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Module 5 DIP

Image compression reduces the data needed to represent a digital image by removing redundant information, which can be categorized into coding, spatial, temporal, and psychovisual redundancy. There are two main types of image compression: lossless, which preserves all data, and lossy, which discards some data for smaller file sizes. Techniques such as transform coding, entropy encoding, and quantization are used to achieve compression, with the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) being crucial for efficient encoding in JPEG compression.

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2 views

Module 5 DIP

Image compression reduces the data needed to represent a digital image by removing redundant information, which can be categorized into coding, spatial, temporal, and psychovisual redundancy. There are two main types of image compression: lossless, which preserves all data, and lossy, which discards some data for smaller file sizes. Techniques such as transform coding, entropy encoding, and quantization are used to achieve compression, with the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) being crucial for efficient encoding in JPEG compression.

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usewaste69
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Define Image Compression. Explain the types of Redundancy.

Definition of Image Compression:


Image compression is the process of reducing the amount of data required to represent a
digital image. This is achieved by removing redundant data, which does not significantly
affect the perceived quality of the image.
Types of Redundancy:
1. Coding Redundancy: This occurs when the binary code used to represent pixel
intensities contains more bits than necessary. For example, if all pixels in an image have
intensities that can be represented by fewer bits, using an 8-bit code for each pixel would
be redundant.
2. Spatial Redundancy: Neighboring pixels in an image are often highly correlated,
meaning they have similar intensities. This correlation can be exploited to reduce data by
representing groups of pixels together rather than individually.
3. Temporal Redundancy: In video sequences, pixels may be temporally correlated,
meaning they change little between frames. This redundancy can be exploited by
compressing differences between frames rather than each frame individually.
4. Psychovisual Redundancy: This refers to data that is not perceived by the human eye.
For example, high-frequency components in an image may not be noticeable to viewers,
allowing them to be discarded without affecting perceived image quality.

2. What are key differences between lossy and lossless Image


Compression?
Lossless Image Compression:
 Definition: Lossless compression reduces the size of an image without losing any data.
The original image can be restored perfectly from the compressed version.
 Techniques: Use algorithms like Huffman coding, LZW compression, and arithmetic
coding to identify and encode patterns in the image data.
 Use Cases: Medical imaging, archiving, text-based graphics where preserving every
detail is crucial.
Lossy Image Compression:
 Definition: Lossy compression reduces the size of an image by discarding some of the
data. The original image cannot be restored perfectly from the compressed version.
 Techniques: Use algorithms like JPEG (Discrete Cosine Transform) to discard data that
is less noticeable to the human eye.
 Use Cases: Web design, digital photography, video streaming where a balance between
file size and visual quality is needed.

3. Briefly explain the techniques used in image compression


Techniques Used in Image Compression:
1. Transform Coding: Converts image data into a more compact form using mathematical
transformations like the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or wavelet transforms. This
helps in identifying and eliminating high-frequency components that are less noticeable.
DCT Formula:

2. Entropy Encoding: Uses variable-length codes to assign shorter codes to more


frequently occurring pixel values, reducing the overall size of the compressed data.
3. Quantization: Reduces the precision of pixel values, which can lead to lossy
compression but significantly reduces file size.

4. What are the advantages of using LZW, Arithmetic, Transform


coding in Image Processing
Advantages of Coding Techniques:
 LZW Compression: Efficient for text-based images or images with repeating patterns. It
builds a dictionary of patterns as it compresses, allowing for good compression ratios in
certain scenarios.
LZW Compression Formula:
The process involves creating a dictionary of substrings encountered during compression,
where each new substring is assigned a code.
 Arithmetic Coding: Offers better compression ratios than Huffman coding by encoding
probabilities rather than fixed-length codes. It is more complex but can achieve higher
compression efficiency.
Arithmetic Coding Formula:
The probability of each symbol is used to encode it into a single number within a range
defined by the cumulative probabilities.
 Transform Coding (e.g., DCT): Highly effective for capturing and encoding image
characteristics efficiently. It is widely used in JPEG compression, allowing for high
compression ratios while maintaining acceptable visual quality.

5. What role does the Discrete Cosine (DCT) Transform play in


image compression? Explain in detail.
Role of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) in Image Compression:
The DCT is a key component of the JPEG image compression algorithm. It plays a
crucial role in transforming image data from the spatial domain into the frequency
domain, where most of the image's energy is concentrated in a few low-frequency
components. This transformation allows for efficient compression by:
1. Identifying and Discarding High-Frequency Components: High-frequency
components, which are often less noticeable to the human eye, can be quantized or
discarded, significantly reducing the amount of data required to represent the image.
DCT Formula:

2. Efficient Encoding: The transformed data can be encoded more efficiently using
techniques like quantization and entropy coding, further reducing the file size.
3. Scalability: The DCT-based compression allows for scalable compression ratios, making
it suitable for a wide range of applications from web images to high-quality photography.
The DCT is essential for achieving high compression ratios while maintaining acceptable
visual quality, making it a cornerstone of modern image compression standards like JPEG

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