BUTUAN DOCTORS’ COLLEGE

J.C. Aquino Avenue, Butuan City

Department of Nursing

In partial fulfillment of NCM 104,

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Libertad Light and Life Learning Center

Presented to:
ELIZABETH R. CABALLERO, RN,MN
Clinical Instructor

Presented by:
Jarriana B. Alfon
Cyrel M. Altizo
Jessica Mae A. Anub
Crystal Mae Asistido
Jeneve M. Bacala
Princess Shayne C. Bangot
Shane Lhynard D. Bilbao
Jeelou Sibaton
Lance T. Tuburan
King Rey S. Tuyor
Dj Sym Andrei Tuozo
Ma. Veniz Mei Villegas
 INTRODUCTION

Physical growth and development are intertwined processes that occur throughout
childhood, shaping a child’s physical, cognitive, emotional, and social capacities. Growth
refers to the increase in size, height, and weight, while development involves the acquisition
of skills and abilities essential for engaging with the world. Children progress through
significant milestones during their early years, such as walking and talking, which are
influenced by factors like genetics, nutrition, and health. This analysis explores these stages
of growth and development, offering a comparative look at two 5-year-old male Filipino
children, Child Z and another child, both from Butuan City and studying at Libertad Light
and Life Learning Center.

Physical growth is a key indicator of a child's health and is shaped by genetic

predisposition and nutrition. Both Child Z and the other child are within normal height and
weight ranges for their age, based on physical assessments. Child Z, however, has been
found to have dental caries, which could impact his overall health if left unaddressed,
particularly through its effects on eating habits and nutrition. Addressing these issues
promptly can prevent long-term consequences for Child Z's physical development. Aside
from this, both children display healthy physical growth patterns.

In terms of development, both children meet most milestones appropriate for their
age, though they differ in social and emotional aspects. Child Z is described as an outgoing
and curious child who completes tasks efficiently and interacts well with peers. In contrast,
the other child is more reserved and shows delays in language and socialization skills.
These differences could be attributed to individual personality traits, family dynamics, or
varying social experiences. While both children are progressing, Child Z appears to have
stronger emotional and social adaptability, thriving in group activities and demonstrating
self-confidence.

The neurological assessments of both children further highlight their developmental

differences. Child Z excels in cognitive abilities, language development, and motor skills,
showing an eagerness to learn and engage in problem-solving. On the other hand, the other
child faces challenges with self-expression and processing information, indicating a possible
need for early intervention or additional support. These findings underscore the importance
of individualized assessments to address developmental delays and foster improvement in
areas where a child may be struggling.

In conclusion, while Child Z and the other child both demonstrate healthy physical
growth and are generally meeting developmental milestones, their differences in social
skills, emotional development, and cognitive abilities highlight the need for tailored care.
Physical growth and development are influenced by various factors, and understanding
these processes is crucial for ensuring a child's overall well-being. By recognizing individual
developmental trajectories and addressing specific needs, caregivers and professionals can
provide the appropriate support to optimize each child's growth and development.
 I. IDENTIFYING INFORMATION

CHILD Z
AGE 5
MENTAL AGE 5
BIRTHPLACE Butuan City
GENDER Male
RELIGION Roman Catholic
NATIONALITY Filipino
CITY Libertad, Butuan City
ADDRESS
SCHOOL Libertad Light and life Learning Center
INFORMANT Parents

II. CURRENT ASSESSMENT

A. PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS
NORMAL CHILD CHILD Z NURSING IMPLICATION
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Temperature 36-38°C 33.7°C The child's temperature was not
 in a normal range due to the
temperature of their room.
Pulse Rate 80-120 beats/min. 108 Both Children’s Pulse Rates are
beats/min. within normal range.
Respiration 22-34 breaths/min. 26 breaths/ The child's respiration is within
min. normal range.
Blood Pressure 80-110/50-80 100/65 The child's blood pressure is
mmHg mmHg within normal range.
HEAD TO TOE ASSESSMENT
BODY PART NORMAL CHILD CHILD Z NURSING IMPLICATION
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Head Normocephalic with It is The child's head is round and
smooth skull symmetrical, symmetrical..
contour; absence of round, and
lumps; and free of
symmetric facial lesions.
movements
Hair Color and length Hair is The child has evenly distributed
varies in race and normal, thick hair and no signs of parasite
gender; fine and and black in infestation.
evenly distributed; color.
no manifestation of
lice.
Eyes No discharge; lids There are no The child's eyes are normal.
close symmetrically; lesions, no Perrla assessments are normal.
Sclera is white; signs of
Conjunctiva is shiny bulging and
and pink or red; no the pupils
edema over lacrimal respond
gland; Pupil equally to
constricts upon light and
reaction to light. accommodati
ons.

Nose Nose is symmetric The nasal The child's nose is normal and
and straight; no septum is not breathes clearly through the
discharge or flaring; punctured nostrils without problems.
air moves freely as and is
the client breathes straight. The
through the nares. airways are
clear and
free from
discharges.
Mouth & Throat Lips are pink, soft Lips are The child has dental cavities,
and moist; have 20 damp free of indicating the need to brush
deciduous teeth; lumps, more often.
gums are pink with ulcers, and
no signs of cracks.
bleeding. Smooth and
pink gums.
There are
dental caries.
swallows
 without any
trouble.
Ears Color same as facial It is The child's ears are normal and
skin; symmetric symmetrical, symmetrical. No presence of
position; pinna equal in size, discharges.
recoils after it is and free of
folded; normal voice discharges.
tones audible.
Neck Muscles equal in Motion range The child’s neck is normal. No
size; head-centered is normal. deformities or unusualities
with coordinated, Not a single present.
smooth movements deformity or
with no discomfort; abnormal
lymph nodes not veins.
palpable; trachea is
in mid position.
Chest Full and symmetric It glides The child's chest is normal.
chest expansion; smoothly, is
skin intact; no symmetrical,
tenderness and and is free of
masses present. lumps,
lesions, and
soreness.
The
measuremen
t of the
child's chest
is 27 cm.
Lungs No crackling There's no The child has healthy lungs and
sounds; respiratory breathing no presence of abnormal
rate and rhythm are impediment. sounds.
 regular; eupnea Wheezing
and crackles
are not
present.
Lung noise is
typical.
Heart Normal heart rate is Heart rate of The child has a normal heart
80 to 120 beats/ the child is rate range.
min. with a regular normal. (108
rhythm. bpm)
Abdomen Prominent abdomen Absence of The child has no abnormality in
(rounded); symptoms the abdomen area.
symmetric contour; such as
relaxed with discomfort,
smooth, consistent sores,
tension; and no rashes, or
rashes and lesions distention.
The child's
abdomen
measures 24
cm.
Back No lumps or There are no The child has no signs of
deformities; uniform lumps or deformities at their backs.
in color; erect deformities
position, cervi-cal is present, and
concave, thoracic is bending back
convex, lumbar is is pain-free.
concave.
Upper Extremities Muscles are equal Both its The child's upper extremities
in size with smooth length and are in normal condition. No
coordinated color are signs of tenderness or
 movements; symmetrical. inflammations.
normally firm and It feels humid
equal strength on and warm to
each body side; full the touch. No
ROM; able to flex deformities
and extend arm; no was
swelling, observed.
deformities, and
tenderness.
Lower Extremities Muscles are equal Both its The child's lower extremities are
in size with smooth length and in normal condition and have no
coordinated color are problems in functioning.
movements; symmetrical.
normally firm and It feels warm
equal strength on and damp to
each body side; full the touch. No
ROM; able to flex indications of
and extend leg; no abnormalities
swelling, .
deformities, and
tenderness.
Genitalia Skin is intact with no Not
signs of assessed
inflammation;
smooth and semi
firm.
Anus Skin is normally Not
pigmented, moister assessed
than perineal skin.

B. NEUROLOGIC
 NORMAL CHILD CHILD Z NURSING IMPLICATION
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Behavior A child this age is The child is actively The child is eager to learn and
headstrong and responding and directly capable of doing tasks on his
negativistic, answers the activities own.
active, mobile, assigned by the
curious and has a teacher even though
distinct decrease the instructions has not
in appetite. yet given by the
teacher
Motor Function All joints are able The child doesn't need The child has shown
to move and assistance with tasks coordinated motor functions.
function given by the teacher.
effectively without
any discomfort.
Reflexes Reflexes respond The child reacts quickly The child's reflexes are intact
to stimuli to pain, such as when and in normal condition.
appropriately. his hand is pinched. His
reflexes are intact
Sensory Function A child is able to The child’s ability to The child has normal sensory
see, smell, hear, sense and react to functions to different stimuli.
taste, and feel stimuli seems intact, as
effectively. he feels pain
immediately when his
hand is pinched. able to
see and hear clearly
afar.
 C. DEVELOPMENTAL

NORMAL CHILD CHILD Z NURSING IMPLICATION

GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Gross Motor Skill Able to walk, run, The child can run The child has good gross motor
jump, climb, smoothly, stand on skills.
crawl and throw, one foot for 10
and has good seconds and can do
balance. longer hops, can do
swings.
Fine Motor Skill Able to hold The child can The child is well developed
crayons and manage buttons, indicating independence on
pencils. Able to paper folding, can simple tasks.
trace shapes and draw faces, can
letters can copy shapes and
manipulate can open bags,
crayon to color. lunch boxes and
ziplock.

Language Skill Has no difficulty The child can The child is capable and
in speech and understand rhyming, confident in his language skills.
communication. engage in
conversation,
describe objects
and can use
imagination to tell
stories.

Personal Social A child becomes The child wants to The child displays good
Skill aware of gender please and be liked communication skills.
differences and by his friends and
may point to sometimes mean to
other children others. I Like to
and identify them communicate with
as “boy” or “girl”; others. Agree to
does not share rules most of the
toys and is found time, express likes
in how things fit and dislikes.
together.

III. PAST HISTORY

A. FEEDING HISTORY

First feeding started 12 hrs after birth

Method of feeding Breast feeding At birth - 6 months
Mixed feeding 7-8 months
Bottle feeding 9 months - 1 year
Type of Formula Promil
Amount and Frequency Assessed but the father
didn't know
Age of Weaning 2 yrs old
Age of supplemental feeding 1 yr old
Supplemental feeding Lugaw, Lawot and
consisted of: Cerelac
Vitamin Preparation None
Dose and Frequency None
Diet Restrictions No
Food Preferences Fried Chicken, Hotdog
and Nuggets
ALLERGIES
Food None
Medications None
Others None
B. HEALTH HISTORY

History of Hospitalization None

Immunization Complete
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Weight Assessed but the father
didn't know
Length (1 year) 18 cm
DENTITION
Age of onset of primary teeth 1 year
Age of eruption of first Assessed but the father
permanent teeth didn't know
PERSONAL NUMBER OF TEETH
Upper 6
Lower 8

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
Smile 2 months
Hold steady while sitting 3 months
Roll over 5 months
Sit with support 6 months
Sit unsupported 7 months
Stand alone 10 months
Utter first word with meaning 8 months
Stand with support 9 months
Talk in sentences 11 months
Walk alone 1 year old
Dress self 2 years old
Toilet training
Age: 1 years old
Approach to and attitude/s Not specified
Elimination Pattern
Stool: Number of times a day Twice a day
Time period of day Day & Night
Urination: Number of times a 3 times a day
day
Time period of day Morning, Afternoon &
Night
Bedwetting None
Sleeping Pattern
Time of sleep 09:00 pm
Time of waking up 6 am
Duration of nighttime sleep 8-10 hrs.
Nap 1pm
Habits: Behavior pattern
Nail biting None
Pica None
Thumb sucking None
Security blanket/toy/rituals None
Unusual movements
Head banging 4 months
Walking on toes 11 months
Over masturbation Not assessed
Other specify None
 FAMILY HISTORY
Child Z
Name Degree of Age Health Education Occupation
Relationship Status
Junmar Josol Father 42 Healthy College Barber
undergradu
ate
Charilyn Josol Mother 45 Healthy College Housewife
Level
Sam Josol Sister 13 Healthy High Student
School
Family Diseases and Congenital Anomalies: None

A. Personal/ Social History

Personal caretaker of child Parents

Food prepared by Mother
Sleeping arrangement available for the child Afternoon nap 1pm
Number of rooms in the house 3
Number of persons in the household 4
Cultural and religious practices None
Civil Status of parents Married
Source of drinking water Mineral Water
Healthcare practices Immediately went to clinics and hospitals
Where to consult Hospital/Physician/Health Clinics
Medications taken first OTC drugs
As prescribed by the physician
CONCERN AREAS EXPECTED/ CHILD Z NURSING IMPLICATION
NORMAL
BEHAVIORS
I.Physical Growth and Development
a. General Preschool age The child has a The child shows excellence in
Characteristics children most strong motor both growth and
often have skills,coordinate development.
smooth and d fine motor
strong motor skills and overall
skills. the child was
However, their well developed.
coordination
(especially eye-
hand),
endurance,
balance, and
physical abilities
vary. Fine
motor skills may
also vary
widely.
b. Height and 5-year old boys The child’s The child is healthy.
Weight have an height is 49.5
average height cm and weighs
over 18 kg.
of 42-46 inches
BMI=18.18
and weighs 38-
(Healthy)
45 lbs
Psychomotor Milestones
1. Gross Gain greater Along with The child shows an
control over having active and good motor skills.
large and fine adequate
 motor balance, the
movement; child can run,
movements are leap, walk,
more precise crawl, and
and deliberate, climb.
though some
clumsiness
may persist.
2. Fine By 5 years of The child is The child is capable and has good
age, children capable of fine motor skills.
are developed gripping a pencil
enough that and crayon and
hand using them
dominance is to color and
established and trace shapes
children can
print letters and
numbers.
II.Developmental Theories
a. Psycho-social During the Play The child can The child are able to display the
Development Age (3-5 complete Initiative vs. Guilt at their age.
(Erikson) years old) , tasks that are
children face the given to them,
task of Initiative and they
vs. Guilt. experience
Children begin shame
to experience if they are
the desire to unable to do so.
copy adults
around them
and take
 initiative in
creating play
situations.
b. Psycho-sexual Phallic Stage The child does The child was able to understand
Development (3-5 years old) understand the concept sexuality and identity.
(Freud) Third phase gender and
psychosexual
sexuality.
development
takes place
during this
stage. The libido
is active.
c. Cognitive Pre-operational The child can The child displays excel
Development (2-7 yrs. old) count 1 to 100 cognitive development for
(Piaget) Learns to use and more. his age.
language and to
represent
objects by
images and
words. Thinking
is still
egocentric: has
difficulty taking
the viewpoint of
others.
Classifies
objects by a
single
feature: groups
together all the
red
blocks
regardless of
shape or all the
 square blocks
regardless of
color
d. Moral Level 1 - Pre- The child does The child fully understands the
Development conventional not lack morals concept and abides with them.
morality and a personal
At the code.
preconventional
level (most nine-
year-old and
younger, some
over nine), we
don’t have a
personal code
of morality.
Instead, our
moral code is
shaped by the
standards of
adults and the
consequences
of following or
breaking their
rules.

Authority is
outside the
individual and
reasoning is
based on the
physical
 consequences
of actions.
III.Social Development
a. Play Children at this The child likes The child feeds their desires
age enjoys to interact and through plays and toys.
pretending to be play with his
different friends.
characters or
objects. Plays
well with others
and can
share toys. Can
run, jump,
climb, and throw
a ball. Can
draw simple
shapes, cut
paper, and
button and
unbutton clothes
b. Socialization Forms strong Child A lack of The child tend to have trouble
attachments to self- expressing himself with other or
peers. Learns to expression new people.
share and makes it tough
cooperate with for him to
others. socialize,
Expresses a especially new
wide range of to him. He has a
emotions, habit of taking
including anger, his peers
sadness, and snacks.
 joy.
c. School May experience The child is at The child doesn’t have
adjustment some ease in his separation anxiety from
separation environment parents and is able to adjust
anxiety from
and has with the school environment
parents.
thoroughly
Is eager to learn
adapted to his
and can
simple school. But
follow
directions. listen to his
Begins to teacher and not
understand be easily
social distracted.
rules and
expectations.
IV.Health Promotion
a. Fears Common fears The child can The child has a concept of
include being understand fear.
left what fear is.
alone and can
lead to wanting
company, even
if they are
playing by
themselves.
They worry
about things
that could harm
them. They may
still
struggle with
fears of the
 dark, as an
extension of
their growth as
a
separate being.
b. Temperament Temperament The child has a The child has a mature
varies greatly good temper, temperament
among he doesn't throw
children.
tantrums
Children's
whenever things
temperaments
are taken
tend to
remain relatively from him or

stable over time. doesn't gets

what he wants.
c. Communication Can speak Slightly The child tends to be more
clearly and use Incapable of reserved.
complex communicating
sentences.
and
Understands
expressing
most of what is
oneself because
said to
of a fear in
them,
and can express socializing. He
their needs and doesn’t have the
feelings habit of
verbally. repeating the
question being
asked in fact
once instruction
given, gets
already.
d. Discipline Responds well The child obeys The child lacks of focus tend
 to positive commands get him trouble in following
reinforcement and follows the rules, but has a sense of
and praise. directions, but discipline
Needs clear he struggles to
limits and focus and
boundaries. pay attention
Ability to follow throughout an
the set of rules. activity due to
his friends.
e. Nutrition and Needs a The child eats The child tend to be more of a
feeding balanced diet whatever is non-picky eater and eat healthy
with available or foods.
plenty of fruits, provided.
vegetables,
whole grains,
and lean
protein. May
become picky
eaters, but this
is normal.
Enjoy family
meals and can
help with table
setting.
f. Dental Health Should be able There are teeth The child indicates the need to
to brush their missing and brush often.
teeth with cavities in the
assistance. teeth
Limit
sugary drinks
and snacks
 g. Sleeping Needs around The child has a The child gets enough sleep from
pattern 11-13 hours of curfew in 9 the evening and their nap time.
sleep per night. o’clock and has
Benefits a sleep
from a hours of 8-10
consistent hrs
bedtime
routine. May
experience
occasional
nightmares
h. Bowel and Most children The child is The child is capable of managing
Bladder Control are potty capable of their bowel and bladder control.
trained by this managing his
age. May still bowel and
have occasional bladder.
accidents,
especially when
stressed or
excited.
i. Exercise Needs at least The child gets The child may be timid but still
60 minutes of slight exercise get enough exercise.
physical activity by playing with
per day. his seatmate
Enjoys playing and toys.
outside and
participating in
physical
activities.
V.Current Health The child needs The child has no The child has no illness
Problems to be in diseases or or diseases present.
 good health and illnesses.
free from
illnesses and
diseases.
VI.Child’s response The family must When child is in The child only seems uneasy
to hospitalization provide the whenever ill.
support to a hospital, they
school-age seem really
child while they uncomfortable
adjust to there.
their new
surroundings
and
learn how to
handle it
VII.Support System There must be a His The child have
support requirements supportive networks that
network of are met work well and help them
friends, family, and the boy both learn
and relatives. receives a lot of
support from his
friends and
family.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The assessment report of Child Z, a 5-year-old male, reveals that he is a healthy and
well-developed child. His physical growth and development are within the normal range,
with a height of 49.5 cm and weight of over 18 kg. His BMI is 18.18, indicating that he is
healthy.
 The child's cognitive development is also within the normal range, with an
understanding of language and the ability to count up to 100 and more. He displays
excellent cognitive development for his age.

The child's social development is also notable, with an ability to interact and play
with his friends, express a wide range of emotions, and form strong attachments to peers.
He is able to understand social rules and expectations and has thoroughly adapted to his
school environment.

The assessment report highlights several key areas of Child Z's development,
including physical growth and development, cognitive development, social development,
and health promotion.

Physically, Child Z is a healthy child with a normal height and weight for his age. His
BMI is within the healthy range, indicating that he is not underweight or overweight.

Cognitively, Child Z is able to understand language and count up to 100 and more.
His cognitive development is within the normal range for his age, indicating that he is
developing normally in this area.

Socially, Child Z is able to interact and play with his friends, express a wide range of
emotions, and form strong attachments to peers. He is also able to understand social rules
and expectations and has adapted well to his school environment.

In terms of health promotion, Child Z does not appear to have any major fears or
anxieties that may impact his overall well-being. However, it is important for parents and
caregivers to continue to provide a nurturing and supportive environment to help him
develop emotionally and socially.

Overall, the assessment report suggests that Child Z is a healthy and well-developed
child who is on track to meet his developmental milestones. With continued support and
care from parents and caregivers, he is likely to continue to develop normally in all areas of
his life.