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Operating_System_Notes

An Operating System (OS) serves as an intermediary between users and computer hardware, aiming to execute programs efficiently and manage resources. It includes functions such as memory management, process management, and device management, while supporting various types like batch, time-sharing, and real-time systems. The OS also handles process life cycles, scheduling algorithms, and inter-process communication to ensure smooth operation.

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2 views

Operating_System_Notes

An Operating System (OS) serves as an intermediary between users and computer hardware, aiming to execute programs efficiently and manage resources. It includes functions such as memory management, process management, and device management, while supporting various types like batch, time-sharing, and real-time systems. The OS also handles process life cycles, scheduling algorithms, and inter-process communication to ensure smooth operation.

Uploaded by

siwam45680
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System - Detailed Notes

Introduction to Operating System

An Operating System (OS) is a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer

and the computer hardware.

The main goals of an OS are:

- Execute user programs and make solving problems easier.

- Make the computer system convenient to use.

- Use hardware efficiently.

The computer system consists of four main components:

1. Hardware - CPU, memory, I/O devices

2. Operating System

3. Application Programs - word processors, web browsers, games, etc.

4. Users - people, machines, other computers.

The OS can be considered as a **resource allocator** and a **control program**.

Objectives and Functions of Operating System

**Objectives of an OS:**

- Manage I/O operations and devices

- Make the system convenient and efficient to use

- Hide hardware details from users

- Keep track of resources and manage fair sharing

- Provide a Graphical User Interface (GUI)

- Handle interrupts and errors efficiently.


**Functions of an OS:**

1. **Memory Management** - Track memory usage and allocate/deallocate memory.

2. **Processor Management** - Allocate CPU to processes.

3. **Device Management** - Track and manage I/O devices.

4. **File Management** - Allocate and deallocate files and storage.

5. **Security Management** - Prevent unauthorized access.

6. **Job Accounting/Scheduling** - Track time and resources used by jobs.

7. **Error Detection** - Aid in debugging and error reporting.

8. **Coordination with Software** - Coordinate with compilers, interpreters, etc.

Types of Operating System

Different types of OS are used based on system needs. These include:

1. **Batch Operating System** - Processes jobs in batches without interaction.

2. **Time-Sharing (Multitasking) OS** - Allows multiple tasks to run by allocating CPU time.

3. **Distributed OS** - Systems connected over a network that share resources.

4. **Network OS** - Manages networking tasks and provides remote access to resources.

5. **Real-Time OS** - Ensures tasks meet strict time requirements (e.g., air traffic control systems).

6. **Hard and Soft Real-Time OS** - Differ in time constraints and flexibility in task scheduling.

Process Management

A **process** is a program in execution. The operating system manages processes to ensure

smooth execution.
**Process Life Cycle:**

1. **Creation** - Process is created when a program runs.

2. **Ready** - Process is ready to execute.

3. **Running** - Process is actively running on the CPU.

4. **Waiting** - Process is waiting for an event (e.g., I/O).

5. **Termination** - Process finishes execution or is terminated by the OS.

**Process States:**

- **Running**: Executing on CPU.

- **Ready**: Waiting for CPU time.

- **Sleeping**: Waiting for event.

- **Zombie**: Finished but parent hasn't acknowledged.

- **Dead**: Terminated and removed from memory.

**Scheduling Algorithms:**

1. **FCFS (First-Come-First-Served)** - Runs in order of arrival.

2. **SJF (Shortest Job First)** - Runs shortest tasks first.

3. **Priority Scheduling** - Based on priority.

4. **Round Robin** - Circular scheduling with time slices.

**Inter-Process Communication (IPC):**

- **Pipes**: Unidirectional communication.

- **Sockets**: Bidirectional communication.

- **Shared Memory**: Memory space shared between processes.

- **Message Passing**: Exchanging data via messages.

**System Calls for Process Management:**


- `fork()`: Create a new process.

- `exec()`: Replace current process with a new one.

- `wait()`: Suspend current process until child completes.

- `kill()`: Terminate a process.

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