Chapter 15 Solution
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dbswlals2003Chapter 15.
Chapter 15. Vector Calculus
§15.1. Vector Fields.
1. Sketch the vector field .
Sol. Notice that , ⋅〈 〉 .
2. Find the gradient vector field ∇ of and sketch it.
Sol. ∇
Notice that the gradient vector field ∇ is parallel to the normal vector of the level curve
.
Chapter 15.
§15.2. Line Integrals.
1. Evaluate the line integral, where is the given curve.
(a) , is the right half of the circle
cossin
Sol. cos sin ≤ ≤ ,
sin cos
(b) , consists of line segments from to and from to .
Sol. ∪ , where
〈 〉 ≤ ≤ 〈〉 〈 〉 〈 〉 ≤ ≤
(c)
, is the line segment from to .
Sol. ≤ ≤ ,
(d) , : ≤ ≤
Sol.
2. The figure shows a vector field and two curves and . Are the line integrals of over
and positive, negative, or zero? Explain.
Sol. Note that ⋅ cos cos . The tangential component of is positive on ,
that is, ⋅ ⋅
is positive(∵ ⋅ cos ).
On the other hand, the tangential component of is negative on , that is,
⋅ ⋅
is negative(∵ ⋅ cos ).
Chapter 15.
3.(a) Evaluate the line integral ∙ , where is given by the vector function ,
sin cos , , ≤ ≤ .
Sol. ⋅ 〈sin cos 〉⋅〈 〉 cos sin
(b) Find the work done by the force field in moving an object along an arch
of the cycloid sin cos, ≤ ≤ .
Sol. Work ⋅
〈 sin cos 〉⋅〈 cos sin 〉
(c) Find the work done by the force field on a particle that moves along
the parabola from to .
Sol. : ≤ ≤
Work ⋅ 〈
〉⋅〈 〉
(d) Find the work done by the force field 〈 〉 on a particle that
moves along the line segment from to .
Sol. the line segment from to : ≤ ≤ ,
Work ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
(e) An object with mass moves with position function sin cos ≤ ≤ .
Find the work done on the object during this time period.
Sol. ″, ′ cos sin , ′ cos sin
⋅
Work ″⋅′ ′⋅′ ′ ′ ′ ′
4. The force exerted by an electric charge at the origin on a charged particle at a point
with position vector 〈 〉 is where is a constant. Find the work done as
the particle moves along a straight line from to .
Sol. 〈 〉 ≤ ≤
〈 〉
Work ⋅
⋅〈〉
5. The base of a circular fence with radius 10m is given by cos, sin . The height of
the fence at position is given by the function , so the height varies
from m to m . Suppose that of paint covers . Determine how much paint you will
need if you paint both sides of the fence.
Chapter 15.
Sol. 〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤ .
cos sin
sin cos
and the total area to cover is and of paint covers .
We require for one side of the fence. ∴
Chapter 15.
§15.3. The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals.
1. The figure shows a curve and a contour map of a function whose gradient is continuous.
Find ∇⋅.
Sol. By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
∇⋅ termial point finitial point .
2. Determine whether or not is a conservative vector field.
If It is, find a function such that ∇ .
(a)
Sol. Put . Since ≠ , is not conservative.
(b) sin cos
Sol. Put sin cos. Since cos and the domain of is
(open simply connected), is conservative.
Let ∇ for some . sin → sin
and cos ′ → ′ , constant. Thus sin .
3. Let and be the semicircle from to .
(a) Evaluate ∙ directly.
Sol. 〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤ ,
⋅
〈cos sin cos sin 〉⋅〈 sin cos 〉
cos sin sin
sin .
(b) Show that is conservative and find a function such that ∇ . Using the fundamental
theorem for line integral, evaluate ∙ .
Sol. Put . Since and the domain of is (open simply connected),
is conservative.
Let ∇ for some . →
and ′ → ′ , constant. Thus .
Chapter 15.
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
⋅ .
4. Let sin cos cos sin and : sin , ≤ ≤ .
Find a function such that ∇ and evaluate ∙ along the given curve .
Sol. Let ∇ for some , that is, sin cos cos sin .
sin → sin and cos → cos ,
and so cos . Then sin cos ,
and sin ′ → ′ , constant. Thus sin cos .
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
⋅ .
5. Show that the line integral
is independent of path and evaluate
the integral when is any path from to .
Sol. The line integral is written by
⋅, where
.
Put
. Since on
and the domain of is open simply
connected, is conservative, that is, ∇ for some .
Hence the line integral
is independent of path.
Let ∇ for some . →
and ′ → ′ , constant. Thus .
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
⋅
.
6. Find the work done by the force field in moving an object from
to .
Sol. The work done by the force field is ⋅, where is any path
from to .
Put . Since and the domain of is (open simply connected),
is conservative.
Let ∇ for some . →
and ′ → ′ , constant. Thus .
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
⋅ .
7. Let , where .
(a) Show that .
Chapter 15.
Sol.
(b) Show that ∙ is not independent of path. [Hint: Compute ⋅ and ⋅, where
and are the upper and lower halves of the circle from to ]
Sol. Let 〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤ and 〈cos sin 〉, → .
Then ⋅ 〈 sin cos〉⋅〈 sin cos〉 and
⋅
〈 sin cos〉⋅〈 sin cos〉 .
Thus the line integral is not independent of path.
Notice that the domain of is not simply-connected.
8. Evaluate the line integral , where C consists of the line segment from
to followed by the circle in a counterclockwise direction to the
point on the plane .
Sol. We can write ⋅, where .
Let ∇ for some , that is, .
→ and → , and so .
Then , and ′ → ′ , constant.
Thus .
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
∇⋅ termial point initial point .
9. Using the fundamental theorem of line integral, solve the problem 4 in section 14.2: that is,
The force exerted by an electric charge at the origin on a charged particle at a point
with position vector 〈 〉 is where is a constant. Find the work done as
the particle moves along a straight line from to .
Sol. Notice that a potential function of is (except the origin).
By Fundamental Theorem of the line integral,
Work ⋅
.
Chapter 15.
§15.4. Green's Theorem.
1. Evaluate the line integral , is the triangle with vertices , , and
by two methods : (a) directly (b) using Green's Theorem.
Sol.(a) ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ →,
⋅ ⋅
(b) By Green's Theorem,
.
2. Use Green's Theorem to evaluate the line integral along the given positively oriented curve.
(a)
cos , is the boundary of the region enclosed by the parabolas
and
Sol. By Green's Theorem,
cos
.
(b) , is the circle
Sol. By Green's Theorem, ≤ ,
.
3. Evaluate ⋅, where 〈 cos sin 〉, and is the circle
oriented clockwise.
Sol. Notice that the orientation of is clockwise.
≤ . By Green's Theorem,
∙
sin cos .
4. (a) Find the area enclosed by the ellipse .
Sol. cos sin ≤ ≤ ,
cos cos sin sin
(b) Find the area under one arch of the cycloid of sin cos and above the -axis.
Sol. ∪ , where
: arch of the cycloid from to , sin cos ≤ ≤
: line segment from to , →
Notice that is oriented positively and encloses the area under one arch of the
cycloid.
cos cos
Chapter 15.
5. A particle starts at the origin, moves along the axis to , then along the quarter-circle
≥ ≥ to the point , then down the axis back to the origin.
Find the work done on this particle by the force field sin sin .
〈 〉
Sol. work: ⋅
By Green's Theorem, ⋅ sin
sin
≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
sin cos
6. Let
. Evaluate ⋅ where is the given positively oriented curve.
(a) is the boundary of the region between the circles and .
Sol. Let . Notice that on ℝ .
: region between the circles and .
By Green's Theorem, ⋅
(b) is the ellipse .
Sol. Let . Notice that on ℝ .
Let be the positively oriented circle and be the region between the circle
and the ellipse .
By Green's Theorem,
⋅ ⋅
∪
⋅
,
and so ⋅ ⋅ .
〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤
⋅ ⋅
〈 sin cos〉⋅〈 sin cos〉 .
(c) is the straight line segment from to , then to , then to .
Sol. Let . Notice that on ℝ .
Let be the curve from to along the circle , counterclockwise.
Let be the region between and .
Notice that ∪ is closed, counterclockwise.
By Green's Theorem,
⋅ ⋅
∪
⋅
Chapter 15.
and so ⋅ ⋅ .
〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤
⋅ ⋅ 〈 sin cos〉⋅〈 sin cos〉 .
7. Evaluate
⋅, where
, and is any positively oriented simple
closed curve that encloses the origin.
Sol. Let . Notice that on ℝ .
Let be the positively oriented circle such that lies inside
and be the region between and .
By Green's Theorem, ⋅ ⋅
∪
⋅
,
and so ⋅ ⋅ .
〈 cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤
〈 cos sin sin cos
〉
⋅ ⋅
⋅〈 sin cos〉
cos
.
Chapter 15.
§15.5. Curl and Divergence.
1. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field .
Sol. curl ∇ ×
,
div ∇⋅ .
2. Determine whether or not the vector field is conservative.
If it is conservative, find a function such that ∇ .
Sol. curl ∇ × and has continuous partial derivatives on ℝ ,
so is conservative.
Let ∇ for some , that is, .
→ , and → , and so .
Then , and ′ → ′ , constant.
Thus .
3. (a) Is there a vector field on ℝ such that curl 〈 sin cos 〉? Explain.
Sol. No.
Assume there is a vector field on ℝ such that curl 〈 sin cos 〉,
Then div(curl ) . But div(curl ) sin sin ≠ .
Thus there is not a vector field on ℝ such that curl 〈 sin cos 〉.
(b) Show that any vector field of the form where , , are
differentiable functions is irrotational.
Sol. curl ∇ × . Hence is irrotational.
(c) Show that any vector field of the form is incompressible.
Sol. div . So, is incompressible.
4. Prove the identity div div ⋅∇ , assuming that the appropriate partial derivatives
exist and are continuous. Here is a scalar field and are vector fields.
Sol. Let .
div ∇⋅〈 〉 ∇⋅〈 〉
〈 〉⋅〈 〉 div
Chapter 15.
∇⋅ div .
5. Let and . Verify each identity.
(a) ∇
Sol. Notice that , and
.
∇
(b) ∇
Sol. Notice that , and
.
∇
〈
〉 〈
〉
.
6. (a) Use a second vector form of Green's Theorem to prove Green's first identity :
∇ ∇ ∙ ∇ ∙ ∇
where and satisfy the hypotheses of Green’s Theorem and the appropriate partial
derivatives of and exist and are continuous.
Sol. div∇ ∇⋅〈 〉 ∇⋅〈 〉
〈 〉⋅〈 〉 ∇⋅∇ ∇ .
By a second vector form of Green's Theorem,
∇ ⋅ ∇⋅ ∇ ∇ ∇⋅∇ .
Hence, ∇ ∇ ⋅ ∇⋅∇ .
(b) Use Green's first identity to show that if is harmonic on , and if on the
boundary curve , then ∇ (Assume the same hypotheses as in (a).)
Sol. Let in (a). Then Green's first identity(see (a)) says
∇ ∇⋅ ∇⋅∇ .
Since is harmonic, so ∇ on , and ∇ ∙ ∇ ∇ .
So, ∇⋅ ∇ .
Since on , ∇ ∇⋅ .
Chapter 15.
§15.6. Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas.
1. Find a parametric representation for the surface.
(a) The part of the sphere that lies above the cone
Sol. , , where ≤ ,
or sin cos , sin sin , cos where ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ .
(b) The part of the plane that lies inside the cylinder
Sol. , , where ≤ ,
or cos, sin , cos where ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ .
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the given parametric surface at the specified point.
(a) , , ;
Sol. Note that 〈 〉, and when .
Also, the normal vector of the tangent plane at (or ) is
× 〈 〉 or 〈 〉
The equation of the tangent plane at is
〈 〉⋅〈 〉 or .
(b) cos sin ;
Sol. Note that when .
Also, the normal vector of the tangent plane at (or ) is
×
〈
〉.
The equation of the tangent plane at is
〈
〉 〈
〉
⋅ or .
3. Find the area of the surface.
(a) The part of the surface that lies within the cylinder
Sol. with ≤ ,
.
(b) The helicoid with vector function cos sin , ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ .
Sol. ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ,
Chapter 15.
× cos sin 〈 sin cos 〉 and ×
.
sin cos
The area of surface is ×
.
Let tan with , then sec and
tan sec
sec .
Note that sec sec tan lnsec tan .
sec tan ln sec tan
ln
.
Hence
ln
.
4.(a) Find the area of the part of the sphere that lies inside the paraboloid
.
Sol. , ≤
.
(b) Find the area of the part of the sphere that lies inside the cylinder .
Sol. Put and ± , ≤ , ⇔ cos
cos
cos
⋅ sin .
5. The figure shows the surface created when the cylinder intersects the cylinder
. Find the area of this surface.
Sol. ×
, where ,
≤ .
.
Chapter 15.
§15.7. Surface Integrals.
1. Suppose that , where is a function of one variable such that
. Evaluate , where
is the sphere .
Sol.
on : .
.
2. Evaluate the surface integral.
(a)
, is the surface with vector equation 〈 〉, ≤ .
Sol. × 〈 〉, ×
, ≤
×
(b) ,
is the part of the plane that lies in the first octant.
Sol. : ≥ ≤
(c) ,
is the part of the paraboloid that lies inside the cylinder .
Sol. , ≤ .
′
(d) ,
is the hemisphere , ≥ .
Sol. 〈sin cos sin sin cos〉, ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
× sin sin sin cos 〈 sin cos sin sin sin cos〉
cos cos cos sin sin
and × sin (Notice that × sin .)
sincos sinsin cos ×
sin cossin
Chapter 15.
3. Evaluate the surface integral ⋅
for the given vector field and the oriented surface .
In other words, find the flux of across . For closed surfaces, use the positive (outward)
orientation.
(a) , where is the part of the paraboloid that lies above
the -plane and has upward orientation
Sol. Let , ≤ .
⋅ 〈
〉⋅〈 〉
(b) , consists of the paraboloid , ≤ ≤ , and the disk ≤ ,
Sol. ∪ where ≤ and ≤ .
Since is a closed surface, we use the outward orientation.
Notice that he normal vector on is 〈 〉.
⋅ 〈
〉⋅〈 〉
cos sin .
Notice that the normal vector on is 〈 〉.
⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
Hence, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .
4.(a) The temperature at a point in a ball with conductivity is inversely proportional to the
distance from the center of the ball. The rate of heat flow across a surface in a body is
given by ∇⋅ . Find the rate of heat flow across a sphere
of radius with
center at the center of the ball.
Sol. Let be a sphere of radius centered at the origin.
outward unit normal vector on :
,
〈 〉
∇ ,
The rate of heat flow across a sphere is
∇ ⋅
⋅
.
Thus the flux of across a sphere with center the origin is independent of the radius of .
Chapter 15.
(b) Let be an inverse square field, that is, for some constant , where .
Show that the flux of across a sphere with center the origin is independent of the radius of
.
Sol. Let be a sphere of radius centered at the origin.
outward unit normal vector on :
The flux of across a sphere is
⋅
⋅ ⋅
.
Thus the flux of across a sphere with center the origin is independent of the radius of .
Chapter 15.
§15.8. Stoke's Theorem.
1. Verify that Stokes’ Theorem is true for the vector field and is of
the part of paraboloid that lies above the plane , oriented upward.
Sol. : boundary of the surface of , counterclockwise oriented
We must show that the Stokes’ theorem, curl ⋅ ⋅
is true.
curl 〈 〉, ≥ that is, ≤
curl ⋅ 〈
〉⋅〈 〉
sin sin
: 〈cos sin 〉, ≤ ≤ , boundary of
⋅
〈 sin sin cos 〉⋅〈 sin cos 〉
sin sin cos .
Thus curl ⋅ ⋅
holds.
2.(a) A hemisphere and a portion of a paraboloid are shown. Suppose is a vector field on
whose components have continuous partial derivatives.
Explain why curl⋅ curl⋅ .
Sol. Both and are oriented smooth surfaces that are bounded by the simple, closed, positive,
smooth curve .
curl⋅ ⋅
By the Stokes’ Theorem,
and curl⋅ ⋅ .
Hence curl⋅ curl⋅ .
(b) Evaluate curl⋅ . where and consists of the top and
the four sides (but not the bottom) of the cube with vertices ± ± ± , oriented outward.
Sol. : top and four sides (but not the bottom) of the cube with vertices ± ± ± ,
: bottom of the cube with vertices ± ± ± .
: boundary of the surface of , counterclockwise oriented
Chapter 15.
Then by the Stokes’ theorem, curl ⋅ ⋅ curl ⋅ .
( ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ).
curl 〈 〉
curl ⋅ curl ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
.
3. Evaluate curl⋅ .
(a) , is the half of the ellipsoid that lies to the right
of the -plane, oriented in the direction of the positive -axis.
Sol. : ≤ , oriented in the direction of the positive -axis.
: 〈sin cos〉, ≤ ≤ , boundary of
By the Stokes’ Theorem,
curl⋅ ⋅
〈 sin cos sin cos〉⋅〈cos sin 〉
cos sin cos .
(b) sin and consist of the cylinder ≤ ≤
and the hemisphere ≥ , oriented outward.
Sol. 〈cos sin 〉 ≤ ≤
By the Stokes‘ Theorem,
curl ⋅ ⋅
〈cos sin 〉⋅〈 sin cos 〉 .
4. Evaluate ⋅, where , is the curve of intersection of the plane
and the cylinder , and is oriented counterclockwise as viewed from above.
Sol. ( ≤ ),
curl 〈 〉
⋅ curl ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
cos .
Or since , .
5. A particle moves along line segments from the origin to the points , , and
back to the origin under the influence of the force field .
Find the work done.
Chapter 15.
Sol. line segments from the origin to the points , , and back to the origin
: the plane bounded by ,
normal vector of : 〈 〉×〈 〉 〈 〉,
( ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ),
curl 〈 〉
By the Stokes' theorem, ⋅ curl ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
.
6. Let be a simple closed smooth curve and lies in the plane . Show that the line
integral
depends only on the area of the region enclosed by and not
on the shape of or its location in the plane.
Sol. 〈 〉, : the part of the plane bounded by .
By Stokes' theorem,
⋅ curl ⋅ curl ⋅ .
〈 〉 〈 〉
curl ⋅ ⋅ 〈 〉⋅
.
Thus the line integral depends only on the area of the region enclosed by
and not on the shape of or its location in the plane.
7. If is a sphere and satisfies the hypotheses of Stokes' Theorem, show that curl ⋅ .
Sol. Let and be the upper and lower hemispheres, respectively, of , and be the boundary
of , oriented counterclockwise.
By Stokes' Theorem,
curl ⋅ ⋅ and curl ⋅
⋅ ⋅.
Thus curl ⋅ curl ⋅ curl ⋅ .
8. Suppose and satisfy the hypotheses of Stoke's Theorem and have continuous
second-order partial derivatives. Prove it.
(a) ∇ ⋅ ∇ × ∇ ⋅
Chapter 15.
Sol. curl∇
〈 〉
〈 〉
∇ × ∇ .
Then by the stokes’ theorem,
∇⋅ curl∇ ⋅ ∇ × ∇ ⋅ .
(b) ∇ ⋅
Sol. By (a) and ∇ × ∇ ,
∇⋅ curl∇ ⋅ ∇ × ∇ ⋅ .
9. Evaluate sin
cos , where is the curve sin cos sin
≥ . (Hint: Observe that lies on the surface .)
Sol. Note that lies on the surface .
is the boundary of the surface ≤ .
Let sin cos .
curl 〈 〉
sin cos
By the stokes’ theorem,
sin
cos ⋅ curl⋅
〈 〉⋅〈 〉
cos sin
Chapter 15.
§15.9. The Divergence Theorem.
1. Verify that the Divergence Theorem is true for the vector field
on the solid bounded by the paraboloid and the -plane.
Sol.ⅰ) Let be the region bounded by the paraboloid and the -plane,
≤ .
∇⋅
.
ⅱ) ∪ where ≤
and ≤ .
Since is a closed surface, we use the outward orientation.
On , ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
By the symmetry, .
Thus ⋅ ≡ sin cos
.
On , ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉
sin .
Hence, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .
We have shown ∇⋅ ⋅ ,
this means that the Divergence Theorem is true in this case.
2. Calculate the surface integral ⋅ ,
that is, calculate the flux of across .
(a) cos sin , is the surface of the solid bounded by the
paraboloid and the plane .
Sol. region bounded by ,
By the Divergence Theorem,
F⋅dS div
.
(b) , is the surface of the solid bounded by the cylinder
and the planes and .
Sol. region bounded by ,
By the Divergence Theorem,
F⋅dS div
.
Chapter 15.
3. Evaluate ⋅ , where
tan and is the top half of
the sphere . [Hint : Note that is not a closed surface. First compute integrals
over and , where is the disk ≤ , oriented downward, and ∪ ]
Sol. ∪ , where : ≥ , and : ( ≤ ).
Notice that is closed. : region bounded by .
By the Divergence Theorem.
⋅ div
,
⋅ sin
and ⋅ 〈 〉⋅〈 〉 .
sin
Thus ∙ ∙ ∙
.
4. Evaluate
where is the sphere .
〈 〉
Sol. Notice that the outward unit normal vector on is 〈〉.
〈〉
We can write ⋅ , where 〈 〉.
Let ≤ .
By the Divergence Theorem,
⋅ ⋅ div
.
5. Prove each identity, assuming that and satisfy the conditions of the Divergence Theorem
and the scalar functions and components of the vector fields have continuous second order
partial derivatives.
(a)
⋅ , where
Sol. By the Divergence Theorem,
⋅ div .
(b) curl⋅
Sol. Notice that divcurl .
By the Divergence Theorem,
curl⋅ div curl F .
Chapter 15.
(c) ∇ ⋅ ∇ ∇⋅∇
Sol. div∇ ∇⋅∇ ∇⋅〈 〉 ∇⋅〈 〉
〈 〉 〈 〉⋅〈 〉 〈 〉
∇⋅∇ ∇ .
By the Divergence Theorem,
∇ ⋅ ∇⋅ ∇ ∇ ∇⋅∇ .
6. A vector field is shown. Use the interpretation of divergence derived in this section to
determine whether div is positive or negative at and at .
Sol. The vectors that end near are longer than the vectors that start near , so the net flow
is inward near and div is negative.
The vectors that end near are shorter than the vectors that start near , so the net flow
is outward near and div is positive.
7. Let .
(a) Compute the outward flux of the vector field across the sphere .
Sol. The outward flux of across the sphere is ⋅ .
〈〉 〈〉
⋅ ⋅
⋅ .
(b) Compute the outward flux of the vector field across the ellipsoid .
Sol. The outward flux of across the ellipsoid is ⋅ .
Let be the ellipsoid bounded by and let be the ball bounded by the sphere
. Clearly ⊂ . and are outward oriented.
Notice that d i v except at the origin.
By the divergence theorem,
⋅ ⋅ div
dV .
By (a), ⋅ . Therefore, ⋅ ⋅ .
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