Project 1 : Soil moisture Detection

Aim of the Project:

To design and implement a simple soil moisture indicator circuit using a BC547 transistor,
which detects soil moisture levels through conductivity and provides a visual indication
using an LED.

Circuit Diagram:

List of Components and Recommended Footprints

Value /
S.No Component Recommended Footprint (for KiCad)
Type
470kΩ
1 R1 Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horizontal
resistor
LED
2 D1 LED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
(indicator)
Battery
holder
3 BT1 Battery:BAT_BS-7 (or as per specific battery holder used)
(single-
cell)
NPN
4 Q1 transistor Package_TO_SOT_THT:TO-92L_HandSolder
— BC547
Generic
5 J1 connector Connector_Molex:Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
01x02
Working Principle of the Soil Moisture Indicator Circuit
The circuit detects soil moisture using the conductivity of the soil.
• When moist soil allows current through the soil probe and resistor (R1) to the base
(pin 2) of the transistor (BC547), the transistor switches ON.
• This allows current to flow from collector (pin 1) to emitter (pin 3), lighting up the
LED (D1).
• If the soil is dry, no current reaches the transistor’s base, so the transistor remains
OFF, and the LED stays off.
Observation:
• Moist soil → transistor ON → LED ON
• Dry soil → transistor OFF → LED OFF
Applications:
• Home and garden soil moisture monitoring
• Small-scale irrigation systems
• Greenhouse moisture indication

Conclusion:

The soil moisture indicator circuit using a BC547 transistor detects moisture by
sensing conductivity between probes. When the soil is moist, the transistor turns on and
lights up the LED, providing a simple and cost-effective moisture detection solution.

Project 2- Rain Sensor

Aim

To design and implement a rain sensor indicator circuit using a BC547 transistor that
activates an LED and buzzer when rainwater is detected by the sensor.

Circuit Diagram:
Components List:

S.No Reference Component Value/Type Footprint

1 D1 LED Indicator LED_D3.0mm

Battery Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-
2 BT1 Battery connector
supply 02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical

3 BZ1 Buzzer 12x9.5 mm size Buzzer_12x9.5RM7.6

4 Q1 Transistor BC547 TO-92_HandSolder

Input connector for Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-

5 J1 Rain Sensor
rain sensing 02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical

Working Principle :
• The rain sensor completes the circuit when rainwater creates conductivity between
its terminals.
• This allows current to flow into the transistor’s base (pin 2), turning it on.
• As the transistor conducts, current flows from collector (pin 1) to emitter (pin 3),
activating the LED and buzzer to indicate rainfall.
Observation:
LED Buzzer
Condition
Status Status
No rain
OFF OFF
detected
Rain ON
ON
detected (buzzing)

Applications :
• Rain detection systems
• Automatic roof or window closures
• Water collection system activation
• Home weather alert devices

Conclusion :
The rain sensor circuit using a BC547 transistor successfully detects rain and provides an
audible and visual indication via a buzzer and LED, making it simple and reliable for weather-
based alerts.
 Project 3- Temperature Alarm Circuit

Aim

To design and implement a temperature-based alarm circuit using a thermistor and two
BC547 transistors, which triggers a buzzer when the temperature exceeds a preset
threshold.

Circuit Diagram:

Components List:

S.No Reference Component Value / Type Footprint

1 Q1, Q2 Transistors BC547 TO-92_HandSolder
Power source Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-
2 BT1 Battery
connector 02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
Alarm
3 BZ1 Buzzer Buzzer_12x9.5RM7.6
indication
10K
4 RV1 Potentiometer adjustable Potentiometer_Bourns_3296W_Vertical
resistor
Temperature
5 TH1 Thermistor C_Disc_D4.7mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
sensor

Working Principle :
• The thermistor changes its resistance with temperature.
• As temperature rises, the thermistor’s resistance decreases, increasing the voltage
at Q1’s base.
• Q1 switches on, which then triggers Q2, allowing current to flow through the buzzer.
• The buzzer sounds when the threshold temperature is reached, as adjusted by RV1
(potentiometer).
Observation:
Buzzer
Condition
Status
Temperature normal OFF
ON
Temperature high
(buzzing)

Applications :
• Over-temperature warning systems
• Home appliances safety alarms
• Electronic cooling system alerts
• Laboratory equipment monitoring

Conclusion :
The temperature alarm circuit using a thermistor and BC547 transistors works effectively,
activating a buzzer alarm when the temperature exceeds the set threshold, making it suitable for
simple temperature monitoring applications.
Project 4. IR-Based Fire Alert Circuit

Aim

To design and implement an IR-based object detection or proximity alert circuit using
BC547 transistor, which lights an LED and sounds a buzzer when IR signals are received.

Circuit Diagram:
Components List:

S.N Referenc Compone Value/Typ

Footprint
o e nt e
R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horiz
1 R1 Resistor 220Ω
ontal
IR sensor
(TSOP or IR
2 D1 IR Receiver LED_D5.0mm_IRBlack
photodiod
e)
Indicator
3 D2 LED LED_D3.0mm
LED
Sound
4 BZ1 Buzzer Buzzer_12x9.5RM7.6
indicator
5 Q1 Transistor BC547 TO-92L_HandSolder
Battery Battery
6 J1 Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
input connector

Working Principle:
• The IR receiver detects infrared signals reflected from an object.
• Its output triggers the transistor’s base, turning on Q1.
• This allows current through the buzzer and LED, both providing sound and visual
alerts.
Observation:
Condition LED (D2) Status Buzzer (BZ1) Status
No IR signal detected OFF OFF
IR signal detected (object nearby) ON ON (buzzing)
Applications:
• Obstacle detection systems
• Contactless alert indicators
• Proximity alarms for automation and robotics
• Entry detection systems
Conclusion :
The IR-based detection circuit using BC547 transistor effectively detects IR signals and
triggers an LED and buzzer, offering a simple and efficient proximity alert system for various
applications.

Project 5. Clap Switch Circuit

Aim
To design and implement a sound-activated indicator circuit using an LM555 timer,
microphone, and BC547 transistor to turn on an LED in response to sound.
Circuit Diagram:

Components List

S.N Referenc Compone Value/Typ

Footprint
o e nt e

LM555
1 U1 IC Timer (8- DIP-8_W7.62mm
pin DIP)
2 C1 Capacitor 10µF CP_Radial_D5.0mm_P2.50mm
R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horiz
3 R1 Resistor 47kΩ
ontal
4 R2 Resistor 1kΩ Same as above
5 R3 Resistor 100kΩ Same as above
6 R4 Resistor 220Ω Same as above
7 D1 LED Indicator LED_D3.0mm
Power
8 BT1 Battery supply Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
terminal
Condenser
Microphon
9 MK1 Microphon POM-2244P-C3310-2-R
e
e
10 Q1 Transistor BC547 TO-92L_HandSolder

Working Principle
• The microphone detects sound and sends a small signal to the transistor's base.
• The transistor amplifies the signal and triggers the IC555.
 • The IC555 outputs a pulse to turn on the LED, indicating the presence of sound.
Observation
Sound Condition LED Status
No sound detected OFF
Sound detected ON
Applications
• Clap-activated devices
• Sound-sensitive alarms
• Toys and decorative electronics
• Noise level monitoring indicators
Conclusion
The sound-activated circuit using an LM555 and BC547 successfully responds to sound
detected by a microphone, activating an LED indicator, making it ideal for simple sound-
based signaling applications.
Project 6. Water Level Indicator
Aim
To design and implement a water level indicator circuit using BC547 transistors, LEDs, and
a buzzer to display water levels and alert when the tank is full.
Circuit Diagram:
Components List

S.No Reference Component Value/Type Footprint

R1, R3,
1 Resistors 100Ω each R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horizontal
R4, R5
2 R2, R6, R7 Resistors 1kΩ each Same footprint as above
D1, D2, Indicator
3 LEDs LED_D3.0mm
D3 LEDs
Q1, Q2,
4 Transistors BC547 TO-92L_HandSolder
Q3, Q4
Power
5 BT1 Battery supply Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
connector
Audio
6 BZ1 Buzzer Buzzer_12x9.5RM7.6
indicator
4-pin
connector
Water level
7 J2 for water PinSocket_1x04_P2.54mm_Vertical
probes
level
sensing
Working Principle
• As the water level rises, conductivity between probe pins (J2) triggers transistor
bases.
• Each transistor turns on sequentially, lighting corresponding LEDs for each level.
• When the highest level is reached (Q4 triggered), the buzzer sounds to indicate the
tank is full.
Observation
Water Level LEDs Glowing Buzzer Status
Low (below J2 pin 2) No LED OFF
Medium (J2 pin 2 or 3 active) D1 or D2 ON OFF
Full (J2 pin 4 active) All LEDs ON, buzzer ON Buzzer ON
Applications
• Domestic water tank level indicators
• Industrial water tank monitoring
• Smart water management systems
• School or laboratory demonstration circuits
Conclusion
The water level indicator circuit using BC547 transistors effectively displays the current
water level using LEDs and activates a buzzer when the tank is full, providing a simple and
efficient solution for water level monitoring.
 Project 7: Fm Radio Circuit
Aim
To design and construct a simple FM radio receiver using two BC547 transistors, allowing
detection and audio output of FM signals.
Circuit Diagram:

Components List:
S.N Compone
Ref Value Footprint (Recommended)
o. nt
1 Q1, Q2 Transistor BC547 Package_TO_SOT_THT:TO-92_Inline or TO-92_HandSolder

Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24m
2 R1 Resistor 220kΩ
m_Horizontal
10pF –
Variable Capacitor_THT:C_Trimmer_Murata_TZC3 (or any variable
3 C1 100pF
Capacitor capacitor footprint)
Var
100nF or
suitable
4 C2 Capacitor coupling Capacitor_THT:C_Disc_D5.0mm_W2.5mm_P5.00mm
capacito
r
10 Turns Inductor_THT:L_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24m
5 L1 Inductor
Air Coil m_Horizontal or custom coil footprint

Wire Use connector footprint: Connector:Conn_01x01_Male or

6 AE1 Antenna
Antenna simple TestPoint

3V or 9V Connector:TerminalBlock_1x02_P5.08mm or Molex_KK-
7 BT1 Battery
battery 254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
 SPST/DP
8 SW1 Switch Switch:SW_DPST_x2
ST
Earphone
3.5 mm
9 LS1 connecto Connector:Jack_3.5mm or PinHeader_1x02_P2.54mm
jack
r
Earth
10 (Groun Ground - Default ground symbol (GND)
d)
Working Principle
• The antenna (AE1) receives FM signals.
• The tank circuit formed by L1 and variable capacitor C1 selects the desired
frequency.
• Q1 amplifies the RF signal, and Q2 acts as a detector and audio amplifier.
• Detected audio signals are passed through capacitor C2 to the earphone (LS1).
• The battery (BT1) powers the circuit via switch SW1.
Observation
Operation Condition Observation
Switch ON, tuning C1 Different stations can be tuned; audio heard in earphone.
No signal Only background noise or static sound.
Adjust antenna length Signal clarity and volume change based on antenna position.
Applications
• Educational projects to demonstrate radio frequency and tuning concepts.
• Basic hobbyist FM radio building.
• Portable FM receiver setups.
Conclusion
The simple FM radio receiver circuit using two BC547 transistors successfully receives and
demodulates FM signals, delivering audio output through an earphone. It effectively
demonstrates the principle of RF amplification, detection, and audio conversion.

Project 8: Battery level indicator Circuit

Aim:
To design and implement a battery level indicator circuit that visually shows battery voltage
levels using LEDs and zener diodes.
Circuit Diagram:
Components List:

S.No. Ref Component Value Recommended KiCad Footprint

1 BT1 Battery 12V Connector_Molex_KK-254_AE-6410-02A_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical

R1,
2 R2, Resistors 680Ω Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horizontal
R3
D1,
3 D2, LEDs Red/Green LED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
D3
D4,
Zener 8V, 9V,
4 D5, Diode_THT:D_DO-35_SOD27_P10.16mm_Horizontal
Diodes 10V
D6
Input 2-pin
5 J1 Connector_PinHeader_2.54mm:PinHeader_1x02_P2.54mm_Vertical
connector header

Working Principle:
• Each zener diode is chosen with a specific breakdown voltage (8V, 9V, and 10V).
• When the battery voltage exceeds the zener voltage, that particular branch
conducts current.
• The respective LED glows, indicating that the battery has crossed that voltage
threshold.
• Lower LEDs glow first (8V LED), then as voltage increases, higher voltage LEDs (9V
and 10V indicators) light up.
Observation:
• When the battery voltage is:
 o Below 8V — no LEDs glow.
o Between 8V to 9V — only the first LED glows.
o Between 9V to 10V — two LEDs glow.
o Above 10V — all three LEDs glow.
Applications:
• Battery level monitoring in portable electronics.
• Emergency backup battery monitoring.
• DIY electronics projects for battery testing.
• Small solar or inverter systems.
Conclusion:
This battery level indicator circuit is a simple, efficient solution to visually monitor
battery charge levels without using complex measurement tools. The LEDs give a clear
step-wise indication of battery health and voltage, making it useful for various small
electronics projects and educational demonstrations.

Project 9: Logic Gates Circuit

Aim:
To design and demonstrate the working of an SR latch using NOR gates, simulating simple
set and reset functions using push switches and visually indicating output states with
LEDs.
Circuit Diagram:
Components:
S.No Reference Component Value/Part Suggested Footprint
Power
1 BT1 +5V supply No footprint (power port)
Supply
10kΩ,
2 R1, R2, R3 Resistors THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_D3.2mm_P15.24mm_Horizontal
220Ω
IC (NOR 7402 IC or
3 U1A, U1B Package_DIP:DIP-14_W7.62mm
gate) similar
3mm Red
4 D1 LED LED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
LED
SW1A, Push Button Tactile
5 Switch_THT:SW_PUSH_6mm
SW1B Switches switch

Ground
6 Earth No footprint (ground port)
symbol

Working Principle:
• The two NOR gates (U1A & U1B) are cross-coupled to form a latch.
• Pressing SW1A sets the latch and turns the LED on.
• Pressing SW1B resets the latch and turns the LED off.
• The output remains latched in either state until the other switch is pressed,
demonstrating bistable behavior.
Observation:
• Pressing the Set (SW1A) switch: LED (D1) turns ON and remains ON even after
releasing the switch.
• Pressing the Reset (SW1B) switch: LED turns OFF and remains OFF until Set is
pressed again.
• The latch holds the last state without continuous input, showing stable storage.
Applications:
• Used in memory storage elements like flip-flops and registers.
• Basic logic demonstration for educational purposes.
• Foundational building block in digital electronics and sequential circuits.
• Can be used in alarm latching circuits or toggle control circuits.
Conclusion:
The SR latch using NOR gates is a simple and effective demonstration of bistable
logic elements. It visually shows how a circuit can "remember" a state through simple logic
gates. Such circuits are fundamental in building complex digital systems like RAM,
counters, and sequential logic devices.
 Project 10: IR remote Control Circuit
Aim:
To design and demonstrate an IR remote control indicator circuit using an NE555
timer IC that responds to infrared signals or external triggers and provides a visual
indication via an LED.
Circuit Diagram:

Components:
Referenc Compone Value/Par
S Suggested Footprint
e nt t
Power +6V
1 BT1 Power port (no footprint)
Supply source
10kΩ Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_P15.24mm_Horiz
2 R1, R3 Resistors
(example) ontal
3 R2 Resistor 220Ω Same footprint as above
NE555 NE555D
4 U1 Package_DIP:DIP-8_W7.62mm
Timer IC
10µF
5 C1 Capacitor Capacitor_THT:CP_Radial_D5.0mm_P2.00mm
(example)
6 C2 Capacitor 0.01µF Same footprint or small radial footprint
IR Receiver IR
Module or receiver
7 SW1 IR Receiver 3-pin or Switch_THT:SW_PUSH_6mm
Push or SPST
Button switch
3mm Red
8 D1 LED LED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
LED
GND
9 Earth No footprint (ground port)
Symbol
Working Principle:
• The NE555 timer is configured in monostable mode.
• When the IR signal or trigger is received via SW1 (or IR receiver), it triggers pin 2 of
the NE555 timer.
• This causes the output pin 3 to go high for a time determined by R1, R3, and C1.
• The LED (D1) lights up for that period, indicating signal reception.
• Once the time interval elapses, the LED turns off, and the circuit resets, waiting for
the next trigger.
Observation:
• When the IR signal is received or the switch is pressed, the LED turns on
momentarily.
• The LED stays on for the defined time (determined by R1, R3, and C1 values) and
then turns off automatically.
• The circuit resets and waits for the next IR signal input.
Applications:
• IR remote control signal indicator circuits.
• Confirmation indicators for IR-based communication devices.
• Simple infrared-based security or presence detection systems.
• Educational demonstrations of NE555 monostable operation and IR signal
reception.
Conclusion:
The IR remote control circuit using an NE555 timer effectively demonstrates how a
received IR signal or external trigger can be used to activate an output response. This
practical application provides clear visual feedback through an LED and is a fundamental
example of interfacing timing ICs with IR signals in small control or indication circuits.

Project 11: Line Follower Robot Circuit

Aim:
To design and implement a line follower robot control circuit using phototransistors and
transistor switches to control motors based on the detection of black or white surfaces.
Circuit Diagram:

Components:
Refer
S Component Value/Part Suggested Footprint
ence
Power +6V DC
1 BT1 Power port (no footprint)
Supply Source
Q1, NPN
2 BC337 Package_TO_SOT_THT:TO-92_Inline
Q2 Transistor
PNP
3 Q3 BC327 Same footprint as above
Transistor
Generic NPN
Q4, Phototransist
4 phototransis Same TO-92 footprint
Q5 ors
tor
R1,
Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_P15.24mm_
5 R2, Resistors 100Ω
Horizontal
R3, R4
6 R5 Resistor 220Ω Same footprint as above
Potentiomet
7 RV1 1kΩ Potentiometer_THT:Potentiometer_Trimmer_Vertical
er
3mm Red
8 D1 LED LED_THT:LED_D3.0mm
LED
M1,
9 Motors DC Motors Custom motor footprints or 2-pin connectors
M2
C1,
10 Capacitors 100µF Capacitor_THT:CP_Radial_D5.0mm_P2.00mm
C2
11 Earth Ground No footprint (ground symbol)
Working Principle:
• The phototransistors (Q4, Q5) sense the contrast between black and white lines.
• When light is reflected (white surface), the transistor conduction changes,
activating Q1/Q2 or Q3 transistors, which in turn control the direction and speed of
motors M1 and M2.
• The motors adjust their speeds to keep the robot aligned on the path.
• Capacitors help reduce noise from the motors, and RV1 allows sensitivity
adjustments.
Observation:
• When one sensor detects a black line (low reflection), the respective transistor
switches the corresponding motor on or off, turning the robot in that direction.
• The robot follows the black line path by continuously correcting its direction based
on sensor inputs.
Applications:
• Line-following robotic cars used in robotics competitions and education.
• Automated material handling systems in industries.
• Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in warehouses.
• Robotics learning kits for beginners and students.
Conclusion:
The line follower robot circuit using phototransistors and transistor switching offers a
simple, efficient design for beginners to learn sensor-based motor control. The design is
practical, cost-effective, and widely used in educational robotics to teach basic
automation and control principles.

Project 12: Dc Motor Speed control Circuit

Aim:
To design and implement a simple motor speed control circuit using a 555 timer IC in PWM
mode, transistors, and passive components.
Circuit Diagram:

Components:
S Ref Component Value/Part Suggested Footprint
DC Power
1 B1 Battery Cell Power symbol (no footprint)
Source
NE555
2 U1 IC DIP-8_W7.62mm
Timer IC
Generic
R1, R3,
3 Resistors values (as Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_P15.24mm_Horizontal
R4, R5
per design)
Adjustable
4 RV1 Potentiometer Potentiometer_THT:Potentiometer_Trimmer_Vertical
resistor
D1, D2, 1N4007 or
5 Diodes Diode_THT:D_DO-41_SOD81_P10.16mm_Horizontal
D3 similar
6 Q1, Q2 Transistors BC547 Package_TO_SOT_THT:TO-92_Inline
100µF
7 C1 Capacitor Capacitor_THT:CP_Radial_D5.0mm_P2.00mm
(example)
Low-value
8 C2, C3 Capacitors Same footprint as above
electrolytic

9 M1 Motor DC Motor Use 2-pin connector footprint or a motor symbol

10 GND Ground Ground symbol (no footprint)
Working Principle:
• The NE555 timer generates a PWM signal with a duty cycle controlled by the
potentiometer (RV1).
• The PWM signal drives transistors Q1 and Q2, switching the motor on and off rapidly.
• Changing the duty cycle (via RV1) changes the average voltage across the motor,
thus controlling its speed.
• Diode D3 protects against voltage spikes generated by the inductive load (motor).
Observation:
• By rotating the potentiometer knob, the speed of the motor can be smoothly
increased or decreased.
• At higher duty cycles, the motor runs faster; at lower duty cycles, it runs slower.
• The motor's smooth acceleration and deceleration can be observed without
mechanical jerks.
Applications:
• Fan speed controllers.
• Robotics (controlling wheel motors).
• Conveyor belt speed control in manufacturing.
• Model train motor control.
• Educational demonstrations for PWM-based speed control.
Conclusion:
This NE555-based motor speed control circuit offers a simple and effective way to vary DC
motor speed using PWM. It is cost-effective, easy to assemble, and highly useful for
applications where adjustable speed is required without losing torque or causing
mechanical stress on the motor.

Project 13: Door Bells Circuit

Aim:
To design and demonstrate a simple doorbell circuit using an NE555 timer IC that
generates a tone through a speaker when a push button is pressed.
Circuit Diagram:

Components:
Referenc Compone
S Value/Part Suggested Footprint
e nt
NE555 Timer
1 U1 IC DIP-8_W7.62mm
IC
As per design
R1, R2, Resistor_THT:R_Axial_DIN0309_L9.0mm_P15.24mm_Ho
2 Resistors (e.g., 10kΩ,
R3 rizontal
1kΩ)
Push SPST push
3 SW1 Switch_THT:SW_Push
Button button
1N4007 or
4 D2 Diode Diode_THT:D_DO-41_SOD81_P10.16mm_Horizontal
1N4148
Polarized/No
Capacitor n-polarized
5 C1, C2 Capacitor_THT:CP_Radial_D5.0mm_P2.00mm
s (as per
design)

6 LS1 Speaker 8Ω speaker Speaker:Speaker_2Pin or terminal block

7 GND Ground Ground symbol (no footprint)

8 VCC +9V power Power symbol (no footprint)
Working Principle:
• When the push button (SW1) is pressed, it triggers the NE555 timer configured in
monostable mode.
 • The timer produces a pulse signal whose width is determined by resistors and
capacitor values (R1, R2, and C2).
• The output pulse drives the speaker (LS1) via coupling capacitor C1, generating a
tone.
• The tone duration lasts as long as the timer’s output pulse duration.
• Diode D2 ensures protection from transient currents.
Observation:
• When the push button is pressed, a clear ringing sound is heard from the speaker.
• The duration and tone of the bell can be altered by adjusting the resistors and
capacitors.
Applications:
• Home and office doorbell circuits.
• Notification systems for entry/exit points.
• Call bell circuits in hospitals and restaurants.
• School bell alert systems.
Conclusion:
The NE555-based doorbell circuit is an easy-to-build, reliable solution for generating an
audible alert when a button is pressed. This project showcases practical use of the 555
timer in monostable mode and can be adapted for multiple real-world applications.