Micro Project 1 Updated
Micro Project 1 Updated
Micro project
Shivajirao Jondhle Polytechnic, Asangaon
• Academic Year: 2022-23
• Program: Information Technology • Semester: First
• Course: Micro Project • Subject: Mathematics
Sr Roll Enrollme
No. No. Name of the Students nt No. Seat
(Sem-1) No.
1. 37 ZAIDUDDIN JAVEDUDDIN KAZI 2209350255
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MATHS MICRO PROJECT
GROUP-7
TOPIC :- Logarithms
mc-TY-logarithms-2009-1
Logarithms appear in all sorts of calculations in engineering and science, business and economics.
Before the days of calculators they were used to assist in the process of multiplication byreplacing the
operation of multiplication by addition. Similarly, they enabled the operation of division to be
replaced by subtraction. They remain important in other ways, one of which is that they provide
the underlying theory of the logarithm function. This has applications in many fields, for example,
the decibel scale in acoustics.
In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you do plenty of practice exercises so
that they become second nature.
After reading this text and / or viewing the video tutorial on this topic you should be able to:
16 × 8 can be written 24 × 23
This equals
27
using the rules of indices which tell us to add the powers 4 and 3 to give the new power, 7. What
was a multiplication sum has been reduced to an addition sum.
Similarly if we wanted to divide 16 by 8:
16 ÷ 8 can be written 24 ÷ 23
This equals
21 or simply 2
using the rules of indices which tell us to subtract the powers 4 and 3 to give the new power, 1.
obtain 27 containing
a look-up table = 128 powers
as the findingto look16up 2×7 and8. If we had
resultbe straightforward
of 2, it would of
ce that by using the powers, we have changed a multiplication problem into one involving
addition (the addition of the powers, 4 and 3). Historically, this observation led John Napier
(1550-1617) and Henry Briggs (1561-1630) to develop logarithms as a way of replacing multi-
plication with addition, and also division with subtraction.
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3. What is a logarithm ?
Consider the expression 16 = 24. Remember that 2 is the base, and 4 is the power. An alternative,
yet equivalent, way of writing this expression is log2 16 = 4. This is stated as ‘log to base 2 of 16
equals 4’. We see that the logarithm is the same as the power or index in the original expression.
It is the base in the original expression which becomes the base of the logarithm.
The two statements
16 = 24 log2 16 = 4
are equivalent statements. If we write either of them, we are automatically implying the other.
Example
If we write down that 64 = 82 then the equivalent statement using logarithms is log8 64 = 2.
Example
If we write down that log3 27 = 3 then the equivalent statement using powers is 33 = 27.
So the two sets of statements, one involving powers and one involving logarithms are equivalent.
In the general case we have:
Key Point
Key Point
loga a = 1
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We can see from the Examples above that indices and logarithms are very closely related. In
the same way that we have rules or laws of indices, we have laws of logarithms. These are
developed in the following sections.
4. Exercises
1. Write the following using logarithms instead of powers
a) 82 = 64 b) 35 = 243 c) 210 = 1024 d) 53 = 125
e) 106 = 1000000 f) 10−3 = 0.001 g) 3−2 = 1 h) 60 = 1
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i) 5−1 = 1 √
5 j) 49 = 7 k) 272/3 = 9 l) 32−2/5 = 1
4
√ 3
1e
m) loga a5 n) logc c o) logs s p) loge
5. The first law of logarithms
Suppose
x = an and y = am
then the equivalent logarithmic forms are
loga x = n and loga y = m (1)
Now the logarithmic form of the statement xy = an+m is loga xy = n + m. But n = loga x and
m = loga y from (1) and so putting these results together we have
loga xy = loga x + loga y
So, if we want to multiply two numbers together and find the logarithm of the result, we can do
this by adding together the logarithms of the two numbers. This is the first law.
Key Point
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6. The second law of logarithms
Suppose x = an, or equivalently loga x = n. Suppose we raise both sides of x = an to the power
m:
xm = (an)m
Using the rules of indices we can write this as
xm = anm
Thinking of the quantity xm as a single term, the logarithmic form is
loga xm = nm = m loga x
This is the second law. It states that when finding the logarithm of a power of a number, this
can be evaluated by multiplying the logarithm of the number by that power.
Key Point
Consider x ÷y.
x
= an am
y ÷
= an−m
using the rules of indices.
In logarithmic form
x
5
which from (2) can be written
Key Point
8. The logarithm of 1
Recall that any number raised to the power zero is 1: a0 = 1. The logarithmic form of this is
loga 1 = 0
Key Point
loga 1 = 0
9. Examples
Example
Suppose we wish to find log2 512.
This is the same as being asked ‘what is 512 expressed as a power of 2 ?’
Now 512 is in fact 29 and so log2 512 = 9.
Example
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Suppose we wish to find log
This is the same as being asked ‘what is 64
expressed as a power of 8 ?’
Example
Suppose we wish to find log5 25.
This is the same as being asked ‘what is 25 expressed as a power of 5 ?’
Now 52 = 25 and so log5 25 = 2.
Example
Suppose we wish to find log25 5.
This is the same as being asked ‘what is 5 expressed as a power of 25 ?’
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Notice from the last two examples that by interchanging the base and the number
1
log25 5 =
log 525
This is true more generally:
Key Point
logb a =
log
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10. Exercises
3 Each of the following expressions can be simplified to log N.
Determine the value of N in each case. We have not explicitly written down the base. You
can assume the base is 10, but the results are identical whichever base is used.
a) log 3 + log 5 b) c) 3 log 4
log 16 − log 2
d) e) log 236 + log 1 f)
2 log 3 − 3 log 2 log 236 − log 1
g) 5 log 2 + 2 log 5 h) i) log 2 + log 3 + log 4
log 128 − 7 log 2
j) k) l)
log 12 − 2 log 2 + log 3 5 log 2 + 4 log 3 − 3 log 4 log 10 + 2 log 3 − log 2
11. Standard bases
There are two bases which are used much more commonly than any others and deserve special
mention. These are
base 10 and base e
Logarithms to base 10, log10, are often written simply as log without explicitly writing a base
down. So if you see an expression like logx you can assume the base is 10. Your calculator will
be pre-programmed to evaluate logarithms to base 10. Look for the button marked log.
The second common base is e. The symbol e is called the exponential constant and has a
value approximately equal to 2.718. This is a number like π in the sense that it has an infinite
decimal expansion. Base e is used because this constant occurs frequently in the mathematical
modelling of many physical, biological and economic applications. Logarithms to base e, loge,
are often written simply as ln. If you see an expression like ln x you can assume the base is
e. Such logarithms are also called Naperian or natural logarithms. Your calculator will be
pre-programmed to evaluate logarithms to base e. Look for the button marked ln.
Key Point
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12. Using logarithms to solve equations
We can use logarithms to solve equations where the unknown is in the power.
Suppose we wish to solve the equation 3x = 5. We can solve this by taking logarithms of both
sides. Whilst logarithms to any base can be used, it is common practice to use base 10, as these
are readily available on your calculator. So,
log 3x = log5
Now using the laws of logarithms, the left hand side can be re-written to give
x log 3 = log 5
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Key Point
These results will be useful in doing calculus, especially in solving differential equations.
……THANK YOU ……
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