MODULE : 4 5:PARTIAL

Module DIFFERENTIAL
Partial Differential EQUATIONS
Equations
INTRODUCTION: Many of the foundational theories of physics and
engineering are expressed by means of systems of partial differential
equations. Fluid mechanics is often formulated by the Euler equations of
motion or the so-called Navier-Stokes equations, electricity and magnetism
by Maxwell’s equations, general relativity by Einstein’s field equations. It is
therefore important to develop techniques that can be used to solve a wide
variety of partial differential equations.

Definition: A partial differential equation commonly denoted as PDE is a

differential equation containing partial derivatives (one or more) of the
dependent variable with more than one independent variable.

The order and degree of partial differential equations are defined same as for
ordinary differential equations.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬:

𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑧 order − 2, degree − 1
= ( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 z − dependent & x, t − independent

order − 2, degree − 1
𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ( )
z − dependent & x, y − independent
4
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕3𝑢 order − 3, degree − 4
+ + 𝑟 ( 3 ) = 2𝑢 ( )
𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 u − dependent & θ, t, r − independent

Linear & Non-linear PDE

A PDE is said to be linear if the dependent variable and all its partial
derivatives occur only in the first degree and not multiplied together. A PDE
which is not linear is called non-linear PDE.

Homogeneous & Non-homogeneous PDE

If all the terms of PDE contains either the dependent variable or its partial
derivatives then such PDE is called homogeneous PDE otherwise it is called
non-homogeneous PDE.
Examples:

𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
− 𝑐 2 = 𝑧 (linear and homogeneous)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥

𝑧𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑥 (linear and non − homogeneous)

𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕3𝑧
+ ( ) + 𝑟 3 = 2𝑧 (non − linear and homogeneous)
𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟
2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + (𝑢𝑦𝑦 ) = 2𝑦 (non − linear and non − homogeneous)

𝜕 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕3𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− + 𝑟 − 𝑧 = 0 (non − linear and homogeneous)
𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 3 𝜕𝑟

2 2)
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − = 2 sin 𝑥 (linear and non − homogeneous)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Notations: When 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), we use the following notations

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑧𝑥 = 𝒑
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑧𝑦 = 𝒒
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑧𝑥𝑥 = 𝒓
𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝒔
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑧
= 𝑧𝑦𝑦 = 𝒕
𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄: In PDE = 𝐨𝐫 𝑧𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
 5.1 Formation of Partial Differential Equations

5.1.1 Method of Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 be an equation where 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑎, 𝑏
are arbitrary constants. We differentiate the given equation with respect to 𝑥
& 𝑦 partially and eliminate the arbitrary constants 𝑎, 𝑏 to form PDE.

If the number of arbitrary constants are more than the number of independent
variables then PDE of second or higher order arise.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1) Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants 𝒂 and 𝒃 from
the followings:

𝐢) 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 .

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − − − − − (1)

Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = 𝑎[1] + 0 + 0 + 0 ⟹ 𝒂 = 𝒑
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = 0 + 𝑏[1] + 0 + 0 ⟹ 𝒃 = 𝒒
𝜕𝑦
Substituting these values of 𝑎 & 𝑏 in (1), we get
𝒛 = 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒𝒚 + 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐
Or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
Thus 𝒛 = 𝒙 +𝒚 +( ) +( )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of the first order.

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝐢𝐢) 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 .
𝒂 𝒃
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 2𝑧 = 2 + 2 − − − − − (1)
𝑎 𝑏
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝟏 𝒑
2 = 2 + 0 ⟹ 2𝑝 = 2 ⟹ 𝟐 = − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝒂 𝒙
 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 2𝑦 𝟏 𝒒
2 = 0 + 2 ⟹ 2𝑞 = 2 ⟹ 𝟐 = − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦 𝑏 𝑏 𝒃 𝒚
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
𝑝 𝑞
2𝑧 = 𝑥 2 ( ) + 𝑦 2 ( )
𝑥 𝑦
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝟐𝒛 = 𝒙𝒑 + 𝒚𝒒 𝑶𝒓 𝟐𝒛 = 𝒙 +𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

𝐢𝐢𝐢) (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 .

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2 − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧
2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(1 − 0) + 0 + 2𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
2(𝑥 − 𝑎) = −2𝑧 ⟹ (𝒙 − 𝒂) = −𝒛𝒑 − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
0 + 2(𝑦 − 𝑏)(1 − 0) + 2𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
2(𝑦 − 𝑏) = −2𝑧 ⟹ (𝒚 − 𝒃) = −𝒛𝒒 − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
(−𝑧𝑝)2 + (−𝑧𝑞)2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2
𝑧 2 𝑝2 + 𝑧 2 𝑞2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝒛𝟐 (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝒄𝟐 𝑶𝒓 𝒛𝟐 [( ) + ( ) + 𝟏] = 𝒄𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

2) Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 from

the followings:
𝐢) 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒙𝒚.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = 𝑎[1] + 0 + 𝑐[1]𝑦 ⟹ 𝒑 = 𝒂 + 𝒄𝒚 − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = 0 + 𝑏[1] + 𝑐𝑥[1] ⟹ 𝒒 = 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒙 − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑧
= 0 + 𝑐 [1] ⟹ =𝑐⟹𝒄=𝒔
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
(2) ⟹ 𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑠𝑦 ⟹ 𝒂 = 𝒑 − 𝒔𝒚
(3) ⟹ 𝑞 = 𝑏 + 𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 𝒃 = 𝒒 − 𝒔𝒙
Substituting the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 in (1), we get
Thus 𝒛 = (𝒑 − 𝒔𝒚 )𝒙 + (𝒒 − 𝒔𝒙)𝒚 + 𝒔𝒙𝒚
Or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
𝒛 = 𝒙 ( − 𝒔𝒚) + 𝒚 ( − 𝒔𝒙) + 𝒙𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of the second order.

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝐢𝐢) 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 − − − − − (1)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
2𝑥 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 2𝑧𝑝 𝒙 𝒛𝒑
+ 0 + = 0 ⟹ = − ⟹ = − − − − −(𝟐)
𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐
2𝑦 2𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 2𝑧𝑞 𝒚 𝒛𝒒
0+ 2 + 2 =0⟹ 2 =− 2 ⟹ 𝟐=− 𝟐
𝑏 𝑐 𝜕𝑦 𝑏 𝑐 𝒃 𝒄
Differentiate (2) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
1 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑧
= − (𝑧 + 𝑝)
𝑎2 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 1 𝜕2𝑧 𝟏 𝟏
⟹ 2 = − 2 (𝑧 2 + 𝑝2 ) ⟹ 𝟐 = − 𝟐 (𝒛𝒓 + 𝒑𝟐 ) − − − −(3)
𝑎 𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝒂 𝒄
𝟏 𝒛𝒑
From (2), we have = − − − − −(𝟒)
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒙
Using (4) in (3), we get
 𝑧𝑝 1 2
𝑧𝑝
− 2
= − 2
(𝑧𝑟 + 𝑝 ) ⟹ = (𝑧𝑟 + 𝑝2 )
𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑥
∴ 𝒛𝒑 = 𝒙(𝒛𝒓 + 𝒑𝟐 )
Or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
𝒛 = 𝒙 [𝒛 𝟐 + ( ) ]
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙

is the required PDE of the second order.

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the followings
1) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 . 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + √𝑝2 + 𝑞2

2) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑦 3 . 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 3𝑧

3) (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑝2 + 𝑞2 = tan2 𝛼

5.1.2 Method of Elimination of Arbitrary Functions
Suppose 𝑧 is a function of two arbitrary functions, we need to find partial
derivatives up to second order to form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary
functions.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions from the following
𝟏) 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝒑 = 𝟐𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(−2𝑦) ⟹ 𝒒 = −𝟐𝒚𝒇′ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
𝑝 2𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑝 𝑥
= ⟹ = −
𝑞 −2𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑞 𝑦
𝑝𝑦 = −𝑞𝑥
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝒚𝒑 + 𝒙𝒒 = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 𝒚 +𝒙 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

𝟐) 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝓(𝒙 − 𝒚).

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝒑 = 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝓′ (𝒙 − 𝒚) − − − −(𝟐)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(−1) + (𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑚)𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝑞 = −𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑚[𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
𝑞 = −𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑚𝑧 [𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)]
 𝒒 − 𝒎𝒛 = −𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝓′ (𝒙 − 𝒚) − − − −(𝟑)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
𝑝 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)
=
𝑞 − 𝑚𝑧 −𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑝
= −1
𝑞 − 𝑚𝑧
𝑝 = −𝑞 + 𝑚𝑧
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝒑 + 𝒒 = 𝒎𝒛 𝑶𝒓 + = 𝒎𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

𝟑) 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝝓(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛).

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given (𝑥𝑦)(𝑧) = 𝜙(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(𝑥𝑦) ( ) + (1 ∗ 𝑦)(𝑧) = 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (1 + 0 + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝒙𝒚𝒑 + 𝒚𝒛 = 𝝓′ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝟏 + 𝒑) − − − −(𝟐)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(𝑥𝑦) ( ) + (𝑥 ∗ 1)(𝑧) = 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (0 + 1 + )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝒙𝒚𝒒 + 𝒙𝒛 = 𝝓′ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝟏 + 𝒒) − − − −(𝟑)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(1 + 𝑝)
=
𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(1 + 𝑞)
𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧 (1 + 𝑝)
=
𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧 (1 + 𝑞)
(𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧)(1 + 𝑞) = (𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧)(1 + 𝑝)
𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑝𝑞 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑝𝑞 + 𝑥𝑧𝑝
𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 𝑥𝑧𝑝 + 𝑦𝑧𝑞 − 𝑥𝑦𝑞 = 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧
Thus 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒑 + 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙)𝒒 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒛
Or
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒙(𝒚 − 𝒛) + 𝒚(𝒛 − 𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

𝟒) 𝒛 = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝝓(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑝 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 ) + (1 + 0)𝜙(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
𝑧
𝑝 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 ) + [𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)]
(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑧
𝑝− = 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )

𝑝 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑧
= 2𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝒑(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝝓′ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) − − − −(𝟐)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑞 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(−2𝑦) + (0 + 1)𝜙(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦
𝑧
𝑞 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(−2𝑦) + [𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)]
(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑧
𝑞− = −2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝑞 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑧
= −2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝒒(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒛 = −𝟐𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝝓′ (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) − − − −(𝟑)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
𝑝 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑧 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
=
𝑞 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑧 −2𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝜙 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑝 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑧 𝑥
=−
𝑞 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) − 𝑧 𝑦
[𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑧]𝑦 = −[𝑞(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑧]𝑥
(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑦 = −(𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑥
𝑝𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑦 = −𝑞𝑥 2 − 𝑞𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥
 𝑝𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝𝑦 2 + 𝑞𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑥 2 = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑝𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑞𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝒑𝒚 + 𝒒𝒙 = 𝒛 𝑶𝒓 𝒚 +𝒙 =𝒛
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of first order.

𝟓) 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒆𝒚 𝒈(𝒙).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑔(𝑥) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑔′ (𝑥) ⟹ 𝒑 = 𝒇′ (𝒙) + 𝒆𝒚 𝒈′ (𝒙) − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= 0 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝒒 = 𝒆𝒚 𝒈(𝒙) − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦
Differentiate (3) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑞 𝜕 2 𝑧
= 2 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝒕 = 𝒆𝒚 𝒈(𝒙) − − − −(𝟒)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
From (3) & (4), we get 𝑞 = 𝑡
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
Thus 𝒒 − 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 − =𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝟐
is the required PDE of second order.

𝟔) 𝒛 = 𝒚𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒙𝒈(𝒚).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑔(𝑦) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + [1]𝑔(𝑦) ⟹ 𝒑 = 𝒚𝒇′ (𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒚) − − − −(𝟐)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
= [1]𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑔′ (𝑦) ⟹ 𝒒 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒙𝒈′ (𝒚) − − − −(𝟑)
𝜕𝑦
Differentiate (2) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑧
= = [1]𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) + 𝑔′ (𝑦) ⟹ 𝒔 = 𝒇′ (𝒙) + 𝒈′ (𝒚) − − − −(𝟒)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
 𝑝 − 𝑔 (𝑦 )
From (2), we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
𝑦
𝑞 − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
From (3), we have 𝑔′ (𝑦) =
𝑥
𝑝 − 𝑔 (𝑦 ) 𝑞 − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑥[𝑝 − 𝑔(𝑦)] + 𝑦[𝑞 − 𝑓 (𝑥 )]
Now (4) ⟹ 𝑠 = + ⟹ 𝑠=
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑠 = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥𝑔(𝑦) + 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑦𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥𝑦𝑠 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 − [𝑦𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑔(𝑦)]
𝑥𝑦𝑠 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑧 [𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)]
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
Thus 𝒙𝒚𝒔 + 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒑 + 𝒚𝒒 𝑶𝒓 𝒙𝒚 +𝒛=𝒙 +𝒚
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
is the required PDE of second order.

𝟕) 𝒛 = 𝒙𝒇𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒕).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓1 (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2 (𝑥 + 𝑡) − − − − − (1)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥 & 𝑡, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥𝑓1′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + [1]𝑓1 (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝒛
⟹ = 𝒙𝒇′𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝒇𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝒇′𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒕) − − − −(𝟐)
𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥𝑓1′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
𝝏𝒛
⟹ = 𝑥𝑓1′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) − − − −(𝟑)
𝝏𝒕
Differentiate (2) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕2𝑧
2
= 𝑥𝑓1′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + [1]𝑓1′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓1′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
⟹ 𝟐 = 𝒙𝒇′′𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝟐𝒇′𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝒇′′𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒕) − −(𝟒)
𝝏𝒙
Differentiate (3) partially with respect to 𝑡, we get
𝜕2𝑧
2
= 𝑥𝑓1′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2′′ (𝑥 + 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
⟹ 𝟐 = 𝒙𝒇′′𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝒕) + 𝒇′′𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒕) − − − −(𝟓)
𝝏𝒕
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions from the following

1) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥 + 𝑦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦

1
2) 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑓 ( + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) . 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑥 2 𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 2𝑦 2
𝑥

3) 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥 )𝑓2 (𝑦). 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑠𝑧 = 𝑝𝑞

4) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑥𝑦𝑠 + 4𝑧 = 2(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞)

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
5) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑎𝑡). 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: = 𝑎2
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2

6) 𝑓(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 0. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: (2𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑝 − (2𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦

7) 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑧, 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑧) = 0. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: (𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑝 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦

 5.2 Solutions of Partial Differential Equations
A first order PDE has a solution in the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 − − − −(1)
which contains two arbitrary constants is called a Complete Integral.
A solution obtained from the complete integral by assigning particular values
to the arbitrary constants is called a Particular Integral.
Replacing 𝑏 by 𝜙(𝑎) in (1) and find the envelope of the family of surfaces
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝜙(𝑎)) = 0 then we get a solution containing an arbitrary function 𝜙
which is called the General Integral.
The envelope of the family of surfaces (1) with parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏, if it
exists, is called a Singular Integral. The singular integral differs from the
particular integral in that it is not obtained from the complete integral by
giving particular values to the constants.

5.2.1 Solution of Homogeneous PDE involving derivatives

with respect to one independent variable only.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝒚
𝝏𝒛
𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 + 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒆 𝐚𝐧𝐝 = 𝟏.
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
Solution: Let us suppose that 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 only. The given PDE
assumes the form of ODE as
𝑑2 𝑧
+𝑧 =0 [Homogeneous ODE]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
⟹ 𝐷 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ (𝐷 2 + 1)𝑧 = 0 [where 𝐷 = ]
𝑑𝑥
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ The roots are 𝑚 = ±𝑖 𝑜𝑟 0 ± 𝑖
∴ The solution of ODE is
𝑧 = 𝑒 0𝑥 [𝐴 cos(1 ∗ 𝑥) + 𝐵 sin(1 ∗ 𝑥)], where A and B are constants
∴ 𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥
Since 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 & 𝑦, 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be arbitrary functions of 𝑦. Hence
the solution of PDE is given by
𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒚) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − − − − − (1)
To find the values of 𝑓(𝑦) & 𝑔(𝑦), we shall make use of the given conditions.
Using 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we get
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑦) cos 0 + 𝑔(𝑦) sin 0
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑦)[1] + 𝑔(𝑦)[0]
∴ 𝒇 (𝒚 ) = 𝒆 𝒚
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧
= −𝑓(𝑦) sin 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) cos 𝑥 − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
Now, use = 1 when 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get
𝜕𝑥
1 = −𝑓 (𝑦) sin 0 + 𝑔(𝑦) cos 0
1 = −𝑓(𝑦)[0] + 𝑔(𝑦)[1]
∴ 𝒈 (𝒚 ) = 𝟏
Substituting the values of 𝑓 (𝑦) & 𝑔(𝑦) in (1), we get
𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + [1] sin 𝑥
Thus 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
is the desired solution of the given PDE.

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝒙
𝝏𝒛
𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝟐
= 𝒛, 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒆 𝐚𝐧𝐝 = 𝒆−𝒙 .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
Solution: Let us suppose that 𝑧 is a function of 𝑦 only. The given PDE
assumes the form of ODE as
𝑑2 𝑧
−𝑧 =0 [Homogeneous ODE]
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑
⟹ 𝐷 2 𝑧 − 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ (𝐷 2 − 1)𝑧 = 0 [where 𝐷 = ]
𝑑𝑦
The A. E. is 𝑚2 − 1 = 0 ⟹ The roots are 𝑚 = ±1
∴ The solution of ODE is
𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 (1)𝑦 + 𝐵𝑒 (−1)𝑦 , where A and B are constants
∴ 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑦 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑦
Since 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 & 𝑦, 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be arbitrary functions of 𝑥. Hence
the solution of PDE is given by
 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆𝒚 + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒆−𝒚 − − − − − (1)
To find the values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) & 𝑔(𝑥), we shall make use of the given conditions.
Using 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0 in (1), we get
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑒 0 + 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −0
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 )[1] + 𝑔(𝑥)[1]
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 − − − (𝟐)
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑦 − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
Now, use = 𝑒 −𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0 in (3), we get
𝜕𝑦
𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑒 0 − 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑒 −0
𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )[1] − 𝑔(𝑥 )[1]
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 − − − (𝟒)
Solving (2) and (4) i.e.,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥
Adding 2𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 Subtracting 2𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
2 2
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
Substituting the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) & 𝑔(𝑥) in (1), we get
𝑧 = cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑦
Thus 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
is the desired solution of the given PDE.

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝒛
𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒆 𝐚𝐧𝐝 = 𝟐.
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
Solution: Let us suppose that 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 only. The given PDE
assumes the form of ODE as
𝑑2 𝑧
+ 4𝑧 = 0 [Homogeneous ODE]
𝑑𝑥 2
 𝑑
⟹ 𝐷 2 𝑧 + 4𝑧 = 0 ⟹ (𝐷 2 + 4)𝑧 = 0 [where 𝐷 = ]
𝑑𝑥
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 ⟹ The roots are 𝑚 = ±2𝑖 𝑜𝑟 0 ± 2𝑖
∴ The solution of ODE is
𝑧 = 𝑒 0𝑥 [𝐴 cos(2 ∗ 𝑥) + 𝐵 sin(2 ∗ 𝑥)], where A and B are constants
𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥
Since 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 & 𝑦, 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be arbitrary functions of 𝑦. Hence
the solution of PDE is given by
𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒚) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − − − − − (1)
To find the values of 𝑓(𝑦) & 𝑔(𝑦), we shall make use of the given conditions.
Using 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we get
𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑦) cos 0 + 𝑔(𝑦) sin 0
𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑦)[1] + 𝑔(𝑦)[0]
∴ 𝒇(𝒚) = 𝒆𝟐𝒚
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑓(𝑦) sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑔(𝑦) cos 2𝑥 − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
Now, use = 2 when 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get
𝜕𝑥
2 = −2𝑓 (𝑦) sin 0 + 2𝑔(𝑦) cos 0
2 = −2𝑓(𝑦)[0] + 2𝑔(𝑦)[1]
∴ 𝒈 (𝒚 ) = 𝟏
Substituting the values of 𝑓 (𝑦) & 𝑔(𝑦) in (1), we get
𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑦 cos 2𝑥 + [1] sin 2𝑥
Thus 𝒛 = 𝒆𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
is the desired solution of the given PDE.

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 + 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐝 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.
𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚
Solution: Let us suppose that 𝑧 is function of 𝑦 only. The given PDE assumes
the form of ODE as
 𝑑2 𝑧
+𝑧 =0 [Homogeneous ODE]
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑
⟹ 𝐷 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ (𝐷 2 + 1)𝑧 = 0 [where 𝐷 = ]
𝑑𝑦
The A. E. is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ The roots are 𝑚 = ±𝑖 𝑜𝑟 0 ± 𝑖
∴ The solution of ODE is
𝑧 = 𝑒 0𝑦 [𝐴 cos(1 ∗ 𝑦) + 𝐵 sin(1 ∗ 𝑦)], where A and B are constants
𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 𝑦 + 𝐵 sin 𝑦
Since 𝑧 is a function of 𝑥 & 𝑦, 𝐴 and 𝐵 can be arbitrary functions of 𝑥. Hence
the solution of PDE is given by
𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 − − − − − (1)
To find the values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) & 𝑔(𝑥), we shall make use of the given conditions.
Using 𝑧 = cos 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0 in (1), we get
cos 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) cos 0 + 𝑔(𝑥 ) sin 0
cos 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 )[1] + 𝑔(𝑥)[0]
∴ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑧
= −𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥 ) cos 𝑦 − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
Now, use = sin 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 0 in (3), we get
𝜕𝑦
sin 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 0 + 𝑔(𝑥 ) cos 0
sin 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥 )[0] + 𝑔(𝑥 )[1]
∴ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Substituting the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) & 𝑔(𝑥) in (1), we get
𝑧 = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Thus 𝒛 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 − 𝒚)

is the desired solution of the given PDE.

 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
𝜕2𝑢 1
1) Solve + 𝑢 = 0, where 𝑢 satisfies the conditions 𝑖) 𝑢 ( 0, 𝑦 ) = 𝑒 2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢
and 𝑖𝑖) (0, 𝑦) = 1. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑢 = √𝑒 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2) Solve 2
= 𝑎2 𝑧, given that when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and = 𝑎 sin 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = sin 𝑦 sinh 𝑎𝑥
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3) Solve = 𝑧, given that when 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and = sin 𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧
4) Solve + 3 − 4𝑧 = 0 subject to the conditions 𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 4+𝑦 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 −4𝑥
= 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = ( )𝑒 + ( )𝑒
𝜕𝑥 5 5
5.2.2 Solution of Non-homogeneous PDE by Direct Integration.
Here we consider PDE which can be solved by direct integration. While
integration, in place of the usual constants of integration, we must use
arbitrary functions of the variable held fixed.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝒙
𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 = + 𝒂.
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝒚
𝜕2𝑧 𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given = + 𝑎 − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑦
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥 (keeping 𝑦 fixed), we get
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑧 1 𝑥 2
= ( ) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑦) − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2
Integrating (2) with respect to 𝑦 (keeping 𝑥 fixed), we get
𝜕𝑧 𝑥2 1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦
𝒙𝟐
Thus 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 + 𝒂𝒙𝒚 + 𝝓(𝒚) + 𝒈(𝒙)
𝟐
is the required solution, where 𝜙 & 𝑔 are arbitrary functions.

𝝏𝟑 𝒛
𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚).
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝜕3𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦) − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥 twice (keeping 𝑦 fixed), we get
𝜕 𝜕2𝑧
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑧 sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
= + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
 𝜕𝑧 1 cos(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
= (− ) + 𝑓 (𝑦 )𝑥 + 𝑔 (𝑦 )
𝜕𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝑧 cos(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
=− + 𝑥𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑦) − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑦 4
Integrating (2) with respect to 𝑦 (keeping 𝑥 fixed), we get
𝜕𝑧 1
∫( ) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ cos(2𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ℎ(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 4
1 sin(2𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝑧=− ( ) + 𝑥𝜙1 (𝑦) + 𝜙2 (𝑦) + ℎ(𝑥)
4 2
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
Thus 𝒛 = − + 𝒙𝝓𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝝓𝟐 (𝒚) + 𝒉(𝒙)
𝟖
is the required solution, where 𝜙1 , 𝜙2 & ℎ are arbitrary functions.

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 = 𝒙𝒚, 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎.
𝜕2𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given = 𝑥𝑦 − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥 2
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥 (keeping 𝑦 fixed), we get
𝜕 𝜕𝑧
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑥2
= 𝑦 ( ) + 𝑓 (𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑦
= + 𝑓(𝑦) − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑧
Using = log(1 + 𝑦) when 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get
𝜕𝑥
[12 ]𝑦
log(1 + 𝑦) = + 𝑓 (𝑦 )
2
𝑦
∴ 𝑓 (𝑦) = log(1 + 𝑦) −
2
Substituting the value of 𝑓(𝑦) in (2), we get
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦
= + log(1 + 𝑦) − − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥 2 2
Integrating (3) with respect to 𝑥 (keeping 𝑦 fixed), we get
 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝑦
∫( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + [log(1 + 𝑦) − ] ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 2
𝑦 𝑥3 𝑦
𝑧 = ( ) + [log(1 + 𝑦) − ] 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
2 3 2
𝑥 3𝑦 𝑦
𝑧= + 𝑥 [log(1 + 𝑦) − ] + 𝑔(𝑦) − − − − − (4)
6 2
Now, use 𝑧 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 in (4), we get
𝑦
0 = 0 + 0 [log(1 + 𝑦) − ] + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
∴ 𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 0
Substituting the value of 𝑔(𝑦) in (4), we get
𝑥 3𝑦 𝑦
𝑧= + 𝑥 [log(1 + 𝑦) − ] + 0
6 2
𝒙𝟑 𝒚 𝒚
Thus 𝒛 = + 𝒙 [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) − ]
𝟔 𝟐
is the desired solution.

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝒙 𝝏𝒛
𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 = , 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 = 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏.
𝜕2𝑧 𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given = − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑦
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑦 (keeping 𝑥 fixed), we get
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 log 𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
Using = log 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 1 in (2), we get
𝜕𝑥
log 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 1 + 𝑓 (𝑥 )
log 𝑥 = 𝑥[0] + 𝑓 (𝑥 )
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 𝑥
Substituting the value of 𝑓(𝑥) in (2), we get
 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 log 𝑦 + log 𝑥 − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥
Integrating (3) with respect to 𝑥 (keeping 𝑦 fixed), we get
𝜕𝑧
∫( ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
𝑥2
𝑧 = log 𝑦 ( ) + [𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
𝑥2
𝑧 = log 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) − − − − − (4)
2
Now, use 𝑧 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 in (4), we get
1
0= log 𝑦 + 0 − 1 + 𝑔(𝑦)
2
𝑔(𝑦) = 1 − log(𝑦)1/2
∴ 𝑔(𝑦) = 1 − log √𝑦
Substituting the value of 𝑔(𝑦) in (4), we get
𝑥2
𝑧 = log 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥 + [1 − log √𝑦]
2
𝒙𝟐
Thus 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒚
𝟐
is the desired solution.

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝟓) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 = 𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝒖 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎.
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝜕2𝑢
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given = 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑥 − − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑡
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥 (keeping 𝑡 fixed), we get
𝜕 𝜕𝑢
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑡) − − − − − (2)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
Using = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get
𝜕𝑡
0 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 0 + 𝑓(𝑡)
0 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (0) + 𝑓(𝑡)
 ∴ 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 0
Substituting the value of 𝑓(𝑡) in (2), we get
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑥 + 0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑥 − − − − − (3)
𝜕𝑡
Integrating (3) with respect to 𝑡 (keeping 𝑥 fixed), we get
𝜕𝑢
∫( ) 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝜕𝑡
𝑒 −𝑡
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 ( ) + 𝑔(𝑥)
−1
𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥) − − − − − (4)
Now, use 𝑢 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 in (4), we get
0 = −𝑒 −0 sin 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥 )
0 = −[1] sin 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥 )
∴ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥
Substituting the value of 𝑔(𝑥) in (4), we get
𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
Thus 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒕 ) is the desired solution.
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
𝜕2𝑧 1 3 2
1) Solve = 𝑥 2 𝑦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 6
𝜕3𝑧
2) Solve 2
+ 18𝑥𝑦 2 + sin(2𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
cos(2𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝜙1 (𝑦) + 𝜙2 (𝑦) + ℎ(𝑥)
4
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3) Solve = 𝑥 + 𝑦, subject to the conditions = 0 when 𝑥 = 2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
2
𝑥 3 𝑥 2𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = + − 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑦) + 𝑦 2
6 2
𝜕2𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧
4) Solve = + 𝑎, subject to the conditions = 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 1
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = log 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + − 𝑎𝑥
2 2
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕𝑧
5) Solve = sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 , subject to the conditions = −2 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜋
when 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0 when 𝑦 is an odd multiple of .
2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝑧 = cos 𝑦 (1 + cos 𝑥)
5.3 Solution of Lagrange’s Linear PDE of the type Pp+Qq=R
A linear PDE of the first order, commonly known as Lagrange’s linear
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅, where 𝑝 = ,𝑞 = and 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 are
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

the functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧. This equation is called a quasi-linear equation. When

𝑃, 𝑄, & 𝑅 are independent of 𝑧 it is known as linear equation.
Procedure to solve the equation 𝑷𝒑 + 𝑸𝒒 = 𝑹.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
i) Construct auxiliary or subsidiary equations = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅

ii) Solve the above subsidiary equations. Let the two independent solutions be
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1 & 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
iii) Then 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝒐𝒓 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣 ) is the required solution.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒙𝒑 + 𝒚𝒒 = 𝟑𝒛.
Solution: The given equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥, 𝑄 = 𝑦, 𝑅 = 3𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The subsidiary equations are given by = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⟹ = =
𝒙 𝒚 𝟑𝒛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
To solve the above, consider =
𝑥 𝑦
On integration, we have log 𝑥 = log 𝑦 + log 𝑐1
𝑥
⟹ log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = log 𝑐1 ⟹ log ( ) = log 𝑐1
𝑦
𝒙
∴ = 𝒄𝟏 is of the form 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1
𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Again, consider = ⟹3 =
𝑦 3𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
On integration, we have 3 log 𝑦 = log 𝑧 + log 𝑐2

3
𝑦3
⟹ log 𝑦 − log 𝑧 = log 𝑐2 ⟹ log ( ) = log 𝑐2
𝑧
 𝒚𝟑
∴ = 𝒄𝟐 is of the form 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
𝒛
The solution of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
𝒙 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 𝒚𝟑
Thus 𝝓 ( , ) = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 = 𝒇( )
𝒚 𝒛 𝒚 𝒛
is the required solution of the given equation.

𝒚𝟐 𝒛
𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒑 + 𝒙𝒛𝒒 = 𝒚𝟐 .
𝒙
Solution: Given equation can put in the form
𝑦 2 𝑧𝑝 + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑞
= 𝑦2
𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑝 + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 2
The above equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑦 2 𝑧, 𝑄 = 𝑥 2 𝑧, 𝑅 = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The subsidiary equations are given by = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⟹ = =
𝒚𝟐 𝒛 𝒙𝟐 𝒛 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
To solve the above, consider = ⟹ =
𝑦2𝑧 𝑥 2𝑧 𝑦2 𝑥2
⟹ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
On integration, we have
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑥3 𝑦3
= +𝑐 ⟹ − = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = 3𝑐
3 3 3 3
∴ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒄𝟏 is of the form 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
Again, consider = ⟹ =
𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑥
⟹ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧
On integration, we have
𝑥 2 𝑧2 𝑥 2 𝑧2
= +𝑐 ⟹ − = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 = 2𝑐
2 2 2 2
∴ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 is of the form 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
The solution of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
Thus 𝝓(𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 , 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 )
is the required solution of the given equation.

𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒙𝒑 − 𝒚𝒒 = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 .
Solution: The given equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥, 𝑄 = −𝑦, 𝑅 = 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The subsidiary equations are given by = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⟹ = = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒚 𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
To solve the above equations, consider =
𝑥 −𝑦
On integration, we have log 𝑥 = − log 𝑦 + log 𝑐1
⟹ log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = log 𝑐1 ⟹ log(𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑐1
∴ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 is of the form 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1
Using the multipliers 𝑥, 𝑦, 1, we get each fraction
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥(𝑥 ) + 𝑦(−𝑦) + 1(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧
=
0
⟹ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧 = 0
On integration, we have
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧
+ +𝑧 =𝑐 ⟹ = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 = 2𝑐
2 2 2
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝒄𝟐 is of the form 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
The solution of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
Thus 𝝓(𝒙𝒚, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛) = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛)
is the required solution of the given equation.
𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 (𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒑 + (𝒙 − 𝒛)𝒒 = 𝒚 − 𝒙.
Solution: The given equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑧 − 𝑦, 𝑄 = 𝑥 − 𝑧, 𝑅 =𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The subsidiary equations are given by = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⟹ = =
𝒛−𝒚 𝒙−𝒛 𝒚−𝒙
Using the multipliers 1,1,1, we get each fraction
1𝑑𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧 1𝑑𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧
= =
1(𝑧 − 𝑦) + 1(𝑥 − 𝑧) + 1(𝑦 − 𝑥) 0
⟹ 1𝑑𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑦 + 1𝑑𝑧 = 0
On integration, we have
∴ 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝒄𝟏 is of the form 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1
Again using the multipliers 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, we get each fraction
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑦) + 𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑧) + 𝑧(𝑦 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧
=
0
⟹ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 0
On integration, we have
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧2
+ + = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 2𝑐
2 2 2
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 is of the form 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
The solution of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
Thus 𝝓(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)
is the required solution of the given equation.

𝟓) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒑 + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝒒 = 𝒛𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒚).

Solution: The given equation is of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅
where 𝑃 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧), 𝑄 = 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥), 𝑅 = 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The subsidiary equations are given by = =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
⟹ = =
𝒙𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒛) 𝒚𝟐 (𝒛 − 𝒙) 𝒛𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒚)
1 1 1
Using the multipliers , , , we get each fraction
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
1 2 1 1
𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=
0
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
On integration, we have
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 + log 𝑧 = log 𝑐1 ⟹ log(𝑥𝑦𝑧) = log 𝑐1
∴ 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝒄𝟏 is of the form 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐1
1 1 1
Again using the multipliers , , , we get each fraction
𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑧2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
1 2 1 1
2 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 2 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 ) + 2 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1
2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
=
0
1 1 1
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
On integration, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − = 𝑐 ⟹ + + = −𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ + + = 𝒄𝟐 is of the form 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑐2
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
The solution of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 is 𝜙(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑣)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Thus 𝝓 (𝒙𝒚𝒛, + + ) = 𝟎 𝑶𝒓 𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝒇 ( + + )
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
is the required solution of the given equation.
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
𝑥 𝑦3
1) Solve 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝜙 ( , ) = 0
𝑦 𝑧

2) Solve 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥 2 𝑦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝜙(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 , 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0

3) Solve (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑝 − (𝑧 + 𝑥 )𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝜙(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 ) = 0

4) Solve 𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦). 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝜙(𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 0

5) Solve 𝑥(𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ).

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝜙(𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 0