NAME: _________________________
DATE: _________________________
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642– 2 AP Calculus: Unit 5 – The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part 1) illustrated using the function f t t .
A. Determine the area under f t t on 0, 5 using both the graph and calculus.
f(t)
6
–2 2 4 6 t
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642– 2
–2
B. Determine the area under f t t on 0, x using both the graph and calculus.
f(t)
6
–2 2 4 6 t
–2
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642– 2
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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C. Determine the area under f t t on 1, x using both the graph and calculus.
f(t)
6
–2 2 4 6 t
864214– 2
10
12
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–2
D. Both f and g have been graphed on the interval 0, 5 below.
(a) What do you notice about g 5 ? What is the relationship between g and f.
(b) If g 0 2 , then determine the function g x and sketch it on the graph.
f(t)
14
12
10
–2 2 4 6 t
–2
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
Page 3 of 8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1
If f is continuous on a, b , then the function g is defined by
g x f t dt
x
a xb
a
g is continuous on a, b and differentiable on a, b , and g x f x .
Notes:
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes the connection between differentiation
and integration as inverse processes.
g x depends on x, the upper limit.
f t dt
x
If x is a number, is a number
a
f t dt varies and defines a function
x
If x varies, then
a
If g is defined as the integral of f, then g is the antiderivative of f.
g x f t dt can be considered the area under f from a to x where a x b . g x is
x
known as the “area accumulator function”.
E. Exploring the Fundamental Theorem Using Desmos
g x 3t 2 dt .
x
Given: 0
(Note that g x will change in this question.)
(a) Input 𝑔(𝑥) into desmos.
(b) 𝑔(𝑥) should look familiar. Write 𝑔(𝑥) in a more ‘traditional’ manner. Verify your answer by
graphing in desmos.
(c) Sketch the graph of g x 3t 2 dt (change 0 to 1). What do you notice?
x
Again, write 𝑔(𝑥) in a more ‘traditional’ manner
(d) If g 0 2 , then g x 2 3t 2 dt . Sketch g x . What do you notice?
x
Again, write 𝑔(𝑥) in a more ‘traditional’ manner
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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𝑑 𝑥
(e) Now, graph the function (∫ 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡) on the same set of axes.
𝑑𝑥 0
Do you recognize this function? What conclusions can you make?
(f) Adjust your window as shown, and sketch the graphs of g x 3t 2 dt and its derivative
2x
on the same set of axes.
Determine equations for both of these functions. What conclusions can you make?
PRACTICE
1. If the graph of f is shown in the adjacent diagram, y
and g x f t dt , then determine:
x
5
(a) g 4
4
(b) g 6
2
(c) g 8
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
2. A, B, and C represent the areas of the regions f t
shown in the figure, with A = 3, B = 2, and C = 4.
If g x f x and g 2 6 , then determine g 2
t
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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(2002 AB4(a))
Graph of f
3. The graph of the function f is shown below consists of two line segments.
Let g be the function given by: g x f t dt .
x
Determine:
(a) g 1
(b) g 1
(c) g 1.
4. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and the given conditions, determine g x .
(a) If f t 5t and a 0 (b) If f t t 3 and a 2 (c) If f t 3t 2 and a 1
5. Determine g x for each of the following functions.
(a) g x (b) g x
4x
x
1 2t dt 2 t 3 dt
0 1
et
g x
6 x2
(b) (c) g x
4 x3
3
sin t dt (d) 0 3
dt
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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6. (1997 AB5 – NO calculator)
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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Extension …
t2
7. The Fresnel function is defined as: S x sin
x
dt .
0
2
This function is named after French physicist Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827), who is famous
for his work in optics. This function first appeared in Fresnel’s theory of the diffraction of
light waves, but more recently it has been applied to the design of highways. It is interesting to
note that the function is defined in terms of an integral! However, many functions in physics,
chemistry and statistics are defined solely in this way. Answer the following using your
graphics calculator or desmos.
(a) Sketch S x on the closed interval 5, 5 with range 1, 1 .
(b) On the same set of axes, sketch S x and S x on the closed interval 1, 3 with range
1.5 ,1.5 .
(c) Determine S 1 and S 1 . Identify these values on the graphs.
(d) Compare the graphs of S x and S x . Do these two functions follow the relationships
between a function and its derivative? Using the graphs, describe an example of this.
(e) Determine an equation for S x .
AP Calculus Unit 5
FTC Part 1
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Yes they follow the function-derivative relationships. For example, the Fresnel
function increases from 0 to approximately 1.5 and the derivative function is
above x-axis on this interval.
x2
(e)
S x f x sin
2
