relational, flexible data storage, data is stored in formats like documents,
key-value pairs, graphs, or wide-columns.

Examples: MongoDB, DynamoDB, CouchDB, Cassandra, Redis.

Use Case: Big data applications, real-time analytics, social media platforms IoT.

Object-Oriented Databases: Data is stored in the form of objects, similar to object-oriented

programming languages.

Example: db4o, ObjectDB

Use Case: CAD/CAM systems, multimedia applications Types of DBMS Hierarchical DBMS: Data is

organized in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships.

Example: (IBM Information Management System (IMS))

Use Case: Legacy systems, File Systems, Directory Structure.

Network DBMS: Data is stored using a graph structure, allowing multiple parent-child relationships

(more flexible than hierarchical databases).

Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS)

Use Case: Complex data relationships, network and logistics.

Graph Databases: Data is represented as nodes (entities) and edges (relationships).

Answer: Relationships

79. _____ Neo4j, Amazon Neptune

Use Case: Social networks, recommendation engines, fraud detection Types of DBMS (Cont.)

Time-Series Databases: Optimized for storing and querying time-stamped data.

_____ InfluxDB, TimescaleDB

Use Case: IoT, monitoring systems, financial data analysis

Key-Value Databases: Data is stored as key-value pairs.

_____ Redis, Riak

Use Case: Caching, session management, distributed systems

Columnar Databases: Data is stored by columns rather than rows, which speeds up read operations

for large datasets.

_____ Apache Cassandra, Google Bigtable

Use Case: Data warehousing, analytics Types of DBMS (Cont.) Database architecture provides the

framework for efficient data management.

The three-tier model is widely used for its scalability and security.

Understanding DBMS components and architecture is essential for database design and

implementation.

Different DBMS types are used based on application needs, such as structured vs.

Answer: Example

80. unstructured data, scalability, speed, and flexibility.

_____ these DBMS types helps in choosing the right database for a given use case.

Summary

Answer: Understanding

81. _____ Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Database Management System Week

03Data Modelsand ER Diagram Model Engr.

Answer: International

82. _____ Farid Chishtihttp://youtube.com/rfchishtihttp://sites.google.com/site/chishti Understand

different types of data models

Learn the components and uses of the Entity-Relationship (ER) model

Develop ER diagrams with entities, attributes, and relationships

Grasp the concept of cardinality and mapping constraints Learning Objectives Data Model gives us

an idea that how the final system will look like after its complete implementation.

Answer: Rashid

83. _____ Models are used to show how data is stored, connected, accessed and updated in the

database management system.

Answer: Data

84. _____ we use a set of symbols and text to represent the information so that members of the
organization can communicate and understand it.

Answer: Here

85. _____ there are many data models being used nowadays but the Relational model is the most

widely used model.

Answer: Though

86. _____ is a Data Model ?

Answer: What

87. _____ of Data Models Hierarchical Model was the first DBMS model.

Answer: Types

88. _____ model organizes the data in the hierarchical tree structure.

Answer: This

89. The hierarchy starts from the root which has root data and then it expands in the form of a tree

adding child node to the parent node.

A parent record can have multiple child records,

but a child record cannot have more than one parent.

_____

IBM Information Management System (IMS)

Windows Registry

XML Databases

Traditional file systems (e.g., NTFS, ext4)

Hierarchical Model This model is an extension of the hierarchical model.

Answer: Examples

90. _____ is organized as a graph, where records (nodes) can have multiple parent and child

records.

Answer: Data
91. _____ model is the same as the hierarchical model, the only difference is that a record can have

more than one parent.

Answer: This

92. The model was popular in the 1960s and 1970s

_____ of Network Model

Ability to Merge more Relationships,

Many paths & Circular Linked List

Examples

Integrated Database Management System (IDMS)

CODASYL DBMS, Raima Database Manager.

Answer: Features

93. _____ Model The real-world problems are more closely represented through the object-oriented

data model.

Answer: Network

94. In this model, both the data and relationship are present in a single structure known as an

object.

We can store audio, video, images, etc in the database which was not possible in the _____ Model.

Answer: Relational

95. We use this link to relate one

object to other objects.

_____

MongoDB, CouchDB, ObjectDB Object Oriented Model The NoSQL Model refers to a category of

database management systems that are designed to handle unstructured, semi-structured, or

structured data in a flexible and scalable way.

Answer: Examples

96. _____ traditional relational databases, which use tables and SQL (Structured Query Language),
NoSQL databases use a variety of data models to store and manage data.

NoSQL databases are particularly well-suited for modern applications that require high scalability,

flexibility, and performance, such as web applications, big data, and real-time analytics.

Types of NoSQL Data Models:

Document-Oriented Model

Key-Value Model

Column-Family (Wide-Column) Model

Graph Model NoSQL Model Description: Stores data as documents, typically in JSON, BSON, or

XML format.

Structure: Each document is a self-contained unit with key-value pairs, nested objects, or arrays.

Use Cases:

Content management systems (CMS).

E-commerce applications.

Real-time analytics.

Examples:

MongoDB: A popular document-oriented database.

CouchDB: A document database with a focus on ease of use and scalability.

Answer: Unlike

97. Document-Oriented _____ Description: Stores data as key-value pairs, where each key is

unique and maps to a value.

Structure: Simple and efficient for lookups, but values can be complex (e.g., JSON, strings, or binary

data).

Use Cases:

Caching (e.g., session storage).

Real-time recommendations.

Distributed configurations.
Examples:

Redis: An in-memory key-value store with support for data structures like lists and sets.

DynamoDB: A fully managed key-value and document database by AWS.

Answer: Model

98. Key-Value _____ Description: Stores data in columns rather than rows, making it suitable for

large-scale distributed systems.

Structure: Data is organized into column families, which are groups of related columns.

Use Cases:

Big data applications.

Time-series data.

Logging and event data.

Examples:

Cassandra: A highly scalable column-family database.

HBase: A distributed column-family database built on Hadoop.

Answer: Model

99. Column-Family (Wide-Column) _____ Description: Represents data as nodes (entities) and

edges (relationships) in a graph structure.

Structure: Ideal for data with complex relationships and interconnectedness.

Use Cases:

Social networks.

Fraud detection.

Recommendation engines.

Examples:

Neo4j: A popular graph database.

Amazon Neptune: A fully managed graph database service.

Answer: Model
100. _____ Model The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is a high-level conceptual data model used

for designing and visualizing database structures.

It represents real-world objects (entities) and the relationships between them, making it easier to

design and plan databases before implementing them in a relational database.

Key Components:

Entities: Objects or concepts (e.g., Student, Course)

Attributes: Properties of entities (e.g., Name, Age)

Relationships: Links between entities, how entities interact with each other (e.g., Enrolled in)

Cardinality: Helps to define the relationship in a numerical context.

Answer: Graph

101. _____ 1:1, 1:M, M:1, M:N.

Answer: Examples

102. Entity-Relationship (ER) _____ Components of Entity-Relationship (ER) _____ A name

assigned to an items that exist in an environment and that have similar properties.

Answer: Model

103. It could be a person, place, thing, event or a concept

Can be strong (independent) or weak (dependent)

_____ Instance:

A particular object belonging to a particular entity type

_____ Set:

A all objects belonging to a particular entity type

Example:

_____: Employee

_____ Instance: Rashid Farid

_____ Set: All Employees _____ _____ Regular/Strong/Independent _____:

These entities exist independently i.e., without being linked to other instances and
have a unique identifier (primary key).

Answer: Entity

104. For example:

_____ (with attributes like ______ID, Name, and Age)

Course (with attributes like Course_ID, Title)

Weak/Dependent Entity:

These entities depend on a strong entity and cannot exist without it.

Answer: Student

105. For _____

A dependent (like a spouse or child) cannot exist independently in the system without being

associated with an employee.

Dependency: Cannot exist without the associated strong entity.

Composite Key: The primary key is a combination of the strong entitys primary key and the weak

entitys discriminator.

Answer: Example

106. _____ of Entity Employee Strong Entity Week Entity Weak Entity Example Customer Type

Name Amount Type Date Weak Entity Strong Entity Attribute:

The attribute is used to describe property of an entity.

Eclipse shape is used to represent an attribute.

_____ of Attributes:

Simple (Atomic): Cannot be divided further.

Answer: Types

107. CNIC, _____ Roll Number.

Composite: Can be divided into smaller sub-parts, each representing a basic attribute.

Examples: Address Street, City, Zip Code.

Answer: Gender
108. _____ First _____, Last _____.

Derived: Values that can be derived from other attributes.

Ex.

Answer: Name

109. Age (derived from _____ of Birth).

Answer: Date

110. _____ Price (derived from Quantity × Unit Price).

Multi Valued: Can have more than one value for a single entity.

Examples: Phone Numbers for a person.

Answer: Total

111. _____ of a professor.

Key Attributes: Uniquely identifies an entity in the entity set.

Example: Student ID for a student.

Answer: Degrees

112. _____ Number for an employee.

Answer: Employee

113. _____ Key _____

The key attribute is used to represent the main characteristics

of an entity or primary key

It is represented by an eclipse with text underlined.

Composite _____

An attribute that composed of many other attributes.

It is represented by an ellipse, and those ellipses are

connected with a main ellipse.

Answer: Attribute
114. _____ Attribute

An attribute can have more than one value.

Answer: Multivalued

115. _____ can have more then one Phone No.

Answer: Student

116. _____ of Attributes Derived Attribute

An attribute that can be derived from other attribute is known as a derived attribute.

Answer: Types

117. A person's age changes over time and can be derived from another attribute like _____ of birth.

Answer: Date

118. _____ of Attributes ER Diagram Symbols Student ID Key Attribute Name Non-key Attribute

Passport Number Week Attribute Age Derived Attribute Student Strong Entity Multi Valued

Attribute Week Entity Study Strong

Relationship Identifying

Relationship Mandatory

Relation Optional

Relation ER Diagram Symbols DoB year month day Composite Attribute Name First Middle Last

Roll Number Single Valued

Attribute Multi Valued

Attribute Age Derived Attribute Student DoB Age ER Diagram with Different _____ of Attributes mr

no Simple Attribute patient id Key Attribute Age Derived Attribute Multi Valued Attribute patient

Strong Entity insurance id Key Attribute provider Simple Attribute Multi Valued Attribute Week Entity

Identifying

Relationship Keys Example student id name age major course id name teacher Enroll grade

Course Student A key in a database is an attribute (or a set of attributes) that is used to uniquely

identify a record (or row) in a table.

Keys ensure that each record is distinct and help establish relationships between tables, maintaining

data integrity and supporting efficient data retrieval.

Importance of Keys:

Uniqueness: Prevents duplicate records.

Integrity: Ensures accurate and consistent data.

Relationships: Links tables through foreign keys.

Efficiency: Speeds up data retrieval through indexing.

Non-nullability: Primary key cannot have NULL value.

_____ of Keys:

Primary Key (PK), Candidate Key, Foreign Key (FK), Composite Key Keys It is the first key used to

identify one and only one instance of an entity or uniquely identify every rows in Table.

Answer: Types

119. _____ for defining Primary Key:

The value of primary key can never be NULL.

Answer: Rules

120. _____ Key _____ Key A candidate key is an attribute or set of attributes that can uniquely

identify a tuple/ row.

Answer: Primary

121. The _____ key should be selected from the Candidate keys.

Answer: Primary

122. _____ for defining Candidate Key:

The value of candidate key must always be unique.

Answer: Rules

123. _____ Key _____ Key Alternate Key Primary Key A super key is a set of attributes that can

identify each tuple uniquely in the given relation.

Answer: Candidate
124. _____ for defining Super Key:

Adding zero or more attributes to the candidate.

Answer: Rules

125. _____

Student (roll, name, sex, age, address, class, section)

Each set can uniquely identify each student in the Student table.

Answer: Example

126. _____ Key (roll, name, gender, age, address, class, section)

(class, section, roll)

(class, section, roll, gender)

(name, address) Alternate Keys is uniquely identify every row in that table.

Answer: Super

127. All the keys which are not primary key are called an _____ Key.

Answer: Alternate

128. _____ number of the Alternate Keys = _____ number of Candidate Keys - Primary Key.

Answer: Total

129. _____ Key Primary Key _____ Key Candidate Key Foreign keys is a column that creates a

relationship between two tables.

Answer: Alternate

130. _____ keys are the column of the table used to point to the primary key of another table.

Answer: Foreign

131. It is a key it acts as a primary key in one table & secondary key in another table.

The purpose of _____ keys is to maintain data integrity and allow navigation between two different

instances of an entity

Rules for defining _____ Key:

_____ key references the primary key of the table.

Answer: Foreign

132. _____ key can take the NULL value.

Answer: Foreign

133. _____ is no restriction on a foreign key to be unique.

Answer: There

134. _____ Key

Orders: Referencing relation/_____ Table.

Answer: Foreign

135. _____ Referenced relation / Primary or Master Table.

Foreign Key Products Orders Foreign Key Primary

Key Composite Key is a combination of two or more columns that uniquely identify rows in a table.

Answer: Products

136. _____ a primary key consists of more than one attribute, it is known as a composite key.

Answer: Whenever

137. _____

Employee may be assigned multiple roles and an employee may work on multiple projects

simultaneously.
Answer: Example

138. _____ Key Keys Example Primary Key

Primary Key: Student_ID, Uniquely identifies each student

in Student Table.

Candidate Key: Email, Can also uniquely identify students.

Foreign Key (in another table):

Course_ID in an Enrollment table, referencing Course_ID in the Course table.

Student_ID in an Enrollment table, referencing Student_ID in the Student table.

_____ Key: A key that consists of two or more columns to uniquely identify a record when a single

column is insufficient for unique identification.

Answer: Composite

139. (Student_ID, Course_ID) in _____ table.

Types of Keys Student Table Course Table Enrollment Table

(Relationship Table) It describes associations between entities.

Can have descriptive attributes (relationship attributes)

It is represented by a diamond or rhombus shape.

Naming:

Student and Course have Enroll relationship,

However, it can also be named as STD_COU

Entities involved in a relationship are called its participants Relationship Symbol for Relationships

Relationship Binary Relationship

It is a relationship between exactly two entity types.

It represents how two entities are associated with each other within a database.

Ternary Relationship

It is a relationship that involves three different entity types.

It shows how three entities are related to one another simultaneously.

Cannot Be Replaced by Three Binary Relationships

Sometimes, breaking a ternary relationship into multiple binary relationships can lead to loss of

information or incorrect relationships.

Example: Supplier supplies a Product to a Project Types of Relationship Ternary Relationship

Why Not Use Binary Relationships Instead?

If we tried to break this into binary relationships:

Supplier (Supplies) Product

Product (Used in) Project

Supplier (Works for) Project

This loses important information!

Answer: Enrolment

140. It doesn't clearly specify which supplier supplied which product to which project.

_____ Constraints

Specifies how many instances of one entity can be associated with instances of the other entity

these are

One-to-One (1:1)One-to-Many (1:M)

Many-to-One (M:1)Many-to-Many (1:1) Types of Relation One-to-One (1:1) Relationship

When only one instance of an entity is associated with relationship.

Example: "Person" - (owns) - "Passport ".Each person owns only one passport, and each passport

is assigned to only one person.

One-to-Many (1:M) Relationship

When only one instance of the entity on the left, and more than one instance of an entity on the right

associates with the relationship.

Answer: Cardinality

141. _____ "Department" - (employs) - "Employee".

Answer: Example

142. _____ Constraints Many-to-One Relationship

When more than one instance of an entity on the right and only one instance of the entity on the left

associates with the relationship.

Answer: Cardinality

143. _____ Student" - (enrolls) - Degree Program".

Answer: Example

144. _____ students can enroll in only one degree program, but degree program can have many

students.

_____-to-_____ (M:N) Relationship

When more than one instance of the entity on the left, and more than one instance of an entity on

the right associates with the relationship.

Example: "Student" - (enrolled in) - "Course".

Answer: Many

145. _____ Constraints

Relationship Attributes An Identifying Relationship in an ER diagram is a type of relationship that

links a weak entity to its strong entity.

The weak entity cannot exist independently and depends on the strong entity for its identification.

The primary key of the weak entity is derived from the primary key of the strong entity (often

combined with the weak entitys partial key).

A Bank Account (strong entity) can have multiple Transactions (weak entity).

Answer: Cardinality

146. _____ cannot exist without a Bank Account.

The primary key of _____ might be a

combination of Account_ID from Bank Account)

and ______Number (partial key).

Answer: Transaction

147. _____ Relationship Bank Account Perform

transaction _____ Relationship Date Amount performs An Entity Type linked with itself, is called

recursive or unary relationship

Example Roommate, where STUDENT is linked with STUDENT

Recursive or a Unary Relationship Person is a

friend of Employee Manages 1 M M 1 1 M 1 M M N 1 M Definition: Defines the number of instances

of one entity that can be associated with another.

Types:

One-to-One (1:1): One entity relates to one entity (e.g., Country - Capital)

One-to-Many (1:M): One entity relates to many (e.g., Student - Books)

Many-to-Many (M:M): Many entities relate to many (e.g., Students - Courses) Cardinality in
Relationships Student M Course M Teacher M M Cardinality in Relationships 51 56 60 ISB LHR

KAR 123 145 147 3/3/93 2/2/92 3/1/92 3/1/92 Employee Works in Department 147 Location

One:

Origin entity has a one association with the target entity.

Many:

A Target entity can be related to the origin many times

One and Only One:

The origin entity has only one target entity associated with it

One entity is required for the existence of the other.

Zero to One:

The origin entity can either have no associated entities or up to one target entity associated with it.

Notations that begin with zero generally indicate that the relationship is optional Cardinality

Notations One or Many:

The origin entity can have one or many linked Target entities associated with it

Zero to Many:

The target entity can be associated with the origin entity any number of times from zero on up this is

another optional relationship Cardinality Notations Roles in Relationships Teacher Advisor Roles:

Manager Supervises employees.

Subordinate Is supervised by a manager.

Answer: Identifying

148. _____

Advisor A teacher who advises students.

Advisee A student receiving advice.

Answer: Roles

149. provides

treatment receives
treatment provides

care receives

care _____ Many customers can buy many products from many suppliers, at different prices Doctor

Nurse Components of ER Model Step 1: Identify Entities

Entities represent objects or concepts that need to be stored in the database.

Types:

Strong Entity: Exists independently (e.g., Student, Course).

Weak Entity: Depends on a strong entity (e.g., OrderItem relies on Order).

Representation: Rectangle.

Step 2: Identify Attributes

Attributes define properties of entities.

Types:

Simple Attribute: Single-valued (e.g., Name, Age).

Composite Attribute: Can be divided (e.g., FullName FirstName, LastName).

Derived Attribute: Calculated from other attributes (e.g., Age from DateOfBirth).

Multivalued Attribute: Can have multiple values (e.g., PhoneNumbers).

Representation: Oval connected to the entity.

Answer: Patient

150. How to _____ an ER Diagram ?

Answer: Draw

151. _____ 3: Identify Relationships

Define how entities are related.

Types:

One-to-One (1:1)

One-to-Many (1:M)
Many-to-Many (M:N)

Representation: Diamond between entities.

_____ 4: Identify Primary Keys

Choose a unique identifier for each entity.

Representation: Underline the attribute.

Answer: Step

152. How to _____ an ER Diagram ?

Answer: Draw

153. _____ 5: Draw Weak Entities and Identifying Relationships

Weak entities need identifying relationships.

The primary key of the related strong entity is part of the weak entitys composite key.

Representation:

Weak Entity: Double rectangle.

Identifying Relationship: Double diamond.

_____ 6: Add Cardinality

Specify how many instances of one entity relate to instances of another.

1:1, 1:M, M:N

Representation: Use numbers or crows foot notation.

_____ 7: Review and Refine

Ensure all necessary entities, attributes, and relationships are represented.

Validate by reviewing use cases or data requirements.

Tools for Drawing ER Diagrams:

Online: Lucidchart, Draw.io, ERDPlus.

Answer: Step

154. _____ Microsoft Visio, MySQL Workbench, StarUML.

Answer: Software

155. How to _____ an ER Diagram ?

Answer: Draw

156. ER _____ Symbols ER _____ Symbols

Answer: Diagram

157. _____ Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan Database Management System Week 04

Relational Model Engr.

Answer: International

158. _____ Farid Chishtihttp://youtube.com/rfchishtihttp://sites.google.com/site/chishti Understand

the relational model and its importance in DBMS

Learn key concepts like relational schema, keys, and constraints Learning Objectives The Relational

Model is a way to structure and manage data in a database by organizing it into tables (relations).

Answer: Rashid

159. _____ the ER Diagram into tables (relations) with attributes.

It was introduced by E.F.

Answer: Converts

160. _____ in 1970 and is the foundation of most modern database systems.

Relational Model is the most widely used model.

Answer: Codd

161. _____ is a Relational Model ?

Answer: What

162. _____ Organizes data into tables (relations) with rows and columns.

Focus: Relationships between tables using keys.

Example: A university database with tables like Students, Courses, and Enrollments.

Key Features:
Uses tables, primary keys, foreign keys, and normalization.

Supports SQL for querying.

Most widely used model.

DBMS: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle,

SQL Server.

Answer: Purpose

163. _____ Model Consider a relation STUDENT with attributes ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS,

PHONE and AGE shown in Table 1 _____ Model Concepts Key Concepts of the _____ Model

Relation (Table)

A table represents an entity or a relationship between entities.

Answer: Relational

164. _____ table has a unique name.

Answer: Each

165. _____ are composed of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).

Tuple (Row / Record)

Each row in the relation (Table) is known as tuple.

Each row contains data about a specific instance of the entity.

Relation Instance

The set of tuples of a relation at a particular instance of time is called as relation instance.

Answer: Tables

166. _____ STUDENT at a particular time.

Answer: Example

167. _____ (Column / Field)

A property or characteristic of the entity, represented as a column in the table.

Example: ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE, AGE in STUDENT Table Key Concepts of the

Relational Model Domain

The set of allowable values for an attribute (e.g., Age can have values from 1 to 100).

Relationships:

One-to-One (1:1): One entity is related to one entity in another table.

One-to-Many (1:M)

Many-to-Many (M:N)

Primary Key (PK)

A primary key is an attribute (or a combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each tuple (row)

in a relation.

Answer: Attribute

168. _____ StudentID in the STUDENT table.

Foreign Key (FK)

An attribute in one table that references the primary key of another table, establishing relationships

between tables.

Answer: Example

169. Key _____ of the Relational Model Degree

The number of attributes in a table (e.g., a table with 4 columns has degree 4).

Cardinality

The number of tuples (rows) in a table.

NULL Values

The value which is not known or unavailable is called NULL value.

Answer: Concepts

170. _____ A student record having no phone number in a STUDENT table.

Relational Schema

The structure of the database, defining tables, attributes, and relationships.

A relation schema represents name of the relation with its attributes.

Answer: Example
171. _____ STUDENT (ROLL_NO, NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE and AGE) is relation schema for

STUDENT.

Answer: Example

172. Key _____ of the Relational Model

Relationships:

Many-to-Many (M:N)

Many students can enroll in many courses

Example of a Relational Model Students Table Courses Table Enrollments Table

(Relationship Table) Name of relation is distinct from all other relations.

Each relation cell contains exactly one atomic (single) value.

Each attribute contains a distinct name.

Tuple has no duplicate value.

Order of tuple can have a different sequence.

Answer: Concepts

173. _____ of Relations Insert Operation

The insert operation gives values of the attribute for a new tuple which should be inserted into a

relation.

Answer: Properties

174. _____ Operation

You can see that in the below-given relation table CustomerName= 'Apple' is updated from Inactive

to Active.

Answer: Update

175. _____ in Relational Model Delete Operation

To specify deletion, a condition on the attributes of the relation selects the tuple to be deleted.

Answer: Operations

176. _____ CustomerName = Apple is deleted from the table

Select Operation

Select a specific values.

Answer: Example

177. _____ CustomerName= Amazon' is selected.

Answer: Example

178. _____ in Relational Model A Relational Schema is the blueprint of a relational database.

Answer: Operations

179. It defines how data is organized and how relationships between data are maintained.

It describes the structure of tables (relations), the attributes (columns) in each table, and the

constraints applied to the data.

Key _____ of a Relational Schema:

Tables (Relations): Represents entities or relationships.

Attributes (Columns): Represents the properties or fields of an entity.

Tuples (Rows): Represents records or data entries in a table.

Primary Key: Uniquely identifies each tuple in a table.

Foreign Key: Establishes relationships between tables by referring to the primary key of another

table.

Constraints: Rules like NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, and DEFAULT that maintain data integrity.

Answer: Components

180. _____ Schema Imagine a university database with two entities: Students and Courses.

_____ Schema:

Customer(ID, Name, Phone, Address)

Product(ID, Quantity, Product_Type)

Order(Student_ID, Product_ID, Order_Date, Order_Status) _____ Schema: Example Primary Keys:

ID for Customer

ID for Product

Composite key (Student_ID, Course_ID) for Order

Foreign Keys:

Student_ID in Order references ID in Customer

Product_ID in Order references ID in Product _____ Schema: Example The schema defines the

structure but does not store data directly.

SQL is used to implement the schema, create tables, and manage data.

The schema ensures data consistency by enforcing relationships between tables.

Answer: Relational

181. _____ Schema: How it Works CREATE TABLE ENROLLMENT (

StudentID INT,

CourseID INT,
 Grade CHAR(1),

PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseID),

FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES STUDENT(StudentID) ON DELETE CASCADE,

FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES COURSE(CourseID) ON DELETE CASCADE

); CREATE TABLE STUDENT (

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

Age INT CHECK (Age >= 18),

Major VARCHAR(50)

); CREATE TABLE COURSE (

CourseID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,

Credits INT CHECK (Credits > 0)

); Example Data Insertion:

Query Example: _____ Schema: How it Works SELECT s.Name, c.Title, e.Grade

FROM STUDENT s

JOIN ENROLLMENT e ON s.StudentID = e.StudentID

JOIN COURSE c ON e.CourseID = c.CourseID; INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (101, 'Alice

Johnson', 20, 'Computer Science');

INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES (301, 'Database Systems', 3);

INSERT INTO ENROLLMENT VALUES (101, 301, 'A'); Comparison of three Models Levels of

Abstraction 1.

Answer: Relational

182. _____ with ER Model (Conceptual Design):

Identify entities, attributes, and relationships.

Create an ER diagram representing the high-level structure.

2.

Answer: Start

183. _____ to Relational Model (Logical Design):

Translate ER diagrams into tables, keys, and relationships.

3.

Answer: Convert

184. _____ Relational Schema (Physical Design):

Define SQL CREATE TABLE statements to implement the tables and constraints in the database.

How They Fit Together in Database Design: 1.

Answer: Implement

185. ER _____ (Design Phase):

Entity: STUDENT with attributes StudentID, Name, and Age.

Relationship: ENROLLMENT links STUDENT to COURSE.

2.

Answer: Model

186. _____ Model (Logical Phase):

Tables: STUDENT(StudentID, Name, Age), COURSE(CourseID, Title), ENROLLMENT(StudentID,

CourseID).

3.

Answer: Relational

187. _____ Schema (Implementation Phase): Example Workflow CREATE TABLE ENROLLMENT (

StudentID INT,

CourseID INT,

PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, CourseID),

 FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES STUDENT(StudentID),

FOREIGN KEY (CourseID) REFERENCES COURSE(CourseID)

); CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100),

Age INT

); CREATE TABLE COURSE(

CourseID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Title VARCHAR(100)

); The _____ Model in databases offers several advantages, making it a widely used and preferred

approach for data management.

Answer: Relational

188. _____ are some key benefits:

Simplicity & Ease of Use

Uses tables (relations), which are intuitive and easy to understand.

Data is represented in rows and columns, making it straightforward to query and manipulate.

Structural Independence

Changes in database schema (such as adding or modifying columns) do not affect applications

using the database.

Provides flexibility in evolving the database structure.

Data Integrity & Accuracy

Supports integrity constraints (e.g., primary keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints) to maintain

data consistency.

Answer: Here

189. _____ referential integrity, preventing orphan records and maintaining valid relationships.

Answer: Ensures
190. _____ of using Relational Model Reduced Data Redundancy

Normalization techniques eliminate data duplication, improving storage efficiency.

Reducing redundancy helps maintain consistency across records.

Data Security

Provides access control mechanisms, ensuring only authorized users can access or modify data.

Answer: Advantages

191. _____ implementation of different privileges for different users.

Flexibility in Querying (SQL Support)

Supports Structured Query Language (SQL), which enables complex queries, filtering, and data

manipulation.

Answer: Allows

192. SQL makes it easier to retrieve and update data efficiently.

Multi-User _____ & Concurrency Control

Allows multiple users to access and manipulate the database simultaneously.

Implements transactions with ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties,

ensuring reliability.

Answer: Support

193. _____ of using Relational Model Data Consistency

Enforces constraints and rules to maintain correct and reliable data.

Ensures that changes made by one user do not negatively impact others.

Scalability & Performance Optimization

Can handle large datasets and complex relationships efficiently.

Indexing, query optimization, and partitioning techniques enhance performance.

Standardization & Portability

Relational databases follow ANSI/ISO standards, making them compatible across different

platforms.
Popular RDBMSs like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server support the relational model,

ensuring widespread adoption.

Answer: Advantages

194. _____ of using Relational Model 1.

Answer: Advantages

195. _____ & Performance Overhead

Requires complex schema design (e.g., normalization) to ensure efficiency.

Queries involving multiple joins can be slow and resource-intensive.

Performance may degrade for large-scale applications with millions of transactions.

2.

Answer: Complexity

196. _____ & Hardware Requirements

Requires more storage space due to indexes, constraints, and relationships.

High-performance relational databases may need powerful hardware for efficient operations.

3.

Answer: Storage

197. _____ Challenges

Vertical Scaling (adding more resources to a single server) is common but has limits.

Horizontal Scaling (distributing data across multiple servers) is complex compared to NoSQL

databases.

Answer: Scalability

198. _____ of using Relational Model 4.

Answer: Disadvantages

199. _____ Schema Structure

Changes in the schema (e.g., adding/removing columns) can be difficult and impact existing
applications.

Not ideal for dynamic or semi-structured data (e.g., JSON, XML).

5.

Answer: Rigid

200. _____ in Handling Unstructured Data

Not well-suited for big data, multimedia, or document-based storage.

No built-in support for hierarchical or graph-like relationships (Graph Databases perform better

here).

6.

Answer: Complexity

201. _____ Development & Maintenance Cost

Requires specialized expertise for database design, optimization, and administration.

Regular backups, indexing, query tuning, and security management add to maintenance costs.

Answer: High

202. _____ of using Relational Model 7.

Answer: Disadvantages

203. ACID _____ Overhead

While ACID properties ensure consistency, they can introduce latency in distributed systems.

Eventual consistency (used in NoSQL) is sometimes preferred for high-speed applications.

8.

Answer: Compliance

204. Not _____ for Real-Time Applications

Complex joins and integrity constraints can slow down real-time data processing.

NoSQL databases are often preferred for real-time analytics and IoT applications.

Answer: Ideal
205. _____ of using Relational Model ER Diagram Relational Diagram Attributes Relationships

Cardinality ER Diagram Example Using Draw.IO ER Diagram Example Using Draw.IO Roles in

Relationships Roles in Relationships Roles in Relationships An employee can have 0,1 or several

phone numbers

They may or may not have a telephone number

Business Rule 1 There are finite number of phone number combinations that exist.

Answer: Disadvantages

206. _____ time different employee can have same phone number, each a different time.

Answer: Over

207. _____ Rule 2 An employee can be paid either hourly or by a yearly salary.

Answer: Business

208. _____ on how they are paid, we need to collect specific information that applies only to that

type of employee.

Answer: Depending

209. _____ Rule 3 An employee can be assigned to many projects, however a single project can

have multiple employees assigned to it.

Answer: Business

210. _____ Rule 4 MySQL Sample Database MySQL Sample Database MySQL Sample

Database Steps:

Convert entities to tables

Convert attributes to columns

Define primary and foreign keys

Represent relationships through foreign keys

Example:

Entity: Student (StudentID, Name) Table: Student

Relationship: Enrolled (StudentID, CourseID) Converting ER Model to Relational Schema Rule 1:

Strong Entity Set with Simple Attribute

Attributes of the table will be the attributes of the entity set.

The primary key of the table will be the key attribute of the entity set.

Answer: Business

211. _____ ER Model to Table Rule 2: For Strong Entity Set with Composite Attribute

A strong entity set with any number of composite attributes will require only one table in relational

model.

During conversion, simple attributes of the composite attributes are taken into account and not

composite attribute itself.

_____ ER Model to Table Rule 3: For Strong Entity Set with Multi Valued Attribute

A strong entity set with any number of multivalued attributes will require two tables in relational

model.

One table will contain all the simple attributes with the primary key.

Other table will contain the primary key and all the multi valued attributes.

Answer: Converting

212. _____ ER Model to Table Rule 4: Translating Relationship Set into a Table

Attributes of the table are

Primary Key attributes of the participating entity set.

Its own descriptive attributes if any.

Set of non-descriptive attributes will be the primary key.

Answer: Converting

213. _____ ER Model to Table Rule 5: For Binary Relationships with Cardinality Ratios

Case 1: For binary relationship with Cardinality Constraint M:N

Case 2: For binary relationship with Cardinality Constraint 1:N

_____ ER Model to Table Here 3 tables will be required

A (a1, a2)

B (b1, b2)

R (a1, b1) Here 2 tables will be required

A (a1, a2)

BR (a1, b1, b2) M N 1 N Rule 5: For Binary Relationships with Cardinality Ratios

Case 3: For binary relationship with Cardinality Constraint M:1

Case 4: For binary relationship with Cardinality Constraint 1:1

_____ ER Model to Table Here 2 tables will be required

AR (a1, a2, b1)

B (b1, b2) Way 1

AR (a1, a2, b1)

B (b1, b2)

Way 2

A (a1, a2)

BR (a1, b1, b2) M 1 1 1 _____ ER Diagram to Table Relational Diagram for University Database

Answer: Converting