GROUP 1

CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS & TESTING

STEEL

PRESENTED BY:
ISLETA, J., LARDIZABAL, MAGLICYANG, VARDE, VILLANUEVA, & VILLAR.
 STEEL

STEEL
Steel Production Cold-Formed Steel
Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram Cold-Formed Steel Grades
Heat Treatment of Steel Cold-Formed Steel Shapes
Annealing Special Design Considerations for Cold-
Normalizing Formed Steel
Hardening Fastening Products
Tempering Reinforcing Steel
Example of Heat Treatment Conventional Reinforcing
Steel Alloys Steel for Prestressed Concrete
Structural Steel Mechanical Testing of Steel
Structural Steel Grades Tension Test
Sectional Shapes Torsion Test
Specialty Steels in Structural Applications Charpy V Notch Impact Test
Bend Test
 STEEL

STEEL
Hardness Test
Ultrasonic Testing
Welding
Steel Corrosion
MStructural Effects of Corrosion
Methods for Corrosion Resistance

Steel Sustainability
Sustainable Features of Steel
STEEL STEEL

DEFINITION OF STEEL
Steel is one of the most commonly
used materials in civil engineering
due to its high strength, durability
and relatively low cost.
 STEEL STEEL

HISTORY OF STEEL

The use of iron dates back to about

1500 B.C., when primitive furnaces
were used to heat the ore in a
charcoal fire. Ferrous metals were
produced on a relatively small scale
until the blast furnace was developed
in the 18th century. Iron products
were widely used in the latter half of
the 18th century and the early part of
the 19th century.
STEEL STEEL

Primitive furnaces
STEEL STEEL

Typical 18th century European 19th-century blast furnace in

blast furnace operation
Blast Furnace
STEEL STEEL

HISTORY OF STEEL
Steel production started in mid-
1800s, when the Bessemer converter
was invented. In the second half of
the 19th century, steel technology
advanced rapidly due to the
development of the basic oxygen
furnace and continuous casting
methods. More recently, computer-
controlled manufacturing has
increased the efficiency and reduced
the cost of steel production.
STEEL STEEL

Bessemer converter
 STEEL STEEL

Some of the organizations in the world that provide standards and

test methods for steel.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC)
 STEEL STEEL
The structural steel industry consists of four components (AISC,
2015):
1. producers of structural steel including hot-rolled structural shapes and hollow
sections
2. service centers that function as warehouses and provide limited preprocessing
of structural material
3. structural steel fabricators that prepare the steel for the building process
4. erectors that construct steel frames on the project site
 STEEL STEEL
The structural steel industry consists of four components (AISC,
2015):
1. producers of structural steel including hot-rolled structural shapes and
hollow sections

hot-rolled structural shapes hollow sections

 STEEL STEEL
The structural steel industry consists of four components (AISC,
2015):
2. service centers that function as warehouses and provide limited
preprocessing of structural material
 STEEL STEEL
The structural steel industry consists of four components (AISC,
2015):
3. structural steel fabricators that prepare the steel for the building process
 STEEL STEEL
The structural steel industry consists of four components (AISC,
2015):
4. erectors that construct steel frames on the project site
 STEEL STEEL
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL PRODUCTS
1. structural steel

Steel trusses and columns for the

Beams
structural support of a building
 STEEL STEEL
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL PRODUCTS
2. cold-formed steel

Cold-formed steel framing Cold formed steel sections

 STEEL STEEL
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL PRODUCTS
3. fastening products

screws, bolts, and washers

 STEEL STEEL
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL PRODUCTS
4. reinforcing steel (rebars)

Plain round bars Deformed reinforcing bar

 STEEL STEEL
CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL PRODUCTS
5. miscellaneous products

Mixing pan Wire rod

STEEL PRODUCTION

STEEL
PRODUCTION
STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

This process consists of the following

three phases:
1. reducing iron ore to pig iron
2. refining pig iron (and scrap steel from
recycling) to steel
3. forming the steel into products
 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

1. reducing iron ore to pig iron

iron ore pig iron

 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

The materials used to produce pig iron are:

coal limestone iron ore

STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

1. reducing iron ore to pig iron

 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

2. refining pig iron (and scrap steel from recycling) to steel

pig iron steel

 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

Two types of furnaces are used for refining pig iron to steel:

Basic oxgen furnace Electric arc furnace

 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

During the steel production process, oxygen

may become dissolved in the liquid metal. As
the steel solidifies, the oxygen can combine with
carbon to form carbon monoxide bubbles that
are trapped in the steel and can act as
initiation points for failure. Deoxidizing agents,
such as aluminum, ferrosilicon, and
manganese, can eliminate the formation of the
carbon monoxide bubbles. Completely
deoxidized steels are known as killed steels. Stainless steels
 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

Steels that are generally killed include:

Those with a carbon content greater than 0.25%
All forging grades of steels
Structural steels with carbon content between 0.15 and 0.25%
Some special steel in the lower carbon ranges
 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION
The molten steel, with the desired chemical composition, is then either cast
into ingots (large blocks of steel) or cast continuously into a desired shape.

Ingot Casting Continuous Casting

 STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

3. forming the steel into products

steel steel products

STEEL PRODUCTION
STEEL
PRODUCTION

Conversion of raw material into different steel shapes

IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM

In refining steel from iron ore, the

quantity of carbon used must be
carefully controlled in order for the
steel to have the desired properties.
The reason for the strong relationship
between steel properties and carbon
content can be understood by
examining the iron–carbon phase
diagram.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Iron Carbide (Fe3C)
-in an iron-rich material, each carbon
atom bonds with three iron atoms to
form iron carbide
-also called cementite
-is 6.7% carbon by weight

Liquid
-At 1539°C, the iron melts into a liquid.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Ferrite
-Pure iron below 912°C has a BCC
crystalline structure
𝛿 -ferrite (high temperature ferrite)
α-ferrite (low temperature ferrite)
-will have 0.022% carbon in the
solution
Austenite (γ)
-At 912°C, the ferrite undergoes a
polymorphic change to an FCC structure

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM

Face centered cubic Body centered cubic

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Two phases that coexist:
α + Fe3C
γ + Fe3C
α+γ
γ+𝛿
𝛿 + Liquid
Liquid + Fe3C
Liquid + γ

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Eutectoid reaction
-a solid phase change occurs when
either the temperature or carbon
content changes.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Solid austenite
-It exists with carbon in solution
above approximately 860°C.
Hypoeutectoid alloys
-It formed at carbon contents less
than the eutectoid composition, 0.77%
carbon
Hypereutectoid alloys
-When the carbon content is greater
than the eutectoid composition, 0.77%
carbon.
The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.
 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM

Lamellae structure
-The ferrite and iron carbide will form
as thin plates.
Pearlite
-When the temperature drops below
727°C, the austenite will transform to
pearlite.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
Lever rule
-for the analysis of phase diagrams
can be used to determine the phases
and constituents of steel.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the amounts and
compositions of phases and
constituents of steel composed
of iron and 0.25% carbon just
above and below the eutectoid
isotherm.

The iron-carbon carbide phase diagram.

 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
SOLUTION
At a temperature just higher than 727°C, all the austenite will have a carbon content of 0.77% and
will transform to pearlite. The ferrite will remain as primary ferrite. The proportions can be
determined by using the lever rule:

Primary a: 0.022% C
 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM IRON-CARBON
PHASE DIAGRAM
SOLUTION
At a temperature just below 727°C, the phases are ferrite and iron carbide. The ferrite
will have 0.022% carbon, so we have
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

HEAT TREATMENT OF
STEEL
Properties of steel can be altered by
applying a variety of heat treatments.

Common heat treatments employed for

steel include annealing, normalizing,
hardening, and tempering. The basic
process is to heat the steel to a specific
temperature, hold the temperature for a
specified period of time, then cool the
material at a specified rate.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

ANNEALING

The objectives of annealing are to

refine the grain, soften the steel,
remove internal stress, remove
gases, increase ductility and
toughness, and change electrical
and magnetic properties.
 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

TYPES OF ANNEALING

Full Annealing: Process Annealing:

It requires heating the steel to It is used to treat work-

about 50°C above the austenitic hardened parts made with low
temperature line and holding carbon steel (i.e., less than
the temperature until all the 0.25% carbon).
steel transforms into either
austenite or austenite– The only change that occurs is
cementite, depending on the refinement of the size, shape,
carbon content. and distribution of the grain
structure.
The slow cooling rate ensures
uniform properties of the
treated steel. The steel is soft
and ductile.
 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

TYPES OF ANNEALING

Stress Relief Annealing: Spheroidization:

It is used to reduce residual It is an annealing process used

stresses in cast, welded, and to improve the ability of high
cold-worked parts and cold- carbon (i.e., more than 0.6%
formed parts. carbon) steel to be machined or
cold worked. It also improves
abrasion resistance. The
cementite is formed into
globules (spheroids) dispersed
throughout the ferrite matrix.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

NORMALIZING
Steel is normalized by heating to about
60°C above the austenite line and then
cooling under natural convection. The
material is then air cooled.
Normalizing produces a uniform, fine-
grained microstructure.

Since structural plate has a uniform

thickness, normalizing is an effective
process and results in high fracture
toughness of the material.
HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

HARDENING
Steel is hardened by heating it to a
temperature above the transformation
range and holding it until austenite is
formed. The rapid cooling changes the
grain structure forming martensite rather
than allowing the transformation to the
ferrite BCC structure.

Due to the rapid cooling, hardening puts

the steel in a state of strain.

Hardening must be followed by tempering.

HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

TEMPERING
Tempering is formed to improve ductility
and toughness. Heating causes carbon
atoms to diffuse from martensite to
produce a carbide precipitate and
formation of ferrite and cementite.

The steel is maintained at the elevated

temperature for about 2 hours and then
cooled in still air.
 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

EXAMPLE OF
HEAT TREATMENT
The industry has developed specifications for
several new steel products, such as A913. The
superior properties of A913 steel are obtained by
a quenching self-tempering process (QST). Cooling
is stopped before the core on the material is
affected. The outer layers are then self-tempered
as the internal heat of the beam flows to the
surface.
STEEL ALLOYS

STEEL
ALLOYS
Alloy metals can be used to alter the
characteristics of steel. By some counts,
there are so many 250,000 different alloys
of steel produced. Of these, as many as
200 may be used for civil engineering
applications.

Alloy agents are added to improve one or

more properties; hardenability, corrosion
resistance, machinability, ductility, and
strength.
STEEL ALLOYS COMMON
ALLOY AGENTS

Common alloy agents in steels, their

typical percentage range, and their
principal effects.
 STEEL ALLOYS

By altering the carbon and alloy content and by using different heat
treatments, steel can be produced with a wide variety of characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY
Low Alloy: High Alloy:

•Low Carbon •Tool

»Plain •Stainless
»High Strength–Low Alloy
•Medium Carbon
»Plain
»Heat Treatable
•High Carbon
»Plain
»Tool
 STEEL ALLOYS

STEEL used for construction projects are predominantly low- and

medium-carbon plain steels.
STAINLESS STEEL has been used in some highly corrosive
applications, such as dowel bars in concrete pavements and steel
components in swimming pools and drainage lines.
Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA) promotes the use
of stainless steel for structural members where corrosion
resistance is an important design consideration (SSINA, 1999).
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM International)
published the specification which controls content of 10 alloying
elements in addition to carbon in 1991 (Hassett, 2003)
STRUCTURAL STEEL

STRUCTURAL
STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL

STRUCTURAL
STEEL
Structural steel is used in hot-rolled
structural shapes, plates, and bars. It
is used for various types of structural
members, such as columns, beams,
bracings, frames, trusses, bridge
girders, and other structural
applications
 STRUCTURAL STEEL

STRUCTURAL STEEL
GRADES
Due to the widespread use of steel in
many applications, there are a wide
variety of systems for identifying or
designating steel, based on grade, type
and class.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

AISI/SAE STEEL
DESIGNATION
"American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) / Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE)" are
the most widely used designation
system based on chemical
composition.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

AISI/SAE STEEL
DESIGNATION
EXAMPLE:

SAE _ _ _ _ indicates a chromium

steel alloy, containing 1% of
chromium and 0.30% of carbon.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

ASTM
SPECIFICATION
"American Society for Testing and
Materials". These steels have
associate alloy identification
beginning with A and then two,
three, or four numbers.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

ASTM
SPECIFICATION
EXAMPLE:

ASTM A7
ASTM A992
STRUCTURAL STEEL
 STRUCTURAL STEEL

TYPES OF STEELS

Carbon Steels: High Strength Low Alloy Steels:

Carbon steels are generally They contain manganese up to

categorized by their carbon 2.0%. Small portions of other
content as low-carbon (< 0.3%), alloying elements such as
medium-carbon (0.3-0.6%), high chromium, nickel, molybdenum,
carbon (0.6-1%) and ultrahigh nitrogen, vanadium, niobium,
carbon (1.25-2%) steels. and titanium can be used in
different combinations to alter
the properties
 STRUCTURAL STEEL

TYPES OF STEELS
Historically, dating back to 1900, only two types of
structural steel were used in the United States: A7 for
bridges and A9 for buildings. they were combined into
a single specification, A7 in 1938.
 STRUCTURAL STEEL

SECTIONAL SHAPES
Structural steels are classified by the shape of their
cross-sections, which are commonly used in structural
applications.

W
HP
M
S
C
MC
L.
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL

SPECIALTY STEELS IN
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

High-performance steels:
defined as materials that possess the
optimum combination of properties
required to build cost-effective structures
that will be safe and durable throughout
their service life.
STRUCTURAL STEEL

SPECIALTY STEELS IN
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

High-performance steels types:

HPS 50W
HPS 70W
STRUCTURAL STEEL
STRUCTURAL STEEL

SPECIALTY STEELS IN
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

Five AISI grades of stainless steel are used

for structural applications:

304
316
409
410-3
2205
STRUCTURAL STEEL

SPECIALTY STEELS IN
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

Five AISI grades of stainless steel are used

for structural applications:

304
316
409
410-3
2205
STRUCTURAL STEEL
COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL
COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL
Cold-formed steel is used for
structural framing of floors, walls,
and roofs as well as interior
partitions and exterior curtain wall
applications. Its members are made
from structural quality sheet steel.
The primary method of
manufacturing steel framing
members is roll forming.
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL
COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL
The large deformations caused by the
cold-forming process results in local
strain-hardening at the corners.
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL GRADES
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL SHAPES
S = Stud or joist framing member with stiffening
lips
T = Track section
U = Cold-rolled channel
F = Furring channels
L = Angle or L-header
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL SHAPES
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

COLD-FORMED
STEEL SHAPES
 COLD-FORMED STEEL

SPECIAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR COLD-FORMED
Corrosion creates a greater
percent loss of cross section
than is the case for thick
STEEL
members.

Structural design of cold-formed members is in many

respects more challenging than the design of hot rolled,
relatively thick, structural members.
FASTENING PRODUCT

FASTENING
PRODUCT
FASTENING PRODUCT

FASTENING
PRODUCT
Fastener is a hardware device used to
join two or more objects together
while preventing excess vibration and
pressure.

Fasteners can be made out of any

material, however, they are
commonly manufactured from alloy
steel, carbon steel, or stainless steel
 FASTENING PRODUCT

TYPE OF BOLTS
Anchor Bolts
Blind Bolts
Carriage Bolts
Double End Bolts
Eye Bolts
Flange Bolts
Hex Bolts
Shoulder Bolts
Socket Head Bolts
Square Head Bolts
T-Head Bolts
U-Bolts
 FASTENING PRODUCT

TWIST-OFF-TYPE
TENSION CONTROL
BOLT

A tension control bolt (TC bolt) is a

heavy duty bolt used in steel frame
construction.
 FASTENING PRODUCT

NUTS
 FASTENING PRODUCT

WASHERS
 FASTENING PRODUCT

COMPRESSIBLE-WASHER-TYPE
DIRECT TENSION INDICATORS

These washers are capable of

indicating the achievement of a
specified minimum bolt tension.
 FASTENING PRODUCT

ANCHOR RODS
 FASTENING PRODUCT

THREADED RODS

A metal rod that is threaded throughout

the entire length of the rod.
 FASTENING PRODUCT

FORGED STEEL STRUCTURAL

HARDWARE

Clevises
Turnbuckles
Eye nut
Sleeve nut
 FASTENING PRODUCT

FORGED STEEL STRUCTURAL

HARDWARE
 FASTENING PRODUCT

FORGED STEEL STRUCTURAL

HARDWARE
 FASTENING PRODUCT

ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR

STRUCTURAL FASTENERS
REINFORCING STEEL

REINFORCING
STEEL
 REINFORCING STEEL

REINFORCING STEEL
Reinforcing Steel, commonly called
rebar, this are steel bars that are
embeded in concrete that gives
concrete high compressive and tensile
strength.
 REINFORCING STEEL

CONVENTIONAL REINFORCING
Reinforcong Steel (rebar) is
manufactured in three different forms;
Plain bars, Deformed bars, and Plain
and deformed wire fabrics.
 REINFORCING STEEL

PLAIN BARS
These bars do not have ribs on its
surface. It is commonly used for small
projects with a tight budget since
they’re cheaper to come by yet do not
bond well with concrete.
 REINFORCING STEEL

DEFORMED BARS
These bars have ribs or deformation on
its surface that minimize slippage and
increase the bond strength of two
material.
 REINFORCING STEEL

PLAIN AND DEFORMED

WIRE FABRICS
Wire fabrics is a common type of metal
screen consisting of parallel rows and
intersecting columns of wire.
 REINFORCING STEEL

STANDARD SIZE FOR

REINFORCING STEEL
 REINFORCING STEEL

TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF

REINFORCING BARS
 REINFORCING STEEL

IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT
TYPE OF BARS

Letter code for

manufacturer
Numerical code for bar
size
Letter code for type of
steel
Grade of steel
 REINFORCING STEEL

STEEL FOR PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

Prestressed concrete requires special wires,

strands, cables, and bars. Steel for prestressed
concrete reinforcement must have high
strength and low relaxation propreties
 REINFORCING STEEL

STEEL FOR PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

 REINFORCING STEEL

PROPERTIES OF SEVEN WIRE STRAND

MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

MECHANICAL
TESTING OF STEEL
 REINFORCING STEEL

MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

Many tests are available to evaluate the

mechanical properties of steel. This
section summarizes some laboratory
tests commonly used to determine
properties required in product
specifications.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

TENSION TEST
Tension tests are used to determine how
materials will behave under tension load. In a
simple tensile test, a sample is typically
pulled to its breaking point to determine the
yield strength, yield point, ultimate (tensile)
strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
The test specimen can be either full sized or
machined into a shape, as prescribed in the
product specifications for the material being
tested.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

TENSION TEST
Procedure for Tension Test:
1.Preparation of Specimen
2.Range Calculation
3.Placing the Specimen
4.Placing Extensometer
5.Load Application
6.Important Load Points
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

TORSION TEST
Torsion tests twist a material or test
component to a specified degree, with a
specified force, or until the material fails in
torsion. The purpose of a torsion test is to
determine the behavior a material or test
sample exhibits when twisted or under
torsional forces as a result of applied
moments that cause shear stress about the
axis.
MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

TORSION TEST
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

CHARPY V NOTCH IMPACT TEST

The Charpy V Notch impact test is used to measure the
toughness of the material or the energy required to
fracture a V-notched simply supported specimen. The
test is used for structural steels in tension members.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

CHARPY V NOTCH IMPACT TEST

MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

BEND TEST
Bend tests deform the test material at the midpoint
causing a concave surface or a bend to form without the
occurrence of fracture and are typically performed to
determine the ductility or resistance to fracture of that
material. The test evaluates the ability of steel, or a weld,
to resist cracking during bending.
MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

BEND TEST
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

HARDNESS TEST
A hardness test is a method employed to measure the
hardness of a material. Hardness refers to a material’s
resistance to permanent indentation. Hardness tests are
simple, inexpensive, nondestructive, and do not require
special specimens.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

HARDNESS TEST
The five most common hardness scales are:
·Knoop
·Vickers
·Rockwell
·Brinell
·Shore
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

ULTRASONIC TESTING
Ultrasonic testing is a nondestructive method for
detecting flaws in materials. During the test, a sound wave
is directed toward the weld joint and reflected back from a
discontinuity. A sensor captures the energy of the
reflected wave and the results are displayed on an
oscilloscope. This method is highly sensitive in detecting
planar defects, such as incomplete weld fusion,
delamination, or cracks.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL

ULTRASONIC TESTING
MECHANICAL TESTING OF SKILL

WELDING
Welding is a technique for joining two metal
pieces by applying heat to fuse the pieces
together. A filler metal may be used to
facilitate the process. The chemical
properties of the welding material must be
carefully selected to be compatible with
the materials being welded.
 MECHANICAL TESTING OF SKILL

WELDING
TWO COMMON TYPES OF WELDING:
STEEL CORROSION

CORROSION OF
STEEL
Steel corrosion is defined as the
destruction that can be detected by
rust formation.

For steel embedded in concrete,

corrosion results in the formation of
oxide that has 2 to 4 times the
volume of the original steel and the
loss of its optimal mechanical
properties.
STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Corrosion Process in Steel

STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Corrosion Process in Steel

 STEEL CORROSION

STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF
CORROSION

Loss of Strength
Fatigue
Reduced Steel-Concrete Bond
Limited Ductility
 STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Corrosion Effect on Bond Loss between Steel and Concrete

STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Fatigue of Reinforced Concrete Beams

 STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Effect of Corrosion on Material's Tensile Strength Ductility

 STEEL CORROSION

METHODS FOR
CORROSION RESISTANCE
STEEL CORROISION

BARRIER
COATING
It work solely by isolating the steel from
the moisture. These coatings have low
water and oxygen permeability.

EXAMPLE:

-Paint
-Plastic & Waxes
-Powders (Epoxy & Nylon)
STEEL CORROSION

Figure: High Anti-Corrosion Epoxy Coating Powder

STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Plastic Coded Steel Pipe

STEEL CORROISION

HOT DIP
GALVANIZATION

This corrosion prevention method

involves dipping steel into molten zinc.
The iron in the steel reacts with the zinc
to create a tightly bonded alloy coating
which serves as protection.
STEEL CORROISION

ALLOYED STEEL
(STAINLESS)

One of the most effective corrosion

prevention methods around, combining
the properties of various metals to
provide added strength and resistance to
the resulting product.
STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Round Nicle Alloy Corrosion Resistant Pipes

STEEL CORROISION

CATHODIC
PROTECTION

Cathodic protection protects by

electrochemical means. To prevent
corrosion, the active sites on the metal
surface are converted to passive sites by
providing electrons from another source,
typically with galvanic anodes attached
on or near the surface.
STEEL CORROSION

Figure: Cathodic Protection of Steel in Concrete

STEEL CORROSION

STEEL
SUSTAINABILITY
Steel possesses very strong
sustainability credentials, key
amongst which is its recyclability -
steel can be recycled and reused
endlessly without compromising its
impressive physical properties.

Worldwide, it is estimated that 90%

of steel from demolition sites is
returned to steel mills for recycling.
STEEL SUSTAINABILITY

DID YOU
KNOW?

Iron is believed to constitute

one-third of the Earth’s weight.
STEEL SUSTAINABILITY

DID YOU
KNOW?

Steel is an affordable material

and is cheaper than water in a
plastic bottle in comparing
price per unit weight).t.
STEEL SUSTAINABILITY

DID YOU
KNOW?

Steel represents 90% or more of

metal products, as steel being
abundant, cheap, and having
good workability, and has a
wide range of applications..
 STEEL SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES OF
STEEL

Cradle-to-Cradle Recycled Material

Extending Building Life
Faster Build with Less Disruption
LEED Considerations
STEEL SUSTAINABILITY

CRADLE-TO-CRADLE
RECYCLED MATERIAL
 SUMMARY

Steel is one of the most eco-friendly materials because:

1. Due to its strength, you don’t need a lot to do the job

2. It’s endlessly recyclable – some steel mills only use scrap to
produce new steel
3. There’s relatively little energy used to produce it
4. The waste it produces is reusable
5. It’s not toxic to humans or the environment
SUMMARY

SUMMARY
 SUMMARY

The history of civil engineering is closely tied to that of steel, and this will
continue into the foreseeable future. With the development of modern
production facilities, the availability of a wide variety of economical steel
products is virtually assured. High strength, ductility, the ability to carry
tensile as well as compressive loads, and the ability to join members
either with welding or with mechanical fastening are the primary positive
attributes of steel as a structural material. The properties of steel can be
tailored to meet the needs of specific applications through alloying and
heattreatments. The primary shortcoming of steel is its tendency to
corrode. When using steel in structures, the engineer should consider the
means for protecting the steel from corrosion over the life of the
structure.
REFERECES

REFERENCES
 REFERENCES

COLLINS, T. (2016, DECEMBER 6). 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORROSION PREVENTION METHODS. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 20,
2022, FROM EONCOAT: HTTPS://EONCOAT.COM/CORROSION-PREVENTION-METHODS/

CONSTROFACILITATOR. (2020, OCTOBER 03). STEEL CORROSION – TYPES AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS. RETRIEVED
SEPTEMBER 20, 2022, FROM CONSTRO FACILITATOR: HTTPS://WWW.CONSTROFACILITATOR.COM/STEEL-CORROSION-
TYPES-AND-STRUCTURAL-EFFECTS/

DESIGNING BUILDINGS (2017). TYPES OF STEEL FOR CONSTRUCTION. RETRIEVED FROM

HTTPS://WWW.DESIGNINGBUILDINGS.CO.UK/WIKI/TYPES_OF_STEEL_FOR_CONSTRUCTION

KATHY. (2020, FEBRUARY 26). HOW SUSTAINABLE IS STEEL? RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 20, 2022, FROM CLARIFY GREEN:
HTTPS://CLARIFYGREEN.COM/HOW-SUSTAINABLE-IS-
STEEL/#:~:TEXT=STEEL%20IS%20VERY%20SUSTAINABLE%20BECAUSE,STEEL%20WILL%20BE%20USED%20FOREVER.

NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION. (N.D.). ADVANTAGES OF STEEL THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY. RETRIEVED
SEPTEMBER 20, 2022, FROM NIPPON STEEL: HTTPS://WWW.NIPPONSTEEL.COM/EN/CSR/STEEL/

SCNZ. (2020). SUSTAINABILITY. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 20, 2022, FROM STEEL CONSTRUCTION NEW ZEALAND:
HTTPS://SCNZ.ORG/STEEL-CONSTRUCTION/SUSTAINABILITY/

TUF-BAR. (2022). CAUSES OF CORROSION IN STEEL AND HOW TO AVOID THEM. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 09, 2022, FROM TUF-
BAR: HTTPS://WWW.TUF-BAR.COM/CAUSES-CORROSION-STEEL-HOW-AVOID-THEM/
GROUP 1

STEEL

THANK YOU
WE HOPE YOU'VE LEARNED SOMETHING!