Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

GINGOOG CITY COLLEGES INC.

GINGOOG CITY

S.Y. 2022-2023

Sex Differences in Social Media Usage and Correlates on the

Levels of Self-Esteem Among Grade 11- STEM students

A Research Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

Gingoog City Colleges

Gingoog City

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the strand

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Mikyla Grace H. Fabrigas

Princess Shayne C. Bangot

Sarah Mae S. Acierto

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of

blessings throughout our research work to complete the research successfully.

We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our research adviser,

Mrs. Kizzia Johanna R. Adeva, for giving us the opportunity to do research and

providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. Her dynamism, vision, sincerity

and motivation have deeply inspired us. She has taught us the methodology to carry out

the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a great

privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance. We are extremely grateful for

what she has offered us. We would also like to thank her for her friendship, empathy,

and great sense of humor. We are extending our heartfelt thanks to her husband, family

for their acceptance and patience during the discussion we had with her on research

work and preparation.

We are extremely grateful to our parents for their love, prayers, caring and

sacrifices for educating and preparing us for our future. We are very much thankful to

our friends and classmates for their love, understanding, prayers, and continuing

support to complete this research work.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

DEDICATION

This work is a fruit of countless and arduous sacrifices. Through the researchers’

effort, this work is heartily and proudly dedicated to the people who serve as an

inspiration. From parents and guardians, to classmates and circle of friends who

extended their help in the midst of problems while doing this work.

To the faculty and staff of Gingoog City Colleges, Gingoog City. Above all, to our

God Almighty who showered us His blessings in our everyday lives, especially for the

strength, courage, patience, wisdom, time, and guidance in realization of this work.

The Researchers
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Table of Contents

APPROVAL SHEET 6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 6-8
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9-10
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 10
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 11
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 12
HYPOTHESES 13
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 13-14
SCOPE & LIMITATION 14
DEFINITION OF TERMS 14-15
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 16-22
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN 23
RESEARCH LOCALE 23-24
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY 24
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 24-25
SAMPLING PROCEDURE 25
DATA GATHERING 26
SCORING PROCEDURE 26-28
STATISTICAL TREATMENT 28
CHAPTER 4 29-35
CHAPTER 5 36-40
BIBLIOGRAPHY 41-42
CONSENT LETTER 43-44
QUESTIONNAIRE 45-46
RELIABILITY & VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT 47
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

APPROVAL SHEET

This research study entitled “SEX DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE

AND CORRELATES ON THE LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG GRADE 11
STEM STUDENTS”, prepared and submitted by MIKYLA GRACE FABRIGAS,
PRINCESS SHAYNE BANGOT, and SARAH MAE ACIERTO in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the subject PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 has been examined and
recommended for oral examination/defense.

KIZZIA JOHANNA R. ADEVA

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 ADVISER

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Panel of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the subject PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 with a grade of .

JOSEPH GERSON A. BALANA

CHAIRPERSON

JOEVANNI B. ACERA
MEMBER

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2.

KIZZIA JOHANNA R. ADEVA

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 ADVISER
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Social networking has become a broadly practiced phenomenon and captivates millions

of people. As the use of social media makes communication mobile and efficient, the growth of

new media established a new world of refined communication. It is also observed that the

number of youngsters using social media is briskly expanding. Besides checking emails and

reading newspapers, people daily visit their social networking profiles (Mazman & Usluel: 2011,

pp. 133-139; Habes et al.: 2018, pp. 71-82). Social media is used by people to engage in a

variety of online activities or to check the contents of their social accounts and the engagement

of the others. Social media technology has created new opportunities for communication,

collaboration, and education.

As the usage of social media is increasing, it is getting rapidly embraced by people of

almost every age and gender. Social media usage is important in our lives today. Especially the

young generation is comparatively more reliant on social networking sites for education.

Moreover, communication and entertainment are the most overlooked purposes of using social

media (Habes et al.: 2019, pp. 382-392). Also, different patterns of usage attributed to both

gender identities as men and women use social media for distant purposes. The difference

between male and female communication is also visible in their patterns of social media usage

(Veltri & Atanasova: 2017, pp. 721- 737). (Krasnova et al.: 2017, pp. 261-284) Examined gender

variations in social media usage. Results showed that gender difference exists in social media

usage among young students. However, men use it mostly for entertainment, while women use

social media for communication and information purposes. There is a

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

clear difference between both genders about their social media usage. Making new contacts is

purely attributed to men and using it for academic and informational aspirations found in women

(Mazman & Usluel: 2011, pp. 133-139).

Self-esteem is one of the most common paradigms studied regarding youth. Self-esteem

is often defined as how negatively or positively an individual perceives their own self-worth, one

´s sense ofpride, positive self-evaluation or self-respect (McLellan et al., 2011; Meyer, 2008;

Suzuki & Shunsuke,2013). Further, research exhibits that individuals with lower self-esteem

spend enlarged time using instant messaging instead of face to face communication because

they find communicating with others via technology easier than face to face communication

(Ehrenberg, Juckes, White & Walsh, 2008). Consequently, individuals with lower self-esteem

are less likely to take part in face to face communication. Research on addictive social media

use has shown it to be correlated with self-esteem (Andreassen et al., 2017). It has been also

shown that those who spend more time on social media expressed upward social comparison

which can have a negative effect on youths (Lewallen & Behm-Morawitz, 2016). However,

research is unclear about how lower self-esteem individuals effort more online compared with

those who have greater self-esteem. In addition, some studies on the relationship between

social media and self-esteem have shown that those who spend more time on social media

report lower levels of self-esteem (Vogel, Rose, Okdie, Eckles, & Franz, 2015, Hawi & Samaha,

2016). It has been observed by the changing behavior of the people that social media has many

negative repercussions on people. Social networking sites help people to make social

connected which increase the psychological distress of individuals and as a result lower the

overall level of self- esteem.

For the last four years, the Philippines topped social media use globally. The Digital

2019: Global Digital Overview revealed that Filipinos spend more than four hours on social

media each day, with Facebook as the dominant platform. All the subjects felt worse about
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

themselves after posting their photos – even those who had the chance to “improve” their

appearances on the photos. Some participants asked about the likes and reactions their photo

garnered before deciding how they felt. All these findings point to the potential harms caused by

how we engage with and how often we use social media. If you’re aware that these channels

affect you negatively, take control and protect your mental health. Mindful media consumption is

your best defense against these disheartening effects on your self-esteem.

This study is to demonstrate what sex differences plays on the Grade 11 STEM

student’s self-esteem and how its role affects their social media usage. This research will be

extremely beneficial to the following: Students. The researchers will seek to assist students in

analyzing their excessive use of social media during their most valuable hours of life and any

potential effects on their social standing.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to the following theories:

Stanley Coopersmith’s (1967 as cited in Seligman, 1996, p.32) self evaluation scale

measured self-esteem in children and then assessed the parent’s child rearing practices for

those children with high self-esteem and concluded that the origins of higher self-esteem lay in

clear rules and limits enforced by the parents. This research builds upon Prahalad and

Ramaswamy’s (2004) model of co-creation in the service sector and adapts this model to create

a parsimonious theoretical framework to explain social media engagement. Originally built as a

model of interaction between a user and organization, we extend this model to focus on the

social interactions among users that are supported by the social media platform provided by an

organization. We build upon Prahalad and Ramaswamy’s (2004) work by applying a socio-

technical systems perspective to first address why the user experience influences engagement

and subsequently usage. Social media engagement theory accounts for the role of technology

as the underlying platform needed to facilitate social interactions among users that are globally

and temporally distributed. Clearly, the rise of social media comes in large part from the

evolution of technology to provide a unique user experience that enables users to connect in

new ways that were never before possible.

Hawi and Samaha (2017) found that young people with lower self-esteem tend to spend

their time more on social media. Poor mental health also may lead to social media addiction

(Hou et al.., 2019). Over time, they may addict to social media and gradually lead into social

media addiction. Previous research on gender differences in self-esteem suggests that male

adolescents have higher self- esteem than female adolescents do (McMullin & Cairney, 2004;

Moksnes, Moljord, Espnes, & Byrne, 2010; Robins et al., 2002; Twenge & Campbell, 2001;

Young & Mroczek, 2003).Likewise, several studies reported higher self-esteem for men in

young adulthood (McMullin & Cairney, 2004; Robins et al., 2002; Twenge & Campbell, 2001).
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Contemporary belief is that self-esteem is routed in early childhood with a foundation of trust,

unconditional love and security, impacted on as life progresses by a combination of positive and

negative evaluations.

Conceptual Framework

This analytical model of the study shows the relationship of the variables related to the

Sex differences on their levels of Self-esteem and correlates in Social media usage. The first

box consisted of demographic profiles such as: Sex. The second box consisted of the social

media usage with regards to the Social media addiction. Then, the last part is on the levels of

self-esteem as perceived by the respondents which were also taken into Classroom

Performance, Social Skills, and Self-appearance.

Figure 1 shows the Independent variables which are the demographic profile of the

respondents. In this section, sex is considered as factor of the demographic profile of the

respondents. Self-esteem is a positive or negative orientation toward oneself; an overall

evaluation of one's worth or value. People are motivated to have high self-esteem, and having it

indicates positive self-regard, not egotism. Social media refers to the means of interactions

among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual

communities and networks. Sex refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that

are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a

woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Schematic Diagram

Independent Variables

Demographic Profile

 Sex

Dependent Variable
Social media usage

 Social media
addiction

Levels of Self-
esteem

Figure 1. The Interplay of the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Social media usage in different sexes of Grade 11-

STEM students and correlates in their Levels of Self-esteem. Specifically, the study will seek to

answer the following questions:

1.) What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex

2.) How do students assess their Levels of Self-esteem?

3.) How student perceived social media usage in terms of:

1.3 Social media addiction

4.) Is there a significant difference between self-esteem when grouped according to

demographic profile?

5.) Is there any significant relationship between social media usage and self-esteem?
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Hypothesis

Problems 1 to 3 are hypotheses free. However, for problems 4 and 5, the null hypothesis was

tested at 0.05 level of significance.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between the social media usage and the levels of self-

esteem among Grade 11 STEM students.

Ho1: There is no significant difference in the students’ social media usage when grouped

students are grouped according to sex.

Ha1: There is a significant difference in the students’ social media usage when grouped

students are grouped according to sex.

Ha2: There is a significant relationship between the social media usage and the levels of self-

esteem among Grade 11-STEM students.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate what sex differences plays on the Grade 11

STEM student’s social media usage and how its role affects their level of self-esteem. This

research will be extremely beneficial to the following:

Students. The researchers will seek to assist students in analyzing their excessive use of

social media during their most valuable hours of life and any potential effects on their social

standing.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Teachers. The results of this study will help teachers to have a better understanding of

students’ level of Self-esteem towards social media usage.

Future researchers. The results of this study may have useful information that can be applied

to similar studies of future researchers.

Scope and Limitation

This study is only limited to determining respondents' level of self-esteem and social

media usage. This study will cover 92 of the population of Grade 11 STEM students from

Gingoog City Colleges for the school year 2022-2023.

Definition of Terms

Social Media. This refers to electronic communication through which users create online

communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content.

Self-esteem. This refers to the negatively or positively an individual perceives their own self-

worth.

Sex. A typically classified as either female or male, there are differences in the biological

characteristics that make up sex and how those characteristics are exhibited.

Communication. This refers to sharing with other people through verbal and non-verbal

communication.

Technology. This refers to innovation of devices, systems and other things that related to

technology.

Social skills-This refers to the abilities that an individual use to engage in daily interaction and

communication with others.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Classroom Performance. This refers to students of how they show their skills and abilities

inside the classroom.

Self appearance. This refers the way people think about themselves that affects how they feel

about themselves whether it is positive or negative.

Social media addiction. This refers to dependency of a person to social media platforms.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Review of Related Literature and research pertinent to the current investigation are

presented in this chapter. This helped the researcher in conceiving the study's variables. The

review also helped the researcher determine how thoroughly previous studies had looked at the

subject that is the basis for the present study. The following statements are relevant to this

research, which studies Sex differences in Social media usage and correlates on the Levels of

Self-esteem among Grade 11- STEM students.

Young people with lower self-esteem tend to spend their time more on social media

(Hawi &Samaha, 2017). Poor mental health also may lead to social media addiction (Hou et

al.., 2019). Over time, they may addict to social media which gradually leads to social media

addiction. Previous research on gender differences in self-esteem suggests that male

adolescents have higher self-esteem than female adolescents do (McMullin & Cairney, 2004;

Moksnes, Moljord, Espnes, & Byrne, 2010; Robins et al., 2002; Twenge & Campbell, 2001;

Young & Mroczek, 2003). Likewise, several studies reported higher self-esteem for men in

young adulthood (McMullin & Cairney, 2004; Robins et al., 2002; Twenge & Campbell, 2001).

Sex differences:

(Lee, Lee, Kwon, 2011) The negative side of social media is that it can have a negative

impact on many aspects of a young person's life, including their psychological, emotional,

physical, and social growth. Social networking site choices and usage patterns vary between

genders. According to the three criteria outlined by the Pew Internet & American Life Project,
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Facebook and Twitter are the websites that are most popular with teenagers and young adults

of both genders (as of 2014). (Pempek, 2009).

Although usage trends have changed over time, gender discrepancies still exist in how

youth use the internet and social media. Teenage guys in the UK claimed to use computers

more frequently than girls and to feel more at ease doing so (Liu, C.2013).

However, girls use social networking sites more frequently and for a longer period of

time on average than do boys (Burke,2010). Facebook and Twitter are used by more females

than males, while the online pinboard Pinterest is primarily used by females, especially

teenagers. On the other hand, more men use social news websites like Reddit, which is

occasionally renowned for its misogynistic material, and music-sharing websites like last.fm

(Kraut & Crawford, 2012).

An analysis of Facebook user statistics shows that 44% of users identify as female and

56% as male. In terms of Instagram, there are 50.4% more female users than male users

(49.4%). (Kemp, 2018). Despite the near disparity in the usage of social media technologies by

men and women, it is believed that women utilize social media more frequently than men. It is

supported by research showing that whereas men spend 31 minutes a day on social media,

women spend 46 minutes each day doing so

(Pew Research Center, 2015). Another study by Rosen et al. (2011) has shown that women use

social media platforms more frequently and share more images than men do. Similar to this, a

survey of research participants found that women use Facebook more frequently and for longer

periods of time than men (Kittinger, Correis, & Irons, 2012).

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

According to research, women tend to prioritize maintaining relationships while men are

typically more interested in entertainment and activities. We may say that men prefer to have an

account on social networking sites in order to meet new people, whilst women are active on

networking sites to stay in touch with their friends (Barker, 2009). This conclusion was

reinforced by a study that revealed that although men use Facebook to make new connections,

women use it to maintain their relationships, enjoy their free time, or find entertainment (Nazir,

2012).

Self-esteem:

Adolescence is a time of significant changes in the adolescents' roles and

responsibilities, which makes self-esteem during this time sometimes erratic. Early adolescence

is when self-esteem typically declines; middle and later adolescence are when it tends to rise

(Trzesniewski et al., 2003). High self-esteem adolescents are more likely to have pleasant self-

experiences, high-quality interpersonal interactions, and improved physical and mental health

(Peng et al., 2019; Cameron and Granger, 2019).

(Li et al., 2010).

Self-esteem, which is a fundamental psychological component, might encourage

academic interest (Lim and Lee, 2017). According to the expectation-value theory, people's

favorable self-evaluations might predict academic outcomes, like academic engagement (Fang,

2016). According to a study by Sirin and Rogers-Sirin (2015), there is a significant positive

correlation between self-esteem and academic engagement. Self-esteem has an impact on

areas related to academic engagement. The research data of Filippello et al. (2019) found that

self-esteem can predict a person’s level of academic engagement.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Recent research has demonstrated that subjective well-being significantly corresponds

with high self-esteem and that there is a considerable relationship between self-esteem and

both mental and emotional well-being (Zimmerman, 2000). Happiness has been found to be

most strongly and consistently predicted by self-esteem (Furnham

and Cheng, 2000).

Negative self-esteem can have a wide range of effects. A downward spiral of self-

appreciation brought on by low self-esteem can lead to risky actions, self-defeating attitudes,

and psychiatric vulnerability. The empirical literature emphasizes how low self-esteem has

harmful consequences. However, there is conflicting evidence about the causal links between

low self-esteem and issues or disorders across a number of research (Flay and Ordway, 2001).

Some academics dispute this and contend that, in general, it is only the internet, not

social networking sites in particular, that has an impact on people's self-esteem (Valkenburg,

Peter and Schouten, 2006). (Ellison et al, 2007) discovered that young people with poor self-

esteem benefit more from Facebook than do those with high self-esteem. People who have

poor self-esteem have more social capital than those who have high self-esteem thanks to the

use of Facebook (Tazghini & Siedlecki, 2013). While negative feedback lowers the self-esteem

of individuals, positive feedback increases the self- esteem to a very high degree (Valkenburg et

al., 2006).

Social media usage:

Social media usage habits are changing and evolving quickly, impacting young people

(Lee, Lee, Kwon, 2011). It has been noted that social media has various detrimental effects on

people based on changes in people's behavior. Social networking services facilitate social
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

comparisons, which raise psychological suffering among users and reduce their overall sense of

self-worth (Chen & Lee, 2013).

According to (Pantic, 2014), social networking sites, particularly Facebook, are likely to

cause anxiety, sadness, psychotic disorders, and low self-esteem. (Chen & Lee, 2013) contend

that Facebook use has a direct correlation to psychological suffering in people, which lowers

people's self-esteem. Facebook has contributed to an upsurge in cyberbullying since it makes it

simple to disseminate rumors and publish indecent images of people without their knowledge.

Cyberbullying causes anxiety, despair, and low self-esteem, among other symptoms (Moreno &

Kolb, 2012).

Facebook has shortened distances by fostering a sense of connectedness among users,

enabling them to forge new connections and strengthen existing ones, in addition to serving as

a forum for opinion expression and a platform for the sharing of \knowledge and moments.

(2007) Boyd and Ellison Facebook's primary feature is the ability for friends and the public to

examine users' personal profiles, inspect them, and comment with their opinions to ensure that

the user is aware of what they think about his personal life (Muise et al., 2009; Boyd & Ellison,

2007).

Numerous academics have come to the conclusion that frequent use of Facebook

contributes to sadness and lower levels of prosperity in people (Feinstein et al., 2013). The

majority of people do not use Facebook to express their feelings or moods; instead, they use it

to deal with their loneliness, which only makes them feel less content with their lives (Kross et

al., 2013).
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

(Chou and Edge, 2012) came to the conclusion that frequent Facebook users strongly

believe that other users, whom they don't know well offline, are leading far healthier, happier,

and more successful lives than they do. Individuals experience depression as a result of these

presumptions about other people's life.

According to a few studies conducted in the United States, 93% of kids who use social

networking sites report using Facebook, which is the most popular (Mango et al., 2008).

However, girls use social networking sites more frequently and for a longer period of time on

average than boys (Burke,2010). Facebook and Twitter are used by more females than males,

while the online pinboard Pinterest is primarily used by females, especially teenagers. On the

other hand, more men use social news websites like Reddit, which is occasionally renowned for

its misogynistic material, and music-sharing websites like last.FM (Kraut & Crawford, 2012).

Social media usage & Self-esteem:

Previous studies showed that those who have lower self-esteem are less inclined to

engage in face-to-face interaction. Additionally, studies show that people with poor self-esteem

spend more time using instant messaging than they do speaking to people in person because

they find it more convenient to communicate with others through technology than in person

(Ehrenberg, Juckes, White & Walsh, 2008).

As a result, people with poor self-esteem are less inclined to engage in face-to-face

interaction. Addiction to social media has been linked to lower levels of self-esteem, according

to research (Andreassen et al., 2017). Additionally, it has been demonstrated that those who

use social media more frequently engage in upward social comparison, which can be harmful to

young people (Lewallen & Behm-Morawitz, 2016).

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Research on how people with lower self-esteem exert more effort online than people

with higher self-esteem, however, is not obvious. Additionally, some research on the connection

between social media use and self-esteem has revealed that people who use social media more

frequently report having lower levels of self-esteem (Vogel, Rose, Okdie, Eckles, & Franz, 2015,

Hawi & Samaha, 2016).

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedure to be used in conducting the study. It

includes the research design, research locale, the respondents, sampling procedure, research

instrument, and data gathering procedure, scoring procedure, data analysis and statistical

treatment.

Research Design

The conceptual framework within which research is carried out, according to Kothari

(2004), is known as a research design. This indicates that a research design is a strategy that a

researcher sets up to determine the solution to a question or a statement problem. Because the

purpose of this study was to examine the correlations among the three variables of sex

differences, levels of self-esteem, and social media use, the researcher chose correlational

research as the design method. Correlational research, according to Fraenkel and Wallen

(2009), is a type of study whose goal is to determine the connection between two or more

variables and their causes and effects.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Gingoog City Colleges (GCC), Paz Village Brgy. 24-A,

Macopa St, Zip code 9014, in the school year 2022-2023 based on the senior high school
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

students in Gingoog City Colleges about sex differences on their levels of Self-esteem and

correlates in Social media usage of Grade 11-STEM A students.

The researchers select the school as the venue of their research. The researchers took

accessibility into consideration to avoid schedule conflicts because they anticipated running out

of time to finish the study. Furthermore, the students in this school have the capacity and

abilities that are appropriate to this study.

Respondents of the Study

Among the four (4) departments in Gingoog City Colleges, the researchers choose the

grade eleven (11) Senior High School students, choosing only one (1) strand to participate

ninety two (92) students in total for STEM Strand Block A and B, fourteen (14) female students,

nine (9) male students in Set A and B of STEM Block A and B. A total of ninety two (92) and are

chosen to be our respondents in STEM Strand Block A and B.

In order to avoid disturbing the students’ classes, the researchers personally distributed

the questionnaires during the students’ available time. This was done in order to prevent the

questionnaires from being quickly retrieved.

STEM 11 STEM BLOCK A STEM BLOCK B TOTAL

SET A SET B SET A SET B

FEMALE 14 14 14 14 56

MALE 9 9 9 9 36

TOTAL 23 23 23 23 92

Research Instruments

The researchers adapt and utilize the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

(ROSESBURGSES) by Morris Rosenberg and the Social Media Addiction Scale created by
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Jamal J. Al- Menayes. A survey questionnaire will be prepared and distributed to the

respondents. It will be given to forty-six (46) Block A and forty-six (46) Block B Grade 11 STEM

students. The section "Demographics" is on the personal data of the respondents, their sex. The

section "Self-esteem" has a total of ten (10) questions. Numbers 1,5,6 10 are under the

classification of classroom performance, numbes 7 and 9 are under the classification of social

skills, and numbers 2,3,4 and 8 are under the classification of self-acceptance. Lastly, the

section "Social Media" contain ten (10) statements, numbers 1-10 are all under the classification

of socia media addiction.

A four-point Likert scale wad administered in the survey (4=Strongly agree, 3= agree,

2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree) for the questionnaire. Participants were then instructed to

respond to their degree of agreement with the statements and questions contained in the

instrument. The questionnaire has two (2) sections: Self-esteem and Social media.

Sampling Procedure

The researchers utilize proportionate stratified sampling. The size of the sample strata is

related to the size of population strata, or in other words, the likelihood of selecting a unit from

the stratum is proportional to the relative size of that stratum in the population, according to the

Ipsos Encyclopedia (2016). A non-probability sampling technique called convenience sampling

involves choosing units for the sample, which is the easiest for the researcher to access

(Nikolopoulou,2022).

The respondents will be selected from the two blocks of Senior High School Department

in Gingoog City Colleges; Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics. To determine the

ideal sample size, the researchers will be using Slovin’s Formula.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Data Gathering Procedure

The primary data collection method is a questionnaires, which will be distributed to the

selected students at Gingoog City Colleges by researchers. Thereafter, questionnaires will be

collected and the responses will be tallied and further summarized in order to avoid having

fragmented data and for the researchers to feel comfortable making their own run

interpretations that would contribute to the answer they were looking for. The following

procedures were followed to collect the needed data for this study: First, the researchers

approached the principal and asked for the respondents consent to conduct the study.

Researchers secured permission from the school administrators and then the selected

respondents were asked for their consent prior to the conduct of the survey. The data were

tallied and arranged by the researchers.

Scoring Procedure

The researchers will make use of 4 Likert-scale throughout the questionnaire, it will

measured the two (2) sections of the questionnaire such as the Levels of Self-esteem, and

Social media usage of the respondents of this study.

To interpret the raw data gathered from the respondents of this study, the following

4Likert-scale will be used to measure the level of self-esteem and social media usage:

Point Scale Description

4 3.26 – 4.00 STRONGLY AGREE

3 2.51 – 3.25 AGREE

2 1.76 – 2.50 DISAGREE

1 1.00 – 1.75 STRONGLY DISAGREE

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

After the distribution and retrieval of the questionnaire from the respondents, the data

will be tabulated, collated and analysed using the following scale:

LEVEL OF SELF- ESTEEM

Each item on the questionnaire is rated on a four-point likert scale ranging from

(Strongly Agree) to 1 (Strongly Disagree). Total scores of the scale range from 10 to 40 with

higher scores indicate higher level of self-esteem.

SCORE RANGE DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

4 3.26 – 4.00 STRONGLY AGREE EXCEPTIONALLY

CONFIDENT

3 2.51 – 3.25 AGREE VERY CONFIDENT

2 1.76 – 2.50 DISAGREE SLIGHTLY CONFIDENT

1 1.00 – 1.75 STRONGLY DISAGREE NO CONFIDENCE AT

ALL

SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE

Each item on the questionnaire is rated on a four-point likert scale ranging from

4(Strongly Agree)to 1 (Strongly Disagree). Total scores of the scale range from 10 to 40

with higher scores indicate higher level of social media usage.

SCORE RANGE DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

4 3.26 – 4.00 STRONGLY AGREE AN EXTREME SOCIAL

MEDIA ENTHUSIAST
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

3 2.51 – 3.25 AGREE SOCIAL MEDIA

ENTHUSIAST

2 1.76 – 2.50 DISAGREE NON-FAN OF SOCIAL

MEDIA

1 1.00 – 1.75 STRONGLY DISAGREE NO INTEREST AT ALL

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use percentages, mean, averages, and standard deviations to

characterize the demographic profile of the respondents in order to evaluate the data they have

collected. A variety of techniques will be used in analyzing the collected data.

In problem #1, frequency will be used to determine the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of sex. In problem #2, descriptive statistics will be used to identify how the

respondents asses their level of self-esteem in terms of classroom behavior, social skills and

self-acceptance. In problem #3, descriptive will be used to know how the respondents perceived

social media usage in terms of social media addiction. In problems #4, average and percentage

will be used to determine if there is a significant difference between self-esteem when grouped

according to demographic profile. Lastly, in problem #5, descriptive statistics will be used to

distinguish if there is a significant relationship between social media usage and self-esteem.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS, DISCUSSION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data in tabular presentation, discussion and
interpretation of findings based on the results of the statistical treatment applied. The
data are organized in sequential order based on the statement of the problem in
Chapter 1.

Problem 1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex

The demographic profile of the respondents is presented in Tables 5 to 8 which

included sex.

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 36 39.0%
Female 56 61.0%
Total 92 100.0%
Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Table 1 presents the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of sex. The frequency and

percentage distribution of the respondents’ profile in terms of sex is shown in the table above.

There are 36 (39.0%) males and 56 (61.0%) females, with an overall of 92 respondents.

This data has shown a higher percentage of females than males among the

respondents’ who participated. Data from the private schools’ enrolment in the school’s division

where these respondents belonged has shown that for school year 2022-2023 there were a total

of 134 males enrolled in the grade eleven (11) senior high school department while there were

157 females. Thus this implies that if the respondents of this study were taken from any or all of

the private schools the percentage distribution will likely be the same.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Further, this meant that any research conducted with private school students as

respondents for the particular school year would similarly yield the same percentage profile in

terms of sex.

Sex Frequency Percentage

Males 18 50.0%

Females 28 50.0%

Total 46 `50.0%

Table 2. Respondents from 11 STEM Block A

Sex Frequency Percentage

Males 18 50.0%

Females 28 50.0%

Total 46 50.0%

Table 3. Respondents from 11 STEM Block B

Table 2 to 3 will present the block of the respondents. Among the 92 respondents in
this study, 46 are from 11 STEM block A and 46 are from 11 STEM block B

The frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents profiles in terms of sex is
shown in the table above. The frequency of the grade eleven (11) STEM A is 18 in males with a
percentage of 50.0% and 28 in females with a percentage of 50.0%. Additionally, the grade
eleven (11) STEM B has a frequency of 28 for females and 18 for males, both with a percentage
of 50.0%.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Problem 2. How do students assess their Levels of Self-esteem?

Problem 2 determined the respondents’ level of Self-esteem. The researcher used the

adapted and utilized questionnaire from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (ROSESBURGSES)

by Morris Rosenberg has it pursued to assess the impact and relationship between the Levels

of Self-esteem of the respondents to the Social media usage.

Statements Mean Interpretation

1. Pressure is good for me. 2.36 Not Confident

2. I have so much self-respect. 3.09 Very Confident

3. I am satisfied with myself. 2.78 Very Confident

4. I take a positive attitude toward myself. 3.06 Very Confident

5. I have participated in many contests at 2.4 Not Confident

school.
6. I am as good as other students can be at 2.57 Very Confident
school.
7. I like posting on social media. 2.49 Not Confident

8. I am a person of worth. 3.19 Very Confident

9. I can work well at group activities. 3.00 Very Confident

10. I enjoy oral recitations in front of the whole 2.7 Very Confident
class.
Overall Mean 2.76 Very Confident

Table 4. Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Levels of Self-esteem

Table 4 presents the respondents’ Levels of Self-esteem. They were asked to rate ten (10)
statements that constitutes ten(10) statements on a likert scale of one to four.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

The respondents agreed seven (7) of the statements (items no.2,3,4,6,8,9,10) and
disagreed 3 of the statements(items no. 1,5 &7). Respondents that have shown agreements to
the statements indicates a high level of self-esteem whereas respondents that have shown
disagreements indicates a low level of self-esteem. From the presented table, statement #8 got
the highest mean with a total mean of 3.19. The statement states, “I am a person of worth”. The
statement #1, “pressure is good for me”, got the lowest mean with a total mean of 2.36. The
overall mean is 2.76 which indicates that the overall level of self-esteem among the Grade 11
STEM students is very high.

Students that view themselves as worthy individuals have a high level of self-esteem. As
what (Rosenberg, 1965) claimed, self-esteem is a fundamental component of healthy
development from childhood through adulthood. It can be generally defined as an individual’s
overall sense of self-worth or how good they feel about themselves. On the other hand, students
who can’t handle pressure well have a low level of self-esteem.). Negative effects of pressure
include lower self-esteem, increased failure rate, mental effects such as depression, stress,
anxiety and substance abuse (Patel, Fisher & McGorry, 2007).

Problem 3. How student perceived social media usage in terms of:

3.1 Social media addiction

The problem 3 will determined the respondent’s Social Media Usage in terms of their social

media addiction.

Statements Mean Interpretation

1. I often browse on social media during 2.11 Non-Fan of Social Media
classes.
2. I often find myself using social media 2.83 Social Media Enthusiast
longer than intended.
3. I get irritated when someone interrupts me 2.25 Non-Fan of Social Media
while I'm using social media.
4. I am always preoccupied with social 2.31 Non-Fan of Social Media
media.
5. I prefer staying at home to browse on 2.58 Social Media Enthusiast
social media rather than going out.
6. I often spend all my leisure time on social 2.36 Non-Fan of Social Media
media.

7. I often stay up late because of social 2.69 Social Media Enthusiast

media.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

8. I procrastinate most of the time because 2.44 Social Media Enthusiast

of social media.
9. I find life boring without social media. 2.75 Social Media Enthusiast

2.11 Non-Fan of Social Media

10. I can't live without social media.

Overall Mean 2.44 Non-Fan of Social Media

Table 5. Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Social Media Usage (ALL MALES)

Table 5 will present the level of the respondents from the grade eleven (11) STEM Males.
They were asked to rate ten (10) statements on the scale of one (1) to four (4).

SCORE RANGE DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

4 3.26 – 4.00 STRONGLY AGREE AN EXTREME SOCIAL MEDIA

ENTHUSIAST

3 2.51 – 3.25 AGREE SOCIAL MEDIA ENTHUSIAST

2 1.76 – 2.50 DISAGREE NON-FAN OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1 1.00 – 1.75 STRONGLY DISAGREE NO INTEREST AT ALL

The respondents agreed of five (5) of the statements (items no.2,5,7,8,9,) and disagreed
five (5) of the added statements(item no. 1, 3,4, 6 & 10). Respondents that have shown
agreements to the statements indicate an extreme use of social media whereas respondents
that have shown disagreements indicate having no interest at all towards social media. From
the presented table, statement #2 got the highest mean with a total mean of 2.8, the statement
states, “I often find myself using social media longer than intended”. The statement #1, “I often
browse on social media during classes”, got the lowest mean with a total mean of 2.1. The
overall mean is 2.49 which indicate that the social media usage of the Grade 11 male STEM
students is low and they are non-fan of social media.

Social media can consume one's time more than intended, it often leads to social media
addiction. When the use of social networks is managed poorly, they can have negative
consequences at the individual and social levels. Social networking addiction is one of the
consequences that many social network users may experience (Cecilie Schou & Stale Pallesen,
2014). Thus the extensive use of social networks is a new form of soft addiction .

An extreme use of social media can make students to neglect responsibilities, such as
school work, in order to use social media. This finding means that, an increase in the excessive
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

use of social networks decreases academic performance. Based on the theory of behavioral
explanation, a person enters social networks for rewards such as escaping reality and
entertainment (Young KS & Rogers RC, 1998).

Statements Mean Interpretation

1. I often browse on social media during 2.01 Non-Fan of Social Media
classes.
2. I often find myself using social media 2.84 Social Media Enthusiast
longer than intended.
3. I get irritated when someone interrupts me 2.39 Non-Fan of Social Media
while I'm using social media.
4. I am always preoccupied with social media. 2.41 Non-Fan of Social Media

5. I prefer staying at home to browse on social 2.67 Social Media Enthusiast

media rather than going out.
6. I often spend all my leisure time on social 2.58 Social Media Enthusiast
media.
7. I often stay up late because of social media. 2.75 Social Media Enthusiast

8. I procrastinate most of the time because of 2.91 Social Media Enthusiast

social media.
9. I find life boring without social media. 3.01 Social Media Enthusiast

2.23 Non-Fan of Social Media

10. I can't live without social media.
Overall Mean 2.58 Social Media Enthusiast

Table 6. Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Social Media Usage (ALL FEMALES)

Table 6 will present the level of the respondents from the grade eleven (11) STEM
Females. They were asked to rate ten (10) statements on the scale of one (1) to four (4).

SCORE RANGE DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

4 3.26 – 4.00 STRONGLY AGREE AN EXTREME SOCIAL MEDIA

ENTHUSIAST

3 2.51 – 3.25 AGREE SOCIAL MEDIA ENTHUSIAST

2 1.76 – 2.50 DISAGREE NON-FAN OF SOCIAL MEDIA

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

1 1.00 – 1.75 STRONGLY DISAGREE NO INTEREST AT ALL

The respondents agreed with six (6) of the statements (items no. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9).
The respondents disagreed on the three (3) statements (items no. 1, 3, and 10), while
they strongly agreed on statement no. 4. The statement no. 4 got the highest mean of
3.33, which states that “I am always preoccupied with social media." The statement #1,
"I often browse on social media during classes," got the lowest mean with a total mean
of 2.07. The overall mean is 2.55, which indicates that the overall social media usage
among the Grade 11 STEM students is relatively low.

Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of

the most harmful elements of society, students spend a large amount of time on social
media. According to Pantic (2014), social networking sites, particularly Facebook, are
likely to distract you and also cause anxiety, sadness, psychotic disorders, and low self-
esteem. It has been noted that social media has various detrimental effects on people
based on changes in their behavior. In contrast, students don't typically browse during
lectures. Social media usage habits are changing and evolving quickly, impacting young
people's studies. (Lee, Lee, and Kwon, 2011).
Interpretation Frequency Percentage
An Extreme Social Media 5 5.43 %
Enthusiast
Social Media Enthusiast 42 45.65%
Non-Fan of Social Media 41 44.57%
No Interest At All 4 4.35%
Total 92 100%

Table 7. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in their Social Media

Interpretations
Self-Esteem Frequency Percentage Social Frequency Percentage
Media
Exceptionally 16 17.39% An Extreme 5 5.43%
Confident Social Media
Enthusiast
Very Confident 50 54.35% Social Media 42 45.65%
Enthusiast
Slightly Confident 24 26.09% Non-Fan of 41 44.57%
Social Media
No Confidence At All 2 2.17% No Interest At 4 4.35%
All
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Total 92 100% 92 100%

Table 8. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in their Levels of Self-esteem and
Social Media Usage Interpretation
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of this research, major findings of the study

and conclusions that were drawn from the gathered data of the researchers. The

recommendations for future research related to this study were also provided.

Summary

This study focused on the Sex Differences in Social media usage and correlates to

the Levels of Self-esteem among Grade 11-STEM students of Gingoog City Colleges, Inc.

The study was conducted at Gingoog City Colleges (GCC), Paz Village Brgy. 24-A, Macopa

St, Zip code 9014, in the school year 2022-2023. The respondents are Senior High School

students from the strand of Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM). The

researcher used ninety-two (92) respondents which are composed of males and females. A

descriptive-correlational design was used in this study in order to focus on the present

condition to determine how one variable relates to the other.

The researcher personally administered the distribution of the questionnaires during

the available time for the students so that their classes will not be disturbed. The researcher

used the adapted and utilized questionnaire from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

(ROSESBURGSES) by Morris Rosenberg as it pursued to assess the impact and

relationship between the Levels of Self-esteem of the respondents to Social media usage.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

The adapted and utilized questionnaire has been done through the Likert Scale.

After gathering all the data needed, the researchers carefully tallied and arrange the data.

In this gathered data, the researchers found that social media has no negative

impact on sex, however, it has an impact on the levels of self-esteem of Senior High School

Students of Gingoog City Colleges. Studies revealed that students engage in social media

but it generates problems in their Levels of Self-esteem. The respondents have a good rate

of their levels of self-esteem they are identified as "Very Confident" overall. However, they

are considered as "Non-Fan in Social Media". This result showed that the respondents are

Confident within themselves privately but they are not into Social Media.

Based on the gathered and interpreted data the researchers came up with the

following findings presented in accordance with the research questions formulated in the

statement of the problem.

1. The researchers found that there are 39.0% males and 61.0% females. This

shows that there are more female students than male students who participated in this

study.

2. On the levels of their self-esteem, The respondents agreed with seven (7) of the

statements (items no.2,3,4,6,8,9,10) and disagreed with 3 of the statements(items no. 1,5

&7). Respondents that have shown agreement with the statements indicate a high level of

self-esteem whereas respondents that have shown disagreements indicate a low level of

self-esteem. From the presented table, statement #8 got the highest mean with a total mean

of 3.19. The statement states, “I am a person of worth”. Statement #1, “pressure is good for

me”, got the lowest mean with a total mean of 2.36. The overall mean is 2.76 which
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

indicates that the overall level of self-esteem among the Grade 11 STEM students is very

high. Students that view themselves as worthy individuals have a high level of self-esteem.

3. Respondents that have shown agreement with the statements indicate an extreme

use of social media whereas respondents that have shown disagreements indicate having

no interest at all in social media. From the presented table, statement #2 got the highest

mean with a total mean of 2.8, the statement states, “I often find myself using social media

longer than intended”. Statement #1, “I often browse on social media during classes”, got

the lowest mean with a total mean of 2.1. The overall mean is 2.49 which indicates that the

social media usage of Grade 11 male STEM students is low and they are non-fan of social

media.

4. Based on our findings, the study's initial premise was verified, and a statistically

significant relationship between social media use and self-esteem was discovered. In this

regard, we discovered that the average amount of social media use among male students

was significantly lower than that of female students. The total mean of Grade 11 STEM

female students is 2.55, indicating that they are frequent users of social media, while Grade

11 STEM male students received a total mean of 2.48, indicating that they are not. The

overall mean for STEM students in Grade 11 is 2.76, and they are very confident. So, yes,

there is a strong connection between self-esteem and social media.

5. Prior studies present that women tend to define themselves more through the

strengths of their social ties, networks, and relationship compared to males (Boneva et al.,

2001; Facebook, 2013; Park and Lee,2014). Korkut (2005) argues that females have more
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

positive communication skills because females are more social compared to males. Some

studies have shown that there are gender differences relating to privacy settings and

protection; and the perception of privacy protection relating to Facebook usage is higher for

females compared to males (Grubbs and Milne, 2010; Special and Li-Barber).

Conclusion

On the basis of foregoing analysis, the following conclusions are developed and presented:

1. The result of the study shows that female respondents are more engaged in social media

than male respondents. This has shown that there is a significant difference in the student’s

social media usage when grouped according to their demographic profile. Therefore, we reject

our null hypothesis one (1) and accept our alternative hypothesis one (1).

2. The respondents indicated that using social media has been challenging for them, particularly

for those who are just a little bit self-esteem, and felt uneasy expressing themselves in internet

forums. Social media was helpful to some respondents and burdensome to others; some

respondents feel unmotivated, which causes them to delay frequently. However, other people

think it's beneficial since it helps them perform better in class and get better scores.

3. It will be useful to have statistics with which to examine this relationship because the

number of social media platforms available to students keeps growing and the methods

by which they can communicate on these platforms keep expanding. The respondents

deal with situations and integrate into the system in their unique ways. They developed

new ideas and put aside all outside distractions to keep their attention on themselves.

Their approach to time management included seeking out the positive aspects of social

media usage that would boost their levels of self-esteem.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Recommendations

Based on the findings and implications of the study, the following recommendations were

drawn:

First, to future researchers, the present researchers of the study suggest improving the

scope and limitation of the study to collect more data and get more reliable and accurate results.

Second, the Grade 11 STEM students are warier with how they spend their time on

social media.

Third, parents to keep a check on their children. They should observe the effects of

these sites on their children and accordingly limit the time their children spend on such social

networking sites. Children should also be taken to workshops and awareness programs where

they should be guided about self-esteem, self-recognition, self-actualization, and self-

confidence.

Fourth, the teachers raise the morale of students and make them more confident in their

conduct.

Lastly, for institutions, campaigns must be held to raise awareness among people

regarding the negative repercussions of social networking sites.

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

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 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Gingoog City Colleges

Gingoog City
Practical Research 2

Consent to take part in research

SEX DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND CORRELATES ON THE LEVELS OF

SELF-ESTEEM AMONG GRADE 11- STEM STUDENTS

I voluntarily agree to participate in this

research
study.
I understand that even if I agree to participate now, I can withdraw at any time or refuse
to answer any question without any consequences of any kind.

I have had the purpose and nature of the study explained to me in writing and I have
had the opportunity to ask questions about the study.

I understand that I will not benefit directly from participating in this research. I agree to
my interview being audio-recorded.

I understand that all information I provide for this study will be treated confidentially.

I understand that in any report on the results of this research my identity will remain
anonymous. This will be done by changing my name and disguising any details of my interview
which may reveal my identity or the identity of people I speak about.

I understand that disguised extracts from my interview may be quoted in the research
paper.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

I understand that if I inform the researcher that I or someone else is at risk of harm they
may have to report this to the relevant authorities - they will discuss this with me first but may be
required to report with or without my permission.

I understand that signed consent forms and original audio recordings and transcript of
my interview in which all identifying information will be retained I understand that under freedom
of information legalization I am entitled to access the information I have provided at any time
while it is in storage as specified above.

I understand that I am free to contact any of the people involved in the research to seek
further clarification and information.

Signature of research participant Date

We believe the participant is giving informed consent to participate in this study.

Sincerely yours,
Mikyla Grace H. Fabrigas
Princess Shayne C. Bangot
Sarah Mae S. Acierto
Researchers

Signature of researcher Date

Signature of researcher Date

 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

Signature of researcher Date

Name:
Sex:
Grade & Section:
Set ( A or B):

LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM QUESTIONNAIRE

STRONGLY AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY

AGREE (3) (2) DISAGREE
(4) (1)
Pressure is good
for me.
I have so much
self-respect.

I am satisfied
with myself.
I take a positive
attitude toward
myself.

I have
participated in
many contests
at shool.

I am as good as
other students
can be at
school.
I like posting on
social media.

I am a person of
worth.
I can work well
at group
activities.
I enjoy oral
recitations in
front of the
whole class.
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (ROSESBURGSES) by Morris Rosenberg
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE QUESTIONNAIRE

STRONGLY AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY
AGREE (3) (2) DISAGREE
(4) (1)
I often browse on
social media during
classes.

I often find myself

using social media
longer than
intended.

I get irritated when

someone interrupts
me while I'm using
social media.

I am always
preoccupied with
social media.

I prefer staying at
home to browse on
social media rather
than going out.

I often spend all my

leisure time on
social media.

I often stay up late

because of social
media.

I procrastinate most
of the time because
of social media.
I find life boring
without social media.
 Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level

I can't live without

social media.

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT

This study is to certify that the research instruments of MIKYLA GRACE

FABRIGAS, PRINCESS SHAYNE BANGOT, and SARAH MAE ACIERTO for their
study

“SEX DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AND CORRELATES ON THE

LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG GRADE 11 STEM STUDENTS”

Level of Self-esteem Reliable

Social media usage Reliable

JOEVANNIE B. ACERA, LPT

DATA ANALYST
Gingoog City Colleges - Senior High School Level