International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

Analytical solution for free vibration of piezoelectric

coupled moderately thick circular plates
X. Liu, Q. Wang *, S.T. Quek
Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
Received 23 July 2001; received in revised form 11 December 2001

Abstract
An analytical model for free vibration analysis of piezoelectric coupled moderately thick circular plate is presented
based on Mindlin’s plate theory for the cases where electrodes on the piezoelectric layers are shortly connected. The
distribution of electric potential along the thickness direction is simulated by a sinusoidal function. The differential
equations of motion are solved analytically for two boundary conditions of the plate: clamped edge and simply sup-
ported edge. The detailed mathematical derivations are presented. Numerical investigations are performed for plates
with two surface-bonded piezoelectric layers for various diameter–thickness ratios and the results are verified by those
obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses (ABAQUS 6.1). Ó 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Keywords: Piezoelectric; Plate; Analytical; Mindlin; Electric potential

1. Introduction

Since piezoelectric material has been widely used as actuators and sensors in smart structures, a study on
modelling of a piezoelectric coupled structure is necessary and has been addressed by a lot of researchers.
Beams with surface-bonded or embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators were first analysed (Bailey and
Hubbard, 1985; Crawley and de Luis, 1987). Different from the model based on a Euler beam assumption
proposed by Crawley and Anderson (1989), Aldraihem and Khdeir (2000) used two shear deformation
theories, the first-order beam theory (Timoshenko et al., 1974) and higher-order beam theory (Khdeir and
Reddy, 1997, 1999), to model smart beams with shear- and extension-mode piezoelectric actuators.
Piezoelectric coupled plate modelling and analysis were also keenly researched. A three-dimensional
solution of a plate is usually considered as an exact solution and used to verify the accuracy of the results
provided by approximate theories, such as a two-dimensional plate theory. Bisegna and Maceri (1996)
presented an exact three-dimensional solution for a simply supported transversely isotropic rectangular
homogeneous piezoelectric plate. Heyliger (1997) obtained exact solutions for the static behaviour of
laminated piezoelectric plates with simply support boundary condition. So and Leissa (1998) applied Ritz

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Q. Wang).

0020-7683/02/$ - see front matter Ó 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

PII: S 0 0 2 0 - 7 6 8 3 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 8 1 - 1
2130 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

method in a three-dimensional analysis to obtain accurate frequencies for thick circular and annular plates
with completely free edges, using trigonometric functions in the circumferential co-ordinate and algebraic
polynomials in the radial and axial co-ordinates as the admissible functions. Even though three-dimen-
sional models represent the plate behaviour more exactly than approximate methods, such as two-
dimensional plate theories, they can only be solved analytically for some limited boundary conditions.
Due to their simplicity, two-dimensional models are still the most commonly used plate models. Refining
the classical plate theory (CPT) (Love, 1944), Fernandes and Pouget (2001) and Almajid et al. (2001)
performed analyses for thin piezoelectric laminated composites. Huang and Wu (1996) proposed two kinds
of modification to the first-order shear deformation theory (Whitney and Pagano, 1970) to predict the static
behaviour of hybrid multi-layered piezoelectric plates. To investigate the free vibration of piezoelectric
laminate circular plates, Heyliger and Ramirez (2000) combined approximations of one-dimensional finite
elements in the thickness direction and analytic functions in the plane within the context of the Ritz
method. Yu (1995) derived equations of piezoelectric plates accounting for large deflections on the basis of
CPT (Love, 1944) and refined plate theory (Mindlin, 1984). As early as 1952, Mindlin (1952) gave an
analytical solution for forced flexural vibration of piezoelectric crystal plates. But no piezoeffects will be
obtained since a linear distribution of electric potential is assumed across the thickness of piezoelectric plate
if this model is applied to free vibration with two shortly connected electrodes bonded to the surfaces of
piezoelectric plate.
The finite element method was also applied to analyse piezoelectric coupled structures (Hwang and Park,
1993; Chandrashekhara and Agarwal, 1993; Kim et al., 1996; Lam et al., 1997; Sheikh et al., 2001). Wang
et al. (2000) proposed a two-dimensional finite element model by modifying the electric potential expansion
proposed by Mindlin (1955, 1972) to satisfy the constant electric potential distribution on the surface with
electrode. Three-dimensional finite element method accounting for piezoelectric materials has been im-
plemented by commercial finite element analysis (FEA) codes ABAQUS (HKS Inc., 1993) and ANSYS
(Swanson Inc., 1993). The finite element method is a powerful tool but sometimes an analytical solution is
still needed to get a deep and clear understand of the mechanics of structural vibration.
There is a special interest in the modelling for piezoelectric coupled circular and annular plates since
piezoelectric material can be used as actuator in ultrasonic motor (Lebrun et al., 1997). Hagood and
McFarland (1995) developed an analytical model for a circular plate with a piezoelectric actuator by as-
suming that the distribution of electric potential is uniform in the radial direction. In fact, many published
works on the mechanics model for the analysis of the piezoelectric coupled beams and plates adopted the
assumption that the distribution of electric potential in the longitudinal direction of the piezoelectric layer is
uniform and that in its thickness direction is linear, which may violate the Maxwell static electricity
equation (Wang and Quek, 2000). Wang et al. (2001) assumed a quadratic distribution of electric potential
across the thickness, which was verified by a 3-D FEA, to obtain the analytical solution for free vibration
analysis of a piezoelectric coupled circular plate. Their analytical solution is applicable to only thin plates
based on CPT.
In this paper, an analytical model for the free vibration analysis of piezoelectric coupled moderately
thick circular plate is proposed. The displacement assumption follows the improved plate theory (IPT)
(Mindlin, 1951a, 1951b). A sinusoidal function is adopted to describe the distribution of electric potential
along the thickness direction. It is noted that the sinusoidal function has a similar shape to the quadratic
one, but can make the governing equations simpler. The Maxwell static electricity equation is taken as
one of the governing equations. The differential equations of motion are solved for two boundary condi-
tions: clamped edge and simply supported edge and detailed mathematical derivations are presented.
Numerical investigations are performed for plates bonded by two piezoelectric layers of various diameter–
thickness ratios and the results are verified by the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses using
ABAQUS 6.1. The results obtained by the CPT-based model (Wang et al., 2001) are also presented for
comparison.
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2131

Fig. 1. Cross-section of a circular plate mounted with two piezoelectric layers.

2. Displacement and electric potential field models for circular plate

Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of a laminated circular plate comprising one host layer and two piezo-
electric layers. Both top and bottom surfaces of each piezoelectric layer are fully covered by electrodes that
are shortly connected. The plate has a radius of r0 and the thickness of the host layer and each piezoelectric
layer are 2h and h1 , respectively. The cylindrical coordinate system is adopted where the r–h plane is co-
incident with the mid-plane of the undeformed plate.

2.1. Displacement field based on Mindlin’s thick plate model

When thick plates are considered, the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia cannot be omit-
ted with negligible error. According to Mindlin (1951a,b) displacement fields of the plate are given
by
uz ðr; h; z; tÞ ¼ wðr; h; tÞ; ð1Þ

ur ðr; h; z; tÞ ¼ zwr ðr; h; tÞ; ð2Þ

uh ðr; h; z; tÞ ¼ zwh ðr; h; tÞ; ð3Þ

where uz , ur , and uh are the displacements of the plate in the transverse, radial, and tangential direction,
respectively; w is the transverse displacement of the mid-plane; and wr and wh are the rotations of vertical
lines perpendicular to the mid-plane, measured on the z–r and z–h planes, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2. It
is assumed that (a) there is no ‘‘thickness stretch’’ of the plate; (b) straight material lines that are per-
pendicular to the mid-plane in the undeformed state remain straight in the deformed state even though they
may not remain perpendicular to the mid-plane.
The poling direction of the piezoelectric material is assumed to be in the z-direction. When external
electric potential is applied across the piezoelectric layer, a differential strain is induced which results in the
bending of the plate. The strain of the host plate and piezoelectric layer in the radial and tangential di-
rections and the shear component are given by
our ow
err ¼ ¼z r; ð4Þ
or or
2132 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

Fig. 2. Deformation of plate.


ur ouh wr owh
ehh ¼ þ ¼z þ ; ð5Þ
r r oh r r oh


our ouh uh owr wh owh
crh ¼ þ  ¼z  þ ; ð6Þ
r oh or r r oh r or

our ouz ow
crz ¼ þ ¼ wr þ ; ð7Þ
oz or or
ouh ouz ow
chz ¼ þ ¼ wh þ : ð8Þ
oz r oh r oh
The stress components in the host plate are expressed as


ð1Þ E zE wr owh owr
rrr ¼ ðe rr þ le hh Þ ¼ l þ l þ ; ð9Þ
1  l2 1  l2 r r oh or


ð1Þ E zE wr owh owr
rhh ¼ ðe hh þ le rr Þ ¼ þ þ l ; ð10Þ
1  l2 1  l2 r r oh or


ð1Þ E zE owh wh owr
srh ¼ crh ¼  þ ; ð11Þ
2ð1 þ lÞ 2ð1 þ lÞ or r r oh


E E ow
sð1Þ ¼ j2
c ¼ j 2
w þ ; ð12Þ
rz
2ð1 þ lÞ rz 2ð1 þ lÞ r
or


ð1Þ E E ow
shz ¼ j2 chz ¼ j2 wh þ ; ð13Þ
2ð1 þ lÞ 2ð1 þ lÞ r oh

where the superscript (1) represents the variable in the host structure; E and l are the Young’s modulus and
Poisson ratio of the host material; and j is the shear factor employed
pffiffiffiffiffi in Mindlin’s plate model (Mindlin,
1951a, 1951b) to correct for the shear modulus, chosen as p= 12 here.
The stress components in piezoelectric layer can be written as
ð2Þ E E
rrr ¼ C 11 err þ C 12 ehh 
e31 Ez ; ð14Þ
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2133

ð2Þ E E
rhh ¼ C 12 err þ C 11 ehh 
e31 Ez ; ð15Þ

ð2Þ E E
srh ¼ 12ðC 11  C 12 Þcrh ; ð16Þ

ð2Þ
srz ¼ j2 C55
E
crz þ e15 Er ; ð17Þ
ð2Þ
shz ¼ j2 C55
E
chz þ e15 Eh ; ð18Þ
E E
where the superscript (2) represents the variable in the piezoelectric material; C 11 ,
and
e31 are the re-
C 12
E E
duced material constants of the piezoelectric medium (see Appendix A), and are given by C 11 ¼ C11 
E 2 E E E E 2 E E E E E E E
ððC13 Þ =C33 Þ, C 12 ¼ C12  ððC13 Þ =C33 Þ and
e31 ¼ e31  ðC13 e33 =C33 Þ; C11 , C33 , C12 and C55 are the moduli of
elasticity at constant electric field; e31 and e15 are the piezoelectric electric constants; and Er , Eh and Ez are
the electric field intensities in the radial, tangential and transverse direction, respectively.

2.2. Distribution of electric potential in the piezoelectric layer

For free vibration analysis with the electrodes on each piezoelectric layer short-circuited, a quadratic
function was proposed and verified using FEA by Wang et al. (2001) to describe the electric potential
distribution across the thickness of piezoelectric layers in piezoelectric coupled circular plates. In this paper
a sinusoidal function is adopted instead so that a simpler governing equations can be obtained. The electric
potential at any point of the piezoelectric layers is assumed as
(
uðr; h; tÞ sin pðzhÞ
h1
; h 6 z 6 h þ h1 ;
/ðr; h; z; tÞ ¼ pðzhÞ ð19Þ
uðr; h; tÞ sin h1 ; h  h1 6 z 6  h;
where z is measured from the mid-plane of the plate in the transverse direction; h and h1 are the thickness of
the host layer and the piezoelectric layer, respectively; u is the electric potential on the mid-surface of the
piezoelectric layer. It is to be noted that the assumed potential function satisfies the boundary conditions
that electric potential vanishes at the internal surfaces z ¼ h and the external surfaces z ¼ ðh þ h1 Þ. The
sinusoidal function employed here has a similar shape to that of the quadratic function adopted by Wang
et al. (2001).

3. Equations for free vibration analysis of piezoelectric coupled circular plate

Based on the assumption of electric potential distribution across the thickness direction shown in (19),
the components of electric field intensity E and electric flux density D can be written as
o/ ou pðz  hÞ
Er ¼  ¼ sin ; ð20Þ
or or h1

o/ ou pðz  hÞ
Eh ¼  ¼ sin ; ð21Þ
r oh r oh h1

o/ pu pðz  hÞ
Ez ¼  ¼ cos ; ð22Þ
oz h1 h1


ow ou pðz  hÞ
Dr ¼ e15 crz þ N11 Er ¼ e15 wr þ  N11 sin ; ð23Þ
or or h1
2134 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151


ow ou pðz  hÞ
Dh ¼ e15 chz þ N11 Eh ¼ e15 wh þ  N11 sin ; ð24Þ
r oh r oh h1


owr wr owh pu pðz  hÞ
Dz ¼
e31 ðerr þ ehh Þ þ N33 Ez ¼ z
e31 þ þ  N33 cos ; ð25Þ
or r r oh h1 h1
where Dr , Dh and Dz are the corresponding electric displacement (electric flux density) components; N11 and
N33 are the reduced dielectric constant of the piezoelectric layer, and are given by N11 ¼ N11 ,
N33 ¼ N33 þ e233 =C33
E
(see Appendix A); and N11 and N33 are the dielectric constants of the piezoelectric layer.
The resultant moments caused by the stresses are expressed, in view of Eqs. (9)–(18), as
Z hþh1 Z h Z hþh1
ð1Þ ð2Þ
Mrr ¼ zrrr dz ¼ zrrr dz þ 2 zrrr dz
hh1 h h
E
!

ow C 12 wr owh 4h1
e31
¼ ðD1 þ D2 Þ r þ lD1 þ E D2 þ  u; ð26Þ
or C 11 r r oh p
Z hþh1 Z h Z hþh1
ð1Þ ð2Þ
Mhh ¼ zrhh dz ¼ zrhh dz þ 2 zrhh dz
hh1 h h
E
!

C 12 owr wr owh 4h1
e31
¼ lD1 þ E D2 þ ðD1 þ D2 Þ þ  u; ð27Þ
C 11 or r r oh p
Z hþh1 Z h Z hþh1

ð1Þ ð2Þ owr owh wh
Mrh ¼ zsrh dz ¼ zsrh dz þ 2 zsrh dz ¼ A1 þ  ; ð28Þ
hh1 h h r oh or r
where D1 , D2 and A1 are constants related to plate stiffness and are given by
" E
! #
2Eh3 2 2 2 E 1 C 12
D1 ¼ ; D2 ¼ 3h1 ð3h þ 3hh1 þ h1 ÞC 11 and A1 ¼ ð1  lÞD1 þ 1 E D2 :
3ð1  l2 Þ 2 C 11
The resultant shear forces are expressed as
Z hþh1 Z h Z hþh1

ð1Þ ð2Þ ow 4h1 e15 ou
Qr ¼ srz dz ¼ srz dz þ 2 srz dz ¼ A3 þ wr  ; ð29Þ
hh1 h h or p or
Z hþh1 Z h Z hþh1

ð1Þ ð2Þ ow 4h1 e15 ou
Qh ¼ shz dz ¼ shz dz þ2 shz dz ¼ A3 þ wh  ; ð30Þ
hh1 h h r oh p r oh
where A3 ¼ j2 ðEh=ð1 þ lÞÞ þ 2j2 C55 E
h1 .
It is to be noted that Mrr , Mrh , Mhh , Qr and Qh must satisfy the following dynamic equilibrium equations

Z h Z hþh1 
oQr oQh Qr o2 uz o2 uz
þ þ  q1 2 dz þ 2 q2 2 dz ¼ 0; ð31Þ
or r oh r h ot h ot

Z h Z hþh1 
oMrr oMrh Mrr  Mhh o2 ur o2 ur
þ þ  Qr  q1 z 2 dz þ 2 q2 z 2 dz ¼ 0; ð32Þ
or r oh r h ot h ot

Z h Z hþh1 
oMrh oMhh 2Mrh o2 uh o2 uh
þ þ  Qh  q1 z dz þ 2 q2 z dz ¼ 0; ð33Þ
or r oh r h ot2 h ot2
where q1 and q2 are the material densities of the host material and piezoelectric layer, respectively.
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2135

The electric variables must also satisfy the Maxwell’s equations which require that the divergence of the
electric flux density vanishes at any point within the piezoelectric layers. In the two-dimensional analysis of
plate, this condition can be satisfied approximately by enforcing that the integration of the divergence of the
electric flux density across the thickness of the piezoelectric layers vanishes all over the plate, namely for
any r and h,
Z hþh1

oðrDr Þ oDh oDz
þ þ dz ¼ 0: ð34Þ
h r or r oh oz
Substituting Eqs. (26)–(30) into Eqs. (31)–(33) and Eqs. (23)–(25) into Eq. (34) yield the equations of
motion,
o2 w
A3 ðDw þ WÞ  A6 Du  A7 ¼ 0; ð35Þ
ot2



oðrWÞ ow w ow ow ow ou
A1 Dwr þ A2  A3 wr þ  ðD1 þ D2 Þ 2r þ 2 h  A2 r  A1 2 h þ A5
r or or r r oh r or r oh or
ð36Þ
o2 w
 A4 2 r ¼ 0;
ot



oW ow owr wh ou o2 w
A1 Dwh þ A2  A3 wh þ þ 2A1 2  2 þ A5  A4 2 h ¼ 0; ð37Þ
r oh r oh r oh 2r r oh ot

2h1 N11 2pN33

 Du þ h1 e15 Dw þ u þ h1 ðe15 þ
e31 ÞW ¼ 0; ð38Þ
p h1
where D is the Laplace operator and in polar coordinate system is given by
o2 o o2
þ þ
or 2 r or r2 oh2
W is a function of wr and wh , given by
owr wr owh
W¼ þ þ ; ð39Þ
or r r oh
A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , A6 and A7 are constants governed by material properties and structural geometry, given in
Appendix B.

4. Solutions for piezoelectric coupled circular plates

In the four differential equation (35)–(38) there are four independent variables, w, wr , wh and u that need
to be solved. The solution procedure is described hereafter. Note that the variable W is not independent but
a function of wr and wh (see Eq. (39)).

4.1. Solutions for transverse displacement w

Eliminating wr , wh and u from Eqs. (35)–(38) yields an uncoupled differential equation in terms of w
only, namely,
2136 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

2 
4 
2 
ow ow ow o2 w o4 w
P1 D D Dw þ P2 D Dw þ P3 D D þ P 4 D þ P 5 D þ P 6 þ P 7 ¼ 0; ð40Þ
ot2 ot4 ot2 ot2 ot4
where the coefficients, P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , P6 and P7 , are given in Appendix B. The solution of wðr; h; tÞ for
wave propagation in the h-direction can be written as
^ ðrÞeiðphxtÞ ;
wðr; h; tÞ ¼ w ð41Þ
where w^ ðrÞ is the amplitude of the z-direction displacement and a function of radial distance only; x is the
natural frequency of the plate; and p is the wave number in the h-direction. Substituting Eq. (41) into Eq.
(40) and cancelling eiðphxtÞ term gives
^ þ ðP2  P3 x2 ÞD Dw
P1 D D D w ^ þ ðP4 x4  P5 x2 ÞDw
^ þ ðP7 x4  P6 x2 Þw
^ ¼ 0; ð42Þ
where D is a operator defined as

d2 d p2
D¼ þ  :
dr2 rdr r2
Transforming Eq. (42) into the form

ðD  x1 ÞðD  x2 ÞðD  x3 Þw
^ ¼ 0; ð43Þ
where x1 , x2 and x3 are the three roots of the cubic equation,
P1 x3 þ ðP2  P3 x2 Þx2 þ ðP4 x4  P5 x2 Þx þ P7 x4  P6 x2 ¼ 0: ð44Þ
The solution of Eq. (42) takes the form of
^¼w
w ^1 þ w
^2 þ w
^3 ð45Þ
^1 , w
provided w ^ 2 and w
^ 3 are solutions of the following three Bessel’s equations, respectively:

ðD  x1 Þw
^ 1 ¼ 0;
ðD  x2 Þw
^ 2 ¼ 0; ð46Þ
ðD  x3 Þw
^ 3 ¼ 0;

The transformation x ¼ y þ ðP3 x2  P2 Þ=3P1 eliminates the second-order term of Eq. (44), resulting in
y 3 þ by þ c ¼ 0; ð47Þ
where

P4 x4  P5 x2 ðP2  P3 x2 Þ2 x2 ðP7 x2  P6 Þ x2 ðP5  P4 x2 ÞðP2  P3 x2 Þ 2ðP2  P3 x2 Þ3

b¼  ; c ¼ þ þ :
P1 3P12 P1 3P12 27P13
ð48Þ
The discriminant of the cubic equation is given by

3
c 2 b
d¼ þ : ð49Þ
2 3
In practice, d < 0 is usually satisfied. Thus, according to Cardano’s formula (Speigel, 1999), the charac-
teristic equation (44) has three distinct real roots given by
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2137

c P3 x2  P2
x1 ¼ 2S cos þ ;
3 3P1
c þ 2p P3 x2  P2
x2 ¼ 2S cos þ ; ð50Þ
3 3P1
c þ 4p P3 x2  P2
x3 ¼ 2S cos þ ;
3 3P1
where
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 3
1 P22 þ ð3P1 P5  2P2 P3 Þx2 þ ðP32  3P1 P4 Þx4 6 c 7
S¼ ; c ¼ arccos 4  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5:
3 P12 2 ð 3Þ b 3

^ at r ¼ 0, the solution of Eq. (42) can be expressed as

In view of non-singularity of w
X
3
^¼
w Cn Znp ðan rÞ; ð51Þ
n¼1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where a1 ¼ jx1 j, a2 ¼ jx2 j and a3 ¼ jx3 j, Cn are constants and

Jp ðan rÞ; xn < 0
Znp ðan rÞ ¼ ðn ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ ð52Þ
Ip ðan rÞ; xn > 0
in which Jp ðai rÞ is the Bessel function of first type and Ip ðai rÞ is the modified Bessel function of first type. It
should be noted that the second type Bessel functions become singular at r ¼ 0 and have been omitted from
the solution.

4.2. Solutions for rotations wr and wh

If the rotations wr and wh are expressed in terms of the potential functions Uðr; h; tÞ and H ðr; h; tÞ which
give rise to areal dilatation and rotation
oU oH
wr ¼ þ ;
or r oh ð53Þ
oU oH
wh ¼  ;
r oh or
Eqs. (36) and (37) become
   
o o2 U o o2 H
ðD1 þ D2 Þ DU  A3 U  A4 2  A3 w þ A5 u þ A1 DH  A3 H  A4 2 ¼ 0; ð54Þ
or ot r oh ot
   
o o2 U o o2 H
ðD1 þ D2 ÞDU  A3 U  A4 2  A3 w þ A5 u  A1 DH  A3 H  A4 2 ¼ 0: ð55Þ
r oh ot or ot
If applying the operator o=r oh to Eq. (54), ð1=r þ ðo=r orÞÞ to Eq. (55), and subtracting, we obtain a
decoupled equation in terms of H,


o2 H
D A1 DH  A3 H  A4 2 ¼ 0: ð56Þ
ot
Similarly, application of the operator ð1=r þ ðo=r orÞÞ to Eq. (54), o=r oh to Eq. (55), and adding the results
yield another decoupled equation free of H,
2138 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151
 
o2 U
D ðD1 þ D2 Þ DU  A3 U  A4 2  A3 w þ A5 u ¼ 0: ð57Þ
ot
It is assumed that U, H, and u take the form

Uðr; h; tÞ ¼ Ub ðrÞeiðphxtÞ ;
b ðrÞeiðphxtÞ ;
H ðr; h; tÞ ¼ H ð58Þ
iðphxtÞ
uðr; h; tÞ ¼ u
^ ðrÞe ;

where u^ ðrÞ, H b ðrÞ are amplitudes of uðr; h; tÞ, H ðr; h; tÞ and Uðr; h; tÞ, respectively. Substituting
b ðrÞ, and U
Eqs. (41) and (58) into Eqs. (35), (56), (57), and (38) reduces to
b þ A3 D w
A3 D U ^ þ A7 x 2 w ^ ¼ 0;
^  A6 D u ð59Þ

b  ðA3  A4 x2 Þ H
A1 D H b ¼ 0; ð60Þ

b  ðA3  A4 x2 Þ U
ðD1 þ D2 Þ D U b  A3 w
^ þ A5 u
^ ¼ 0; ð61Þ

b þ A8 D w
DU ^  A9 Du
^ þ A10 u
^ ¼ 0; ð62Þ
b gives
where the coefficients, A8 , A9 , and A10 , are given in Appendix B. Solving Eq. (60) for H
b ðrÞ ¼ C6a Z6p ðb1 rÞ þ C7a Z7p ðb1 rÞ;
H ð63Þ

where C6a and C7a are arbitrary constants;

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A3  A4 x 2
b1 ¼ jF1 j; F1 ¼ ; ð64Þ
A1

Jp ðb1 rÞ; F1 < 0;
Z6p ðb1 rÞ ¼
Ip ðb1 rÞ; F1 > 0;
 ð65Þ
Yp ðb1 rÞ; F1 < 0;
Z7p ðb1 rÞ ¼
Kp ðb1 rÞ; F1 > 0;
Jp and Yp are the Bessel functions of the first kind and the second kind, respectively; and Ip and Kp are the
modified Bessel functions of the first kind and the second kind, respectively. To avoid singularity at r ¼ 0,
C7a ¼ 0. Thus, Eq. (63) is reduced to
b ðrÞ ¼ C6a Z6p ðb1 rÞ:
H ð66Þ
b yields
Solving Eqs. (59), (61), and (62) for U
 
b ðrÞ ¼ G2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þ A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þ
U D Dw^ þ
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 A3  A4 x2 G2

G1 ðA7 A9 x2  A3 A10 Þ  A3 A3 A5 ðA8  1Þ
þ  Dw
^
A3  A4 x2 ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ
  
A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3 A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2
þ  w^ ð67Þ
G2 ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2139

Substituting Eqs. (51), (58), (66) and (67) into Eq. (53) and replacing iC6a by C6 yields
wr ðr; h; tÞ
(
3 
X
G2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
¼ 2
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x n¼1 A3  A4 x2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 )
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 0 C 6 pZ6p ðb1 rÞ
 Cn an Znp ðan rÞ þ eiðphxtÞ ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r
ð68Þ
wh ðr; h; tÞ
(
X3 
pG2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
¼
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 n¼1 A3  A4 x2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 )
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 Cn Znp ðan rÞ 0
 þ C6 b1 Z6p ðb1 rÞ eiðphxtÞ ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r
ð69Þ
where the coefficients, G1 and G2 , are given in Appendix B.

4.3. Solutions for electric potential u

^ ðrÞ yields
Solving Eq. (61) for u
D1 þ D2 b A3  A4 x 2 b A3
^ ðrÞ ¼ 
u D U ðrÞ þ U ðrÞ þ w ^ ðrÞ: ð70Þ
A5 A5 A5
Substituting Eqs. (51), (67), and (70) into Eq. (58) results in
uðr; h; tÞ
3 
X 
G2 ðA3  A4 x2  D1 xn  D2 xn Þ G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
¼
n¼1
A5 A10 ðA10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 Þ A 3  A 4 x2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 A3
 þ Cn Znp ðan rÞeiðphxtÞ : ð71Þ
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ A5

4.4. Determination of frequencies by boundary conditions

In the proceeding sections we obtained explicit expressions for transverse displacement wðr; h; tÞ, rota-
tions wr ðr; h; tÞ and wh ðr; h; tÞ, and electric potential uðr; h; tÞ, which are all functions of the frequency x. To
determine the frequency, the boundary conditions must be employed. Two kinds of boundary conditions,
clamped edge and simply supported edges, are addressed.
2140 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

(a) Clamped edge

For clamped edge at r ¼ r0 , both the transverse displacement w and rotations wr and wh vanish, namely,
wðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0;
wr ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0; ð72Þ
wh ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0;
where r0 is radius of the plate. If the plate is isolated at the edge, the electrical flux conservation equation is
given by
Z hþh1
Dr ðr0 ; h; tÞ dz ¼ 0: ð73Þ
h

Substituting the solutions obtained in the proceeding sections for w, wr , wh , and u into Eqs. (72) and (73)
and some simplifications yield
0 ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ 10 1 0 1
s11 s12 s13 0 C1 0
B ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ CB C B C
B 21
s s s s 26 CB 2 C ¼ B 0 C;
C
B ðaÞ 22 ðaÞ
23
ðaÞ ðaÞ C@ C A @0A ð74Þ
@ s31 s32 s33 s36 A 3

s
ðaÞ
s
ðaÞ
s
ðaÞ
0 C6 0
41 42 43
ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ
where sij , s26and ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4; j ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ, are functions of the frequencies, given in Appendix B. Non-
s36 ,
trivial solutions for C1 , C2 , C3 , and C6 implies that the determinant of the coefficients matrix of Eq. (74)
vanishes, namely,
" ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ "
"s 0 ""
" 11 s12 s13
" ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ "
" s21 s22 s23 s26 "
" ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ " ¼ 0: ð75Þ
" s31 s32 s33 s36 "
" ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ "
"s s s 0 "
41 42 43

Solving Eq. (75) for x gives the frequencies of flexural free vibrations.
(b) Simply supported edge (hard type)
At the edge r ¼ r0 , the transverse displacement w, the resist bending moment in the z–r plane Mrr , and the
rotation in tangent plane wh vanish, namely,
wðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0;
Mrr ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0; ð76Þ
wh ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0:
Of course, Eq. (73) should also be satisfied. If the solutions for w, wr , wh , and u are substituted into Eqs.
(76) and (73), four linear equations in terms of the arbitrary constants, C1 , C2 , C3 , and C6 , are obtained,
namely,
0 ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ 10 1 0 1
s11 s12 s13 0 C1 0
B ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ CB C B C
B s21 s22 s23 s26 CB C2 C B 0 C
B ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ C@ A ¼ @ A; ð77Þ
@ s31 s32 s33 s36 A C3 0
s
ðbÞ
s
ðbÞ
s
ðbÞ
s
ðbÞ C6 0
41 42 43 46
ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ ðbÞ
where the coefficients, sij , s26 , s36 and s46 , ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4; j ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ, are given in Appendix B. To obtain
non-trivial solutions for C1 , C2 , C3 , and C6 , the determinant of the coefficients matrix of Eq. (77) must
vanish, from which the frequencies, x, can be obtained.
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2141

(c) Simply supported edge (soft type)

At the edge r ¼ r0 , the transverse displacement w, the resist bending moment in the z–r plane and the z–h
plane, Mrr and Mrh (instead of wh ), vanish, namely,

wðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0;

Mrr ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0; ð78Þ

Mrh ðr0 ; h; tÞ ¼ 0:

Obviously Eq. (73) should be satisfied again. If the solutions for w, wr , wh , and u are substituted into Eqs.
ðbÞ ðbÞ ðcÞ ðcÞ
(78) and (73), Eq. (77) is obtained again, but the coefficients, s3n , s36 , n ¼ 1, 2, 3, are replaced by s3n and s36
which are defined in Appendix B. The frequencies, x, can be obtained again from the condition that the
determinant of the coefficients matrix must vanish.

4.5. Mode shapes

It is noted that only three of the four equations in Eqs. (74) or (77) are linearly independent.
Thus, C1 , C2 , and C6 can be expressed in terms of C3 by solving the first equations of Eqs. (74) or (77), as
follows:
C1 ¼ CC1 C3 ;
C2 ¼ CC2 C3 ; ð79Þ
C6 ¼ CC6 C3 ;
where the coefficients, CC1 , CC2 , and CC6 , are given in Appendix B.
Substituting Eq. (79) into the solutions for w, wr , wh , and u, which we obtained in the proceeding
sections, yield the mode shapes of w, wr , wh , and u, respectively.
The normal modes of the transverse displacement w
ðr; hÞ are given by
X3

sinðphÞ

ðr; hÞ ¼
w CCn Znp ðan rÞ ; ð80Þ
n¼1
cosðphÞ

where to get a close form we let CC3 ¼ 1; CC1 and CC2 are given in Appendix B.
The normal modes of the rotation in the z–r plane w
r ðr; hÞ are given by

wr ðr; h; tÞ
(
3 
X
G2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
¼ 2
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x n¼1 A3  A4 x2

A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3

þ
G2
 )
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 0 CC6 pZ6p ðb1 rÞ
 CCn an Znp ðan rÞ þ
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r
!
sinðphÞ
: ð81Þ
cosðphÞ
2142 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

The normal modes of the rotation in the tangent plane wh ðr; hÞ are given by
wh ðr; h; tÞ
(
3 
X
pG2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
¼ 2
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x n¼1 A3  A4 x 2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 )
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 CCn Znp ðan rÞ 0
 þ CC6 b1 Z6p ðb1 rÞ
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r


cosðphÞ
: ð82Þ
 sinðphÞ
The normal modes of the electric potential u
ðr; hÞ are given by
X3  2
G2 ðA3  A4 x  D1 xn  D2 xn Þ
uðr; h; tÞ ¼
n¼1
A5 A10 ðA10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 Þ

G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
A3  A4 x 2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 A3
 þ CCn Znp ðan rÞ
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ A5


sinðphÞ
: ð83Þ
cosðphÞ

5. Numerical examples and discussion

The numerical solution for a three-layer laminated plate shown in Fig. 1 is investigated. The host ma-
terial is used by steel and the piezoelectric layer is PZT4. The piezoelectric layers are poled in the thickness
direction and both surfaces of each layer are short-circuited. The material properties are listed in Table 1.
The thickness of the host layer and piezoelectric layers are 20 and 2 mm, respectively. Four plates of
different radii, 0.6, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 m, are studied. The results are compared with those of 3D FEA and the
analytical model (Wang et al., 2001) based on Kirchhoff’s CPT. Two kinds of boundary conditions,
clamped edges and simply supported edges, are investigated. To investigate the effect of piezoelectric layer,
four single-layer plates, the dimension and properties of which are identical to those of the host material of
the three-layer piezoelectric coupled plates, are also analysed, and the results compared. The 3D FEAs were
carried out using ABAQUS 6.1.

5.1. Clamped edges

Tables 2–5 list comparisons of the frequencies calculated for clamped edges by the IPT-based model
(proposed), the CPT-based model (Wang et al., 2001), and 3D FEA, where Table 2 is for r0 ¼ 0:6m, Table 3
for r0 ¼ 0:3m, Table 4 for r0 ¼ 0:2m, and Table 5 for r0 ¼ 0:1m. The following notations are adopted in the
tables: xp fem represents the flexural vibration frequency of the piezoelectric laminate plate obtained by
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2143

Table 1
Material properties of the piezoelectric coupled plate
Property Structural layer Piezoelectric layer
E (GPa) 200 –
l 0.3 –
E
C11 (GPa) – 132
E
C12 (GPa) – 71
E
C33 (GPa) – 115
E
C13 (GPa) – 73
E
C55 (GPa) – 26
e31 (C m2 ) – 4.1
e33 (C m2 ) – 14.1
e15 (C m2 ) – 10.5
N11 (nF m1 ) – 7.124
N33 (nF m1 ) – 5.841
q (kg m3 ) 7800 7500

Table 2
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 60 (clamped edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 900.1 899.1 902.5 0.999 1.003

1 1 1862.7 1864.1 1878.2 1.001 1.008
2 1 3050.9 3044.7 3081.1 0.998 1.010
0 2 3475.2 3468.3 3513.4 0.998 1.011
1 2 5272.1 5272.6 5373.7 1.000 1.019
2 2 7306.2 7283.0 7472.1 0.997 1.023

Table 3
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 30 (clamped edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 3567.7 3556.0 3609.9 0.997 1.012

1 1 7295.5 7295.2 7512.7 1.000 1.030
2 1 11844.0 11775.6 12324.3 0.994 1.041
0 2 13456.0 13375.0 14053.7 0.994 1.044
1 2 20075.0 20017.1 21494.7 0.997 1.071
2 2 27467.0 27205.5 29888.5 0.990 1.088

Table 4
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 20 (clamped edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 7901.5 7857.2 8122.3 0.994 1.028

1 1 15890.0 15864.1 16903.5 0.998 1.064
2 1 25449.0 25186.8 27729.7 0.990 1.090
0 2 28802.0 28491.8 31620.9 0.989 1.098
1 2 42095.0 41794.6 48363.1 0.993 1.149
2 2 56658.0 55735.4 67249.2 0.984 1.187

FEA; xp min the frequency calculated using the IPT-based model; xp kir the frequency using the CPT-based
model; xe fem the flexural frequency of the one-layer plate obtained by 3D FEA; p is the wave number in the
circumferential direction; m is the index of the flexural modes for a certain wave number.
2144 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

Table 5
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 10 (clamped edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 29229.0 28816.8 32489.2 0.986 1.112

1 1 55213.0 54678.6 67614.1 0.990 1.225
2 1 84292.0 82297.6 110918.9 0.976 1.316
0 2 94232.0 91902.8 126483.5 0.975 1.342
1 2 130382.0 127771.0 193452.4 0.980 1.484
2 2 168570.0 163167.0 268996.8 0.968 1.596

As shown in Table 2, for a thin plate with a very large diameter–thickness ratio, such as r0 =h ¼ 60, the
frequencies from both CPT-based model and IPT-based model are in close agreement with the FEA results.
The IPT-based model produces results almost coincident with those of FEA while the results from CPT-
based model differs less than 2.3%. Tables 3–5 show that, as the diameter–thickness ratio increases, the
proposed IPT-based model provides results similar to those of FEA with a maximum difference of only
3.2%. However, the frequencies computed by the CPT-based model can be as large as 60% greater than
those by FEA (for the case of a thick plate with a diameter–thickness ratio of 10). Both the CPT-based and
IPT-based models give results closer to the FEA results at lower frequencies than they do at higher fre-
quencies. As shown in Table 5, the CPT-based model gives a frequency 59.6% greater than that of the FEA
in case of p ¼ 2 and m ¼ 2 while it gives a value only 11.2% greater for the first mode. The CPT-based
model gives greater frequencies than the IPT-based model because the CPT neglects the effect of transverse
shear deformation and rotatory inertia and hence overestimates the frequencies. Fig. 3 shows frequency
ratios of the three-layered plates to those of one-layered plates for the following cases: r0 =h ¼ 60, 30, 20,
and 10. It seems that the piezoeffects are more obvious on plates with a higher diameter–thickness ratio
than on that with a lower one when piezoelectric layers of same thickness are attached.

5.2. Simply supported edges

Tables 6–9 compare the frequencies calculated for circular plates with simply supported edge by the IPT-
based model, the CPT-based model, and 3D FEA, where Table 6 is for r0 ¼ 0:6m, Table 7 for r0 ¼ 0:3m,

Fig. 3. Effect of thickness of piezoelectric layers on frequencies to plates (clamped edge).

 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2145

Table 6
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 60 (simply supported edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 435.2 435.1 435.6 1.000 1.001

1 1 1218.5 1221.4 1227.5 1.002 1.007
2 1 2242.4 2241.1 2262.4 0.999 1.009
0 2 2606.5 2605.5 2625.2 1.000 1.007
1 2 4221.0 4228.7 4282.4 1.002 1.015
2 2 6088.3 6079.5 6193.9 0.999 1.017

Table 7
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 30 (simply supported edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 1735.3 1734.4 1742.5 1.000 1.004

1 1 4810.2 4828.6 4910.0 1.004 1.021
2 1 8792.1 8771.6 9049.7 0.998 1.029
0 2 10222.0 10197.9 10500.9 0.998 1.027
1 2 16316.0 16334.6 17129.7 1.001 1.050
2 2 23278.0 23148.1 24775.9 0.994 1.064

Table 8
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 20 (simply supported edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 3884.0 3879.5 3920.7 0.999 1.010

1 1 10623.0 10671.1 11047.4 1.005 1.040
2 1 19209.0 19114.5 20361.9 0.995 1.060
0 2 22301.0 22186.4 23627.1 0.995 1.060
1 2 34940.0 34903.9 38541.9 0.999 1.103
2 2 49098.0 48572.9 55745.7 0.989 1.135

Table 9
Comparison of frequencies for r0 =h ¼ 10 (simply supported edge)
p m xp fem (rad/s) xp min (rad/s) xp kir (rad/s) xp min =xp fem xp kir =xp fem

0 1 15122.0 15059.1 15682.9 0.996 1.037

1 1 39205.0 39321.9 44189.7 1.003 1.127
2 1 67828.0 66843.9 81447.7 0.986 1.201
0 2 78080.0 76888.6 94508.6 0.985 1.210
1 2 115525.0 114276.4 154167.4 0.989 1.334
2 2 155227.0 151364.6 222982.9 0.975 1.436

Table 8 for r0 ¼ 0:2m, and Table 9 for r0 ¼ 0:1m. Fig. 4 plots frequency ratios of the three-layered plates to
those of one-layered plates for the four cases: r0 =h ¼ 60, 30, 20, and 10. The findings for the clamped plates
are reflected again by the simply supported cases.
2146 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

Fig. 4. Effect of thickness of piezoelectric layers on frequencies to plates (simply supported edge).

6. Conclusions

An analytical solution of free flexural vibration of a three-layered piezoelectric laminated circular

moderately thick plate is proposed based on the Mindlin’s plate theory for the cases where the electrodes on
the piezoelectric layers are shortly connected. The electric potential distribution across thickness of pi-
ezoelectric layers is modelled by a sinusoidal function. Hence the Maxwell equation is enforced. The
mathematical derivation was presented in detail. Numerical investigations were performed for plates with
various diameter–thickness ratios and with two kinds of boundary conditions, clamped edge and simply
supported edge. The validity of the solution based on IPT model for diameter–thickness ratios not less than
10 was verified by the 3D FEAs. The CPT-based model proved to be valid only for thin plates and diverge
from the FEA results for thick plates, particularly for high frequencies.

Acknowledgements

The work in this paper is supported by the research grant from National University of Singapore, R-264-
000-057-112.

Appendix A

The piezoelectric material is transversely isotropic material where for planes normal to the poling di-
rection, the material properties are equivalent in all directions. For plate problems, the 2D or 1D con-
stitutive relationships can be reduced from the 3D constitutive relationship. Without losing arbitrariness, a
coordinate system is adopted where the thickness direction of plate is in axis 3, as shown in Fig. 5. If the
piezoelectric material is poled in direction 3, its constitutive relationship is given by (Tiersten, 1969)
8 9 0 E E E
98 9 0 1
>
> r11 >
> C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 >> >
> e11 >
> 0 0 e31
> r22 >
> > B CE CE CE >
>>> e22 >> B 0 8 9
>
> >
> 0 0 0 >> >
> > 0 e31 C
< = B BC
12
E
11
E
13
E = < > = BB
C < E1 =
C
r33 C C 0 0 0 e 0 0 e
¼BB 0
13 13 33 33
B
B 0
33 C
E2 ; ðA:1Þ
>
> r12 >
> B 0 0 12ðC11E E
 C12 Þ 0 0 >> >
> c12 >
> B 0 0 C C : E3 ;
>
> >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> r > @ 0 0 0 0 E
C55 0 > >>> c13 >
@ e15 0 0 A
: 13 >; E ;:
>
;
r23 0 0 0 0 0 C55 c23 0 e15 0
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2147

Fig. 5. Coordinate system for plates.

8 9
> e11 >
> >
8 9 0 > e22 >
1>
> > 0
> 18 9
< D1 = 0 0 0 0 e15 0 < >
> = N11 0 0 < E1 =
e
D2 ¼ @ 0 0 0 0 0 e15 A 33 þ @ 0 N11 0 A E2 ; ðA:2Þ
: ; > c12 > : ;
D3 e31 e31 e33 0 0 0 > > >
> > 0 0 N33 E3
>
> c > >
: 13 >;
c23
where r11 , r22 , r33 , r12 , r13 , and r23 are the stress components; e11 , e22 , e33 , c12 , c13 , and c23 the engineering
E
strain components; D1 , D2 , and D3 the electric displacements; E1 , E2 , and E3 the electric field intensities; C11 ,
E E E E
C33 , C12 , C13 , and C55 the elasticity moduli at constant electric field; e31 , e33 , and e15 the piezoelectric strain
coefficients; and N11 , and N33 the dielectric constants.
Solving r33 ¼ 0 for e33 ¼ 0 gives
e33 CE
e33 ¼ E E3  13 E
ðe11 þ e22 Þ: ðA:3Þ
C33 C33
Substituting Eq. (A.3) into Eqs. (A.1) and (A.2) yields
8 9 0 E E
18 9 0 1
>
> r11 >
> C 11 C 12 0 0 0 >
> e11 >
> 0 0
e31 8 9
>
> > B C > >
< r22 > 0 C>< e22 >
= B 0
e31 C
E E
= B C 12 C 11 0 0 B 0 C< E 1 =
B C B
r12 ¼ B 0 0 1
ðC
E
 C
E
Þ 0 0 C c12  B 0 0 0 C C: E 2 ; ; ðA:4Þ
>
> > B C> > @
> r13 > A>> c13 >
11 12
> > @ 0
> 0
2
0 C E
0 > >
> e15 0 0 A E3
: ; 55 : ;
r23 0 0 0 0 CE c23 0 e15 0
55
8 9
8 9 0 1>
> e11 >
> 0 18 9
> e22 >
> >
< D1 = 0 0 0 e15 0 < = N11 0 0 < E1 =
D2 ¼ @ 0 0 0 0 e15 A c12 þ @ 0 N11 0 A E2 : ðA:5Þ
: ; > > : ;
D3
e31
e31 0 0 0 > >
> c > > 0 0 N33 E3
: 13 >;
c23
E E
where C 11 , C 12 ,
e31 , and N33 are given by
E 2 E 2
E E ðC13 Þ E E ðC13 Þ
C 11 ¼ C11  E
; C 12 ¼ C 12  E
;
C33 C33
ðA:6Þ
CE e233

e31 ¼ e31  13
E
e 33 ; N33 ¼ N33 þ E
:
C33 C33
2148 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151

If the transverse shear stiffness is modified by a shear factor j2 , Eq. (A.4) becomes
8 9 0 E E
18 9 0 1
>
> r11 >
> C 11 C 12 0 0 0 >
> e11 >> 0 0
e31 8 9
>
> > B E C> >
< r22 > 0 C> < e22 >= B 0
e31 C
E
= B C 12 C 11 0 0 B 0 C< E 1 =
B C B C E2 :
r12 ¼ B 0 1 E E
0 2ðC 11  C 12 Þ 0 C
0 C> > B c 12  0 0 0 C: ; ðA:7Þ
>
> >
> B > > @
>
> r > @ 0 j2 C55 0 A> c > e15 0 0 A E3
: 13 > : 13 >
>
E
; 0 0 ;
r23 0 0 0 0 j2 C55
E c23 0 e15 0

Appendix B

Some coefficients referred to in this paper are given as follows:

" E
! # " E
! #
1 C 12 1 C 12
A1 ¼ ð1  lÞD1 þ 1  E D2 ; A2 ¼ ð1 þ lÞD1 þ 1 þ E D2 ;
2 C 2 C
11 11
Eh
2
* + 4h1 ðe15 
e31 Þ
A3 ¼ j þ 2j2 C55
E
h1 ; A4 ¼ 23 h3 q1 þ h1 ð3h2 þ 3hh1 þ h21 Þq2 ; A5 ¼ ;
1þl p
4h1 e15 e15 2N11 2pN33
A6 ¼ ; A7 ¼ 2hq1 þ 2h1 q2 ; A8 ¼ ; A9 ¼ ; A10 ¼ 2 ;
p e15 þ
e31 pðe15 þ
e31 Þ h1 ðe15 þ
e31 Þ
ðB:1Þ

P1 ¼ ðD1 þ D2 Þð2h1 e215  N11 A3 Þ;

 
2 p2 N33 ðD1 þ D2 Þ
P2 ¼ A3 2h1
e31 þ ;
h21
P3 ¼ A4 ðA3 N11  2h1 e215 Þ þ A7 N11 ðD1 þ D2 Þ;
P4 ¼ A7 A4 N11 ;
½A7 ðD1 þ D2 Þ þ A4 A3 p2 N33 ðB:2Þ
P5 ¼ 2A7 h1 ðe215 
e231 Þ   A7 A3 N11 ;
h21
p2 A7 A3 N33
P6 ¼ ;
h21
p2 A7 A4 N33
P7 ¼ :
h21

ðD1 þ D2 Þ
G1 ¼ ; G2 ¼ A5 ðA9 A3  A6 Þ þ A6 A10 ðD1 þ D2 Þ; ðB:3Þ
ðA6  A3 A9 Þ
ðaÞ ðaÞ ðaÞ 0
s1n ¼ Znp ðan r0 Þ; s26 ¼ pZ6p ðb1 r0 Þ=r0 ; s36 ¼ b1 Z6p ðb1 r0 Þ; ðB:4Þ

ðaÞ G2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s2n ¼
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 A3  A4 x2
2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2

A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 0
 an Znp ðan r0 Þ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ
 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151 2149

ðaÞ pG2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s3n ¼
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 A3  A4 x2

A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3

þ
G2

A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 Znp ðan r0 Þ
 ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r0
 
ðaÞ 2N11 G2 ðD1 xn þ D2 xn  A3 þ A4 x2 Þ G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s4n ¼ 2
pe15 A5 A10 ðA10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x Þ A3  A4 x2

A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3 A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2
þ 
G2 ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ

2N11 A3 0
 þ 1 an Znp ðan r0 Þ; ðn ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ;
pe15 A5

ðbÞ
s1n ¼ Znp ðan r0 Þ;
! ðB:5Þ
0
ðbÞ b1 Z6p ðb1 r0 Þ Z6p ðb1 r0 Þ ðbÞ 0
s26 ¼ 2p  ; s36 ¼ b1 Z6p ðb1 r0 Þ;
r0 r02

ðbÞ G2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s2n ¼ 2
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x A3  A4 x2

A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3

þ
G2

A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2

ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ
" #
2A1 p2 e15 ðA1 þ A2 Þxn 
e31 ðA3  A4 x2 Þ 2A1 an 0
2
Znp ðan r0 Þ þ Znp ðan r0 Þ  Znp ðan r0 Þ
r0 e15 
e31 r0

A3
e31
 Znp ðan r0 Þ;
e15 
e31

ðbÞ pG2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s3n ¼
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 A3  A4 x2

A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3

þ
G2

A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 Znp ðan r0 Þ
 ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r0
2150 X. Liu et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 39 (2002) 2129–2151


ðbÞ 2N11 G2 =A10 D1 xn þ D2 xn  A3 þ A4 x2 1
s4n ¼ þ
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 pe15 A5 2N11

G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
A3  A4 x2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x2  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 2N11 A3 0
  þ 1 an Znp ðan r0 Þ;
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ pe15 A5

ðbÞ
s46 ¼ pZ6p ðb1 r0 Þ=r0 ; ðn ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ;

ðcÞ 2pG2 =A10 G1 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þx2n þ ðG1 A7 A9 x2  G1 A3 A10  A3 Þxn
s3n ¼
A10 A3 A6 G1  A3 A5 þ A3 A6  A4 A6 x2 A3  A4 x2
2
A5 ðA9 A3  A6 A8 Þxn þ A5 A9 A7 x  A6 A10 A3
þ
G2
 !
0
A3 A5 ðA8  1Þxn þ A10 A23 þ ðA10 D1 þ A10 D2  A5 ÞA7 x2 an Znp ðan r0 Þ Znp ðan r0 Þ
  ; ðB:6Þ
ðA6  A3 A9 ÞðA3  A4 x2 Þ r0 r02

ðcÞ
s36 ¼ F1 Z6p ðb1 r0 Þ þ 2b21 Z6p
00
ðb1 r0 Þ; ðn ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ;

s13 s26 s32  s12 s26 s33  s13 s22 s36 þ s12 s23 s36
CC1 ¼ ;
s12 s26 s31  s11 s26 s32  s12 s21 s36 þ s11 s22 s36
s11 s26 s33  s13 s26 s31 þ s13 s21 s36  s11 s23 s36
CC2 ¼ ; ðB:7Þ
s12 s26 s31  s11 s26 s32  s12 s21 s36 þ s11 s22 s36
s13 s22 s31  s12 s23 s31  s13 s21 s32 þ s11 s23 s32 þ s12 s21 s33  s11 s22 s33
CC6 ¼ :
s12 s26 s31  s11 s26 s32  s12 s21 s36 þ s11 s22 s36

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