Unit 1 INTRODUCTION

• Introduction to Energy
• Classification of Energy
• Sources of Energy
• Environmental consequences of Fossil Fuel use
• International global Energy scenario
• Global present conventional energy status
• Global present renewable energy status
• Indian conventional energy status
• Development of renewable energy in India
• Present Indian renewable energy status
• Indian energy scenario in various sectors
• Global potential of various renewable energy sources
• Indian renewable energy potential
• Per capita energy consumption
• Per capita energy consumption in India
• Future energy plans
 Classification of Energy
• Based on nature of availability of energy
1. Primary resources
2. Secondary resources
• Utilization of energy
1. Direct source of energy
2. Indirect source of energy
3. Supplementary sources of energy
• Traditional use
1. Conventional energy
2. Non conventional energy
• Long term availability
1. Non renewable energy sources
2. Renewable energy sources
 Classification of Energy
• Origin
1.Fossil fuels energy
2.Nuclear energy
3. Hydro energy
4. Solar energy
5. Wind energy
6. Biomass energy
7. Geothermal energy
8. Tidal energy
 Sources of Energy
• Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and
natural gases which products thermal,
mechanical, and electrical energy.
• Chemical Energy
• Nuclear Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• The gravitational potential and planetary motion
among sun, moon and earth which produces
wind ,tidal and wave energies.
 Conventional Energy sources
• Fossil fuel energy
1.Coal
Complex mixture of compounds of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen. On strong heating coal breaks
up to produce coal gas, ammonia, coal tar and
coke.
2. Petroleum
3. Natural gas
• Hydraulic energy or water power
• Nuclear energy
 Renewable energy sources
• Advantages • Limitations
1.Available plenty in 1. Dilute form
nature 2. Cost of harnessing is
2. No or little pollution high
3. Simple plant design 3. availability is uncertain
4.Easy maintenance 4. Difficulty in
5. Inexhaustible transporting such
6. Low gestation period forms of energy
5. Large area to install
 Environmental consequences of fossil
fuel use
• Air pollution
1. Carbon monoxide(CO)
2. Carbon dioxide(CO2)
3. Chloroflurocarbons(CFC)
4. Lead
5. Ozone(03)
6. Nitrogen oxide (NOX)
7. Suspended particulate matter(SPM)
8. Sulphur dioxide(SO2)
• Acid rain
• Depletion of ozone layer
• Greenhouse effect
 Importance of Renewable sources of
Energy
• Plentiful supply
• Hygienic sources of energy
• Energy security of the nation
• Electricity prices can be made stable
• No fuel costs
• Locally produced
• Employment high
Development of Renewable energy in India
Scheme of sustainable development
Opportunities of Renewable energy sources towards
sustainable development

Energy Security

Social and economic Renewable Energy access

development
Energy

Climate change
mitigation and
reduction of
environmental and
health impacts
International Energy Scenario
1.Growth of Global energy consumption by fuel
sources
 2017
Energy Energy Chart Title Energy Energy
consumption,consumption, consumption,
consumption,
oil, 0, 0% gas, 6%, 14% Renewables,
Hydro, 4%, 9%
3%,Energy
7%
consumption,
Renewables
Nuclear, 1%,
Hydro
2%
Nuclear
coal
Energy gas
consumption, oil
coal, 29%,
68%
 2018
Energy Chart Title Energy Energy
consumption, consumption,
consumption,
oil, 0, 0% Hydro Renewable
electricity, energy,
7%, 4%,
11% 6%
Energy Renewable
Energy energy
consumption, Hydro electricity
consumption,
Natural gas,
Nuclear
Nuclear energy
24%, 36%
energy, 4%,
coal
Energy 6%
consumption, Natural gas
coal, 27%, oil
41%
 2035
Projected Chart Title Projected
growth, growth,
Nuclear, renewable
6.70%, sources,
4% 14.20%, 7%
NuclearProjected
growth,sources
renewable Natural
Projected
gas, 22.70%,
growth, Natural gas
12%
petroleum, 1.2, Coal
63% Projected
petroleum
growth, Coal,
27.20%, 14%
 World Energy consumption by fuel
sources
Energy sources Energy In Terawatt hour
1980 2000 2010 2018
Oil 35605.19 43057.58 48868.82 54219.68
Coal 20856.52 27421.73 41985.08 43869.48
Natural gas 14237.47 23991.13 31567.00 38488.57
Hydro power 1698.61 2654.70 3432.95 4193.10

Nuclear power 711.35 2580.91 2767.51 2701.43

Wind power 0.01 31.42 341.61 1269.95
Solar power 0.00 1.13 33.68 584.63
Other 49.39 185.45 378.85 625.81
renewables
Total 73158.54 99924.05 129375.3 145952.7
 2.Consumption by country
Chart Title
Energy Energy Energy
Energy
Energy consumption In consumption In consumption
consumptionInIn
consumption In 2000, south 2000, Canada, 2000,
2000,
south Japan,
Brazil,
korea
Energy
2000, other, korea, 2.00%, 3.20%, 3% 5.50%,
2.00%,6%
2% In
consumption
23.60%, 24% Brazil
2% 2000, India,
Canada
3.20%, 3%
Japan
Energy
India
consumption In
Energy RussiaRussia,
2000,
consumption In
6.60%, 7%
Eu
2000, China,
10.80%, 11% Us
Energy
consumption
China In
Energy 2000, Eu,
consumption In other
18.40%, 18%
2000, Us,
24.70%, 25%
 2.Consumption by country
Energy Chart Title Energy EnergyEnergy
Energyconsumption in consumption
consumption
consumption
in in in
consumption2018,
in south 2018, Canada,
2018,
2018,
Brazil,
south Japan,
korea
korea, 2.80%,
2018, other, 2.50%, 2.10%,
3% 3.30%,
2% 3%
Brazil
Energy
23.30%, 23% 3% Energy
consumption
Canadain
consumption in
2018, India,
Japan
2018, Russia,
5.80%, 6%
5.20%,
India5%
Energy
Russia
consumption
Eu in
2018, Eu,
Us
Energy 14.80%, 15%
China
consumption in Energy
2018, China, consumptionother
in
23.60%, 24% 2018, Us,
16.60%, 17%
 3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario

Generation Mix Renewable Energy

Chart Title 2018,
Renea Solar power 2.2%
ble
Enegy,
25.10 Wind power 4.8%
%,
Reneable
Enegy25% Geothermal Power 0.3%
Conventio
2018, nal Energy
Biomass Power 2%
Conve
ntional
Energ Hydro Power 15.85
y,
74.90
%,…
3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario

Energy Chart Title Energy

generation generation
capacity2018, capacity2018,
others, 1.10%, Bio Energy,
1% 4.90%, 5%
Energy
Energy Bio Energy
generation
generation Solar Energy
capacity2018
capacity2018, Solar
Wind Energy,
Energy
Hydro Energy,
Hydro20%, 20%
50%, 50% Energy
others
Energy
generation
capacity2018,
Wind Energy,
24%, 24%
3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario
1.Hydro Power

Country Installed capacity(MW)

China 8540
Brazil 3866
Pakistan 2487
Turkey 1085
Angola 668
Tajikistan 605
Eucadar 556
India 535
Norway 419
Canada 401
 3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario
2.Wind
Power
Country Installed capacity (GW)

China 185

EU 10

USA 7

Other (Brazil,France,Germany,India,UK) 1
 3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario
3.Bio Energy
Country Installed capacity

Brazil 3.1 mote

Indonesia 2.2mote
 3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario
4.Solar Energy
Country Installed capacity (GW)

China 44

USA 84

India 94
 3.Global Renewable Energy Scenario
5.Geothermal Energy
Country Installed capacity (MW)

Turkey 219

Indonesia 137

kenya 40%

Iceland 25%

Newzealand 18%
 Indian conventional Energy Scenario
• India – world’s seventh largest producer and
accounts for about 2.5% of the world’s total
annual energy production.
Indian conventional Energy Scenario
Indian conventional Energy Scenario
 Primary Energy use
Sources TPES

Coal 44%

Oil 25%

Nuclear power 1%

Fossil 55%
 Energy production and consumption
Sources consumption

Coal 3.62% increase

Oil 0.63%

Nuclear power 5.71%

Fossil 7.39%
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
• Biomass Energy
• Hydro Power
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Biogas Energy
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Biomass Energy
• Biomass as an energy scenario has increased and
it represents approximately 14% of world final
energy consumption
• 15-50% of the world’s primary energy use b 2050
• Energy production from food wastes or food
processing wastes, especially from waste edible
oils, seems to be attractive based on bio-resource
sustainability, environmental production and
economic consideration.
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Hydro power
• Largest renewable energy resource being used
for the generation of electricity.
• 17% of the vast hydel potential of
1,50,000MW updated so far.
• In India 25MW fall under the category of small
hydro power
• 15,000MW- 11% has been tapped so far.
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Wind Energy
• 10% of India’s total installed power
generation capacity.
• 52.676 Twh in the fiscal year 2017-2018 with
3% of total electricity generation.
• 2017-2018=16%
• 2016-2017=19.62%
• 2015-2016=14%
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Solar Energy
• MNRE- Target of 100GW by 2022
• A capacity of 23.12GW was installed up to July
2018
• 2018- 15890 MW
• Increase energy efficiency.
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Geothermal Energy
• 10,000MW over the world
• Ambitious plan to more than double the current
total installed capacity.
Biogas Energy
• India- animal waste, primary cow dug
• National project on –Biogas Development (NPBD)
• India biogas program is one of the most
successful program if we compare with other
such program implemented in rural India.
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
1. Development of Renewable Energy in India
• Commission for Additional sources of Energy
(IASW) in 1981
The aim of the programme is to,
• Increase the share of renewable source in the
overall installed capaity power generatio.
• Meet the energy needs of rural and remote
areas for a variety of applications.
• Minimize the drudgery and health hazard
• Extract energy from urban and industrial waste.
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Indian Renewable Energy Scenario
Global Renewable Energy potential
• Hydroelectric potential
• Wind energy potential
• Bio energy potential
• Solar energy potential
• Geothermal energy potential
• Ocean Tidal energy potential
• Ocean wave energy potential
• Ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)
Potential
 Hydroelectricity Potential
S.No Country Hydroelectricity %of Total production
production in GW
1. China 341 26.9
2. United states 103 8.1
3. Brazil 100.3 7.9
4. Canada 81 6.4
5. Japan 50 3.9
6. India 49 3.9
7. Russia 48.4 3.8
8. Norway 32 2.5
9. Turkey 27.3 2.2
10. France 26 2.1
Total production 858 67.7
 BioEnergy Potential
S.No Country Hydroelectricity %of Total production
production in GW
1. China
2. United states
3. Brazil
4. Canada
5. Japan
6. India
7. Russia
8. Norway
9. Turkey
10. France
Total production
 Solar Energy Potential

S.No Country Installed capacity(GW)

1. China 130
2. United states 51
5. Japan 49
6. India 98
Geothermal Energy Potential
S.No Country Total production 2017
(GW)
1. US 3.7
2. Philippines 1.9
3. Indonesia 1.9
4. Turkey 1.1
5. New Zealand 1.03
6. Mexico 0.9
7. Italy 0.8
8. Iceland 0.75
9. Kenya 0.7
10. Japan 0.53
 Ocean Tidal Energy Potential
• The potential in ocean tides resource is estimated as
550 billion kwh/year (120 GW power). Of the
approximately 529 MW of operating capacity at the
end of 2017,more than 90% was represented by two
tidal barrage facilities,
1.254 MW sihwa plain in the Republic of
Korea(completed in 2011)
2. 240 MW La Rance tidal power station in France (built
in 1966)
• Many sites have been identified in USA, Argentina,
Europe, India and china for development of tidal
power.
 Ocean wave Energy Potential
• The world’s First commercial wave energy
plant having 0.5Mw is located in Isle of Islay
and Scotland.
• The estimated potential is 2000GW.
• It has been estimated that the total available
US wave energy resource is 23GW which is
more than twice as much as Japan and nearly
five times as much as Great Britain.
 Ocean thermal Energy
Conversion(OTEC) Potential
• OTEC technologies use the temperature difference
between warm sea water at the surface of the ocean
and cold seawater 800-1000m depth to produce
electricity.
• Up to 88,000Twh/yr of power could be generated from
OTEC without affecting the ocean’s thermal structure.
• The first operational OTEC system was built in Cuba in
1930 and generated 22Kw. So far only commercial
OTEC plant up to 1MW has been built.
• It is located in Hawaii which ran from 1993-1998.
Indian Renewable Energy Potential
• The total potential for renewable power generation in India as on 31.03.17 is
estimated at 1001GW
• India added a record 11.8Gw of renewable energy capacity in 2017-18.
• India has 5th Global position for overall installed renewable energy capacity,4th
position for wind power and 5th position for solar power.

Source Energy
State Total installed
Potential (GW)
capacity (GW)
Solar 649 (64.86%)
Rajasthan 162.3
Wind 302(30.19%)
Gujarat 121
Small hydro 21(2.1%)
Jammu and 112.8
potential
Kashmir
Biomass 18.6(1.86%)
India 73.35
bagasse 7.3(0.73%)
Indian Renewable Energy Potential
potential(GW)
potential(GW) potential(GW) potential(GW)
Chart Title
in Indiainas
India
on as on in India as on in India as on
30.03.2017,
30.03.2017, 30.03.2017, 30.03.2017,
cogeneration
biomass waste to Wind power,
Bagasse, power,
7.3, 18.6, energy, 0, 0% 302, 30%
1% 2% Wind power
small hydro power
solar power
potential(GW) biomass power
in India as on cogeneration Bagasse
30.03.2017,
wastepotential(GW)
to energy
solar power, in India as on
649, 65% 30.03.2017,
small hydro
power, 21, 2%
 Progress of power production in
INDIA(source: MNRE)
Energy source Contribution in GW

01.04.2002 01.04.2010 30.06.2014 30.10.2018

Thermal 74.4 106.5 172.3 221.76

Renewable 1.63 18.2 31.7 73.35

Hydro 26.3 37.3 40.7 45.48

Nuclear 2.72 3.9 4.8 6.78

Source wise installed capacity of renewable
power (excluding large hydropower) as on
31.03.2019
S.No Renewable energy source Installed capacity

1. Solar power 28.18

2. Wind power 35.63

3. Bio Energy(Biomass and 9.54

Gasification and Bagasse
Cogeneration)

4. Small hydro 4.59

Total 77.94
 1.Solar power potential in India
S.no State Potential(GW) Installed
capacity(GW)
1 Andhra Pradesh 38.44 2.17
2 Gujarat 35.77 1.59
3 Karnataka 24.70 2.19
4 Madhya Pradesh 61.66 1.24
5 Telangana 20.41 3.05
6 Rajasthan 142.31 2.23
7 Tamil Nadu 17.67 1.82
8 Jammu and Kashmir 111.05 0.002
9 Maharashtra 64.32 0.78
10 Other states 232 2.738
Total 302 18.5
 2. Wind Energy potential in India
S.no State Potential(GW) Installed
capacity(GW)
1 Andhra Pradesh 44.23 3.84
2 Gujarat 84.43 5.54
3 Karnataka 55.86 3.79
4 Madhya Pradesh 10.49 2.49
5 Maharastra 45.40 4.78
6 Rajasthan 18.77 4.28
7 Tamil Nadu 33.80 7.97
8 Other states 9.02 0.16
Total 302 32.85
 3. Biomass Energy potential in India
S.no State Potential(GW) Installed
capacity(GW)
1 Maharashtra 1970 2065
2 Uttar Pradesh 1765 1958
3 Karnataka 1222 1605
4 Tamil Nadu 1164 893
5 Andhra pradesh 739 378
6 West Bengal 530 300
7 Punjab 3178 194
8 Telangana 645 158
9 Other states 7387 866
Total 18600 8414
 4.Hydroelectric Energy potential in
India
S.no Basin/Rivers probable Installed capacity(GW)

1 Indus Basin 33.8

2 Ganga Basin 20.8
3 Central Indian River system 4.3
4 Western flowing Rivers of 9.5
southern India
5 Eastern flowing Rivers of 14.6
southern India
6 Brahmaputra Basin 66.2
Total 145
 5.State wise potential and installed
SHP capacity as on 31.12.2017
S.no State Potential(GW) Installed
capacity(GW)
1 Himachal pradesh 3461 842
2 Karnataka 3727 1231
3 Uttarkhand 1665 215
4 Tamil Nadu 605 123
5 Jammu and Kashmir 1708 161
6 Arunachal pradesh 2065 105
7 Andhra pradesh 409 162
8 Kerala 647 219
9 Maharashtra 787 349
10 Other states 6059 1011
Total 21133 4418
 6. Tidal Energy Potential in India
• India is estimated to have a potential of
about 54 gigawatts(GW) Of ocean energy
including about 12.4 GW of tidal power.
7. Geothermal Energy Potential in
India