// This source code is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License 2.

0 at
https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/
// ©jdehorty

// @version=5
indicator('Machine Learning: Lorentzian Classification', 'Lorentzian
Classification', true, precision=4, max_labels_count=500)

import jdehorty/MLExtensions/2 as ml
import jdehorty/KernelFunctions/2 as kernels

type Settings
float source
int neighborsCount
int maxBarsBack
int featureCount
int colorCompression
bool showExits
bool useDynamicExits

type Label
int long
int short
int neutral

type FeatureArrays
array<float> f1
array<float> f2
array<float> f3
array<float> f4
array<float> f5

type FeatureSeries
float f1
float f2
float f3
float f4
float f5

type MLModel
int firstBarIndex
array<int> trainingLabels
int loopSize
float lastDistance
array<float> distancesArray
array<int> predictionsArray
int prediction

type FilterSettings
bool useVolatilityFilter
bool useRegimeFilter
bool useAdxFilter
float regimeThreshold
int adxThreshold

type Filter
bool volatility
bool regime
 bool adx

// ==========================
// ==== Helper Functions ====
// ==========================

series_from(feature_string, _close, _high, _low, _hlc3, f_paramA, f_paramB) =>

switch feature_string
"RSI" => ml.n_rsi(_close, f_paramA, f_paramB)
"WT" => ml.n_wt(_hlc3, f_paramA, f_paramB)
"CCI" => ml.n_cci(_close, f_paramA, f_paramB)
"ADX" => ml.n_adx(_high, _low, _close, f_paramA)

get_lorentzian_distance(int i, int featureCount, FeatureSeries featureSeries,

FeatureArrays featureArrays) =>
switch featureCount
5 => math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f1 - array.get(featureArrays.f1,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f2 - array.get(featureArrays.f2,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f3 - array.get(featureArrays.f3,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f4 - array.get(featureArrays.f4,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f5 - array.get(featureArrays.f5,
i)))
4 => math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f1 - array.get(featureArrays.f1,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f2 - array.get(featureArrays.f2,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f3 - array.get(featureArrays.f3,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f4 - array.get(featureArrays.f4,
i)))
3 => math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f1 - array.get(featureArrays.f1,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f2 - array.get(featureArrays.f2,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f3 - array.get(featureArrays.f3,
i)))
2 => math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f1 - array.get(featureArrays.f1,
i))) +
math.log(1+math.abs(featureSeries.f2 - array.get(featureArrays.f2,
i)))

// ================
// ==== Inputs ====
// ================

// Settings Object: General User-Defined Inputs

Settings settings =
Settings.new(
input.source(title='Source', defval=close, group="General Settings",
tooltip="Source of the input data"),
input.int(title='Neighbors Count', defval=8, group="General Settings", minval=1,
maxval=100, step=1, tooltip="Number of neighbors to consider"),
input.int(title="Max Bars Back", defval=2000, group="General Settings"),
input.int(title="Feature Count", defval=5, group="Feature Engineering",
minval=2, maxval=5, tooltip="Number of features to use for ML predictions."),
 input.int(title="Color Compression", defval=1, group="General Settings",
minval=1, maxval=10, tooltip="Compression factor for adjusting the intensity of the
color scale."),
input.bool(title="Show Default Exits", defval=false, group="General Settings",
tooltip="Default exits occur exactly 4 bars after an entry signal. This corresponds
to the predefined length of a trade during the model's training process.",
inline="exits"),
input.bool(title="Use Dynamic Exits", defval=false, group="General Settings",
tooltip="Dynamic exits attempt to let profits ride by dynamically adjusting the
exit threshold based on kernel regression logic.", inline="exits")
)

// Trade Stats Settings

// Note: The trade stats section is NOT intended to be used as a replacement for
proper backtesting. It is intended to be used for calibration purposes only.
showTradeStats = input.bool(true, 'Show Trade Stats', tooltip='Displays the trade
stats for a given configuration. Useful for optimizing the settings in the Feature
Engineering section. This should NOT replace backtesting and should be used for
calibration purposes only. Early Signal Flips represent instances where the model
changes signals before 4 bars elapses; high values can indicate choppy (ranging)
market conditions.', group="General Settings")
useWorstCase = input.bool(false, "Use Worst Case Estimates", tooltip="Whether to
use the worst case scenario for backtesting. This option can be useful for creating
a conservative estimate that is based on close prices only, thus avoiding the
effects of intrabar repainting. This option assumes that the user does not enter
when the signal first appears and instead waits for the bar to close as
confirmation. On larger timeframes, this can mean entering after a large move has
already occurred. Leaving this option disabled is generally better for those that
use this indicator as a source of confluence and prefer estimates that demonstrate
discretionary mid-bar entries. Leaving this option enabled may be more consistent
with traditional backtesting results.", group="General Settings")

// Settings object for user-defined settings

FilterSettings filterSettings =
FilterSettings.new(
input.bool(title="Use Volatility Filter", defval=true, tooltip="Whether to use
the volatility filter.", group="Filters"),
input.bool(title="Use Regime Filter", defval=true, group="Filters",
inline="regime"),
input.bool(title="Use ADX Filter", defval=false, group="Filters", inline="adx"),
input.float(title="Threshold", defval=-0.1, minval=-10, maxval=10, step=0.1,
tooltip="Whether to use the trend detection filter. Threshold for detecting
Trending/Ranging markets.", group="Filters", inline="regime"),
input.int(title="Threshold", defval=20, minval=0, maxval=100, step=1,
tooltip="Whether to use the ADX filter. Threshold for detecting Trending/Ranging
markets.", group="Filters", inline="adx")
)

// Filter object for filtering the ML predictions

Filter filter =
Filter.new(
ml.filter_volatility(1, 10, filterSettings.useVolatilityFilter),
ml.regime_filter(ohlc4, filterSettings.regimeThreshold,
filterSettings.useRegimeFilter),
ml.filter_adx(settings.source, 14, filterSettings.adxThreshold,
filterSettings.useAdxFilter)
)

// Feature Variables: User-Defined Inputs for calculating Feature Series.

f1_string = input.string(title="Feature 1", options=["RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX"],
defval="RSI", inline = "01", tooltip="The first feature to use for ML
predictions.", group="Feature Engineering")
f1_paramA = input.int(title="Parameter A", tooltip="The primary parameter of
feature 1.", defval=14, inline = "02", group="Feature Engineering")
f1_paramB = input.int(title="Parameter B", tooltip="The secondary parameter of
feature 2 (if applicable).", defval=1, inline = "02", group="Feature Engineering")
f2_string = input.string(title="Feature 2", options=["RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX"],
defval="WT", inline = "03", tooltip="The second feature to use for ML
predictions.", group="Feature Engineering")
f2_paramA = input.int(title="Parameter A", tooltip="The primary parameter of
feature 2.", defval=10, inline = "04", group="Feature Engineering")
f2_paramB = input.int(title="Parameter B", tooltip="The secondary parameter of
feature 2 (if applicable).", defval=11, inline = "04", group="Feature Engineering")
f3_string = input.string(title="Feature 3", options=["RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX"],
defval="CCI", inline = "05", tooltip="The third feature to use for ML
predictions.", group="Feature Engineering")
f3_paramA = input.int(title="Parameter A", tooltip="The primary parameter of
feature 3.", defval=20, inline = "06", group="Feature Engineering")
f3_paramB = input.int(title="Parameter B", tooltip="The secondary parameter of
feature 3 (if applicable).", defval=1, inline = "06", group="Feature Engineering")
f4_string = input.string(title="Feature 4", options=["RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX"],
defval="ADX", inline = "07", tooltip="The fourth feature to use for ML
predictions.", group="Feature Engineering")
f4_paramA = input.int(title="Parameter A", tooltip="The primary parameter of
feature 4.", defval=20, inline = "08", group="Feature Engineering")
f4_paramB = input.int(title="Parameter B", tooltip="The secondary parameter of
feature 4 (if applicable).", defval=2, inline = "08", group="Feature Engineering")
f5_string = input.string(title="Feature 5", options=["RSI", "WT", "CCI", "ADX"],
defval="RSI", inline = "09", tooltip="The fifth feature to use for ML
predictions.", group="Feature Engineering")
f5_paramA = input.int(title="Parameter A", tooltip="The primary parameter of
feature 5.", defval=9, inline = "10", group="Feature Engineering")
f5_paramB = input.int(title="Parameter B", tooltip="The secondary parameter of
feature 5 (if applicable).", defval=1, inline = "10", group="Feature Engineering")

// FeatureSeries Object: Calculated Feature Series based on Feature Variables

featureSeries =
FeatureSeries.new(
series_from(f1_string, close, high, low, hlc3, f1_paramA, f1_paramB), // f1
series_from(f2_string, close, high, low, hlc3, f2_paramA, f2_paramB), // f2
series_from(f3_string, close, high, low, hlc3, f3_paramA, f3_paramB), // f3
series_from(f4_string, close, high, low, hlc3, f4_paramA, f4_paramB), // f4
series_from(f5_string, close, high, low, hlc3, f5_paramA, f5_paramB) // f5
)

// FeatureArrays Variables: Storage of Feature Series as Feature Arrays Optimized

for ML
// Note: These arrays cannot be dynamically created within the FeatureArrays Object
Initialization and thus must be set-up in advance.
var f1Array = array.new_float()
var f2Array = array.new_float()
var f3Array = array.new_float()
var f4Array = array.new_float()
var f5Array = array.new_float()
array.push(f1Array, featureSeries.f1)
array.push(f2Array, featureSeries.f2)
array.push(f3Array, featureSeries.f3)
array.push(f4Array, featureSeries.f4)
array.push(f5Array, featureSeries.f5)

// FeatureArrays Object: Storage of the calculated FeatureArrays into a single

object
featureArrays =
FeatureArrays.new(
f1Array, // f1
f2Array, // f2
f3Array, // f3
f4Array, // f4
f5Array // f5
)

// Label Object: Used for classifying historical data as training data for the ML
Model
Label direction =
Label.new(
long=1,
short=-1,
neutral=0
)

// Derived from General Settings

maxBarsBackIndex = last_bar_index >= settings.maxBarsBack ? last_bar_index -
settings.maxBarsBack : 0

// EMA Settings
useEmaFilter = input.bool(title="Use EMA Filter", defval=false, group="Filters",
inline="ema")
emaPeriod = input.int(title="Period", defval=200, minval=1, step=1,
group="Filters", inline="ema", tooltip="The period of the EMA used for the EMA
Filter.")
isEmaUptrend = useEmaFilter ? close > ta.ema(close, emaPeriod) : true
isEmaDowntrend = useEmaFilter ? close < ta.ema(close, emaPeriod) : true
useSmaFilter = input.bool(title="Use SMA Filter", defval=false, group="Filters",
inline="sma")
smaPeriod = input.int(title="Period", defval=200, minval=1, step=1,
group="Filters", inline="sma", tooltip="The period of the SMA used for the SMA
Filter.")
isSmaUptrend = useSmaFilter ? close > ta.sma(close, smaPeriod) : true
isSmaDowntrend = useSmaFilter ? close < ta.sma(close, smaPeriod) : true

// Nadaraya-Watson Kernel Regression Settings

useKernelFilter = input.bool(true, "Trade with Kernel", group="Kernel Settings",
inline="kernel")
showKernelEstimate = input.bool(true, "Show Kernel Estimate", group="Kernel
Settings", inline="kernel")
useKernelSmoothing = input.bool(false, "Enhance Kernel Smoothing", tooltip="Uses a
crossover based mechanism to smoothen kernel color changes. This often results in
less color transitions overall and may result in more ML entry signals being
generated.", inline='1', group='Kernel Settings')
h = input.int(8, 'Lookback Window', minval=3, tooltip='The number of bars used for
the estimation. This is a sliding value that represents the most recent historical
bars. Recommended range: 3-50', group="Kernel Settings", inline="kernel")
r = input.float(8., 'Relative Weighting', step=0.25, tooltip='Relative weighting of
time frames. As this value approaches zero, the longer time frames will exert more
influence on the estimation. As this value approaches infinity, the behavior of the
Rational Quadratic Kernel will become identical to the Gaussian kernel. Recommended
range: 0.25-25', group="Kernel Settings", inline="kernel")
x = input.int(25, "Regression Level", tooltip='Bar index on which to start
regression. Controls how tightly fit the kernel estimate is to the data. Smaller
values are a tighter fit. Larger values are a looser fit. Recommended range: 2-25',
group="Kernel Settings", inline="kernel")
lag = input.int(2, "Lag", tooltip="Lag for crossover detection. Lower values result
in earlier crossovers. Recommended range: 1-2", inline='1', group='Kernel
Settings')

// Display Settings
showBarColors = input.bool(true, "Show Bar Colors", tooltip="Whether to show the
bar colors.", group="Display Settings")
showBarPredictions = input.bool(defval = true, title = "Show Bar Prediction
Values", tooltip = "Will show the ML model's evaluation of each bar as an
integer.", group="Display Settings")
useAtrOffset = input.bool(defval = false, title = "Use ATR Offset", tooltip = "Will
use the ATR offset instead of the bar prediction offset.", group="Display
Settings")
barPredictionsOffset = input.float(0, "Bar Prediction Offset", minval=0,
tooltip="The offset of the bar predictions as a percentage from the bar high or
close.", group="Display Settings")

// =================================
// ==== Next Bar Classification ====
// =================================

// This model specializes specifically in predicting the direction of price action

over the course of the next 4 bars.
// To avoid complications with the ML model, this value is hardcoded to 4 bars but
support for other training lengths may be added in the future.
src = settings.source
y_train_series = src[4] < src[0] ? direction.short : src[4] > src[0] ?
direction.long : direction.neutral
var y_train_array = array.new_int(0)

// Variables used for ML Logic

var predictions = array.new_float(0)
var prediction = 0.
var signal = direction.neutral
var distances = array.new_float(0)

array.push(y_train_array, y_train_series)

// =========================
// ==== Core ML Logic ====
// =========================

// Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search with Lorentzian Distance:

// A novel variation of the Nearest Neighbors (NN) search algorithm that ensures a
chronologically uniform distribution of neighbors.

// In a traditional KNN-based approach, we would iterate through the entire dataset

and calculate the distance between the current bar
// and every other bar in the dataset and then sort the distances in ascending
order. We would then take the first k bars and use their
// labels to determine the label of the current bar.

// There are several problems with this traditional KNN approach in the context of
real-time calculations involving time series data:
// - It is computationally expensive to iterate through the entire dataset and
calculate the distance between every historical bar and
// the current bar.
// - Market time series data is often non-stationary, meaning that the statistical
properties of the data change slightly over time.
// - It is possible that the nearest neighbors are not the most informative ones,
and the KNN algorithm may return poor results if the
// nearest neighbors are not representative of the majority of the data.

// Previously, the user @capissimo attempted to address some of these issues in

several of his PineScript-based KNN implementations by:
// - Using a modified KNN algorithm based on consecutive furthest neighbors to find
a set of approximate "nearest" neighbors.
// - Using a sliding window approach to only calculate the distance between the
current bar and the most recent n bars in the dataset.

// Of these two approaches, the latter is inherently limited by the fact that it
only considers the most recent bars in the overall dataset.

// The former approach has more potential to leverage historical price action, but
is limited by:
// - The possibility of a sudden "max" value throwing off the estimation
// - The possibility of selecting a set of approximate neighbors that are not
representative of the majority of the data by oversampling
// values that are not chronologically distinct enough from one another
// - The possibility of selecting too many "far" neighbors, which may result in a
poor estimation of price action

// To address these issues, a novel Approximate Nearest Neighbors (ANN) algorithm

is used in this indicator.

// In the below ANN algorithm:

// 1. The algorithm iterates through the dataset in chronological order, using the
modulo operator to only perform calculations every 4 bars.
// This serves the dual purpose of reducing the computational overhead of the
algorithm and ensuring a minimum chronological spacing
// between the neighbors of at least 4 bars.
// 2. A list of the k-similar neighbors is simultaneously maintained in both a
predictions array and corresponding distances array.
// 3. When the size of the predictions array exceeds the desired number of nearest
neighbors specified in settings.neighborsCount,
// the algorithm removes the first neighbor from the predictions array and the
corresponding distance array.
// 4. The lastDistance variable is overriden to be a distance in the lower 25% of
the array. This step helps to boost overall accuracy
// by ensuring subsequent newly added distance values increase at a slower rate.
// 5. Lorentzian distance is used as a distance metric in order to minimize the
effect of outliers and take into account the warping of
// "price-time" due to proximity to significant economic events.

lastDistance = -1.0
size = math.min(settings.maxBarsBack-1, array.size(y_train_array)-1)
sizeLoop = math.min(settings.maxBarsBack-1, size)

if bar_index >= maxBarsBackIndex //{

for i = 0 to sizeLoop //{
d = get_lorentzian_distance(i, settings.featureCount, featureSeries,
featureArrays)
if d >= lastDistance and i%4 //{
lastDistance := d
 array.push(distances, d)
array.push(predictions, math.round(array.get(y_train_array, i)))
if array.size(predictions) > settings.neighborsCount //{
lastDistance := array.get(distances,
math.round(settings.neighborsCount*3/4))
array.shift(distances)
array.shift(predictions)
//}
//}
//}
prediction := array.sum(predictions)
//}

// ============================
// ==== Prediction Filters ====
// ============================

// User Defined Filters: Used for adjusting the frequency of the ML Model's
predictions
filter_all = filter.volatility and filter.regime and filter.adx

// Filtered Signal: The model's prediction of future price movement direction with
user-defined filters applied
signal := prediction > 0 and filter_all ? direction.long : prediction < 0 and
filter_all ? direction.short : nz(signal[1])

// Bar-Count Filters: Represents strict filters based on a pre-defined holding

period of 4 bars
var int barsHeld = 0
barsHeld := ta.change(signal) ? 0 : barsHeld + 1
isHeldFourBars = barsHeld == 4
isHeldLessThanFourBars = 0 < barsHeld and barsHeld < 4

// Fractal Filters: Derived from relative appearances of signals in a given time

series fractal/segment with a default length of 4 bars
isDifferentSignalType = ta.change(signal)
isEarlySignalFlip = ta.change(signal) and (ta.change(signal[1]) or
ta.change(signal[2]) or ta.change(signal[3]))
isBuySignal = signal == direction.long and isEmaUptrend and isSmaUptrend
isSellSignal = signal == direction.short and isEmaDowntrend and isSmaDowntrend
isLastSignalBuy = signal[4] == direction.long and isEmaUptrend[4] and
isSmaUptrend[4]
isLastSignalSell = signal[4] == direction.short and isEmaDowntrend[4] and
isSmaDowntrend[4]
isNewBuySignal = isBuySignal and isDifferentSignalType
isNewSellSignal = isSellSignal and isDifferentSignalType

// Kernel Regression Filters: Filters based on Nadaraya-Watson Kernel Regression

using the Rational Quadratic Kernel
// For more information on this technique refer to my other open source indicator
located here:
// https://www.tradingview.com/script/AWNvbPRM-Nadaraya-Watson-Rational-Quadratic-
Kernel-Non-Repainting/
c_green = color.new(#009988, 20)
c_red = color.new(#CC3311, 20)
transparent = color.new(#000000, 100)
yhat1 = kernels.rationalQuadratic(settings.source, h, r, x)
yhat2 = kernels.gaussian(settings.source, h-lag, x)
kernelEstimate = yhat1
// Kernel Rates of Change
bool wasBearishRate = yhat1[2] > yhat1[1]
bool wasBullishRate = yhat1[2] < yhat1[1]
bool isBearishRate = yhat1[1] > yhat1
bool isBullishRate = yhat1[1] < yhat1
isBearishChange = isBearishRate and wasBullishRate
isBullishChange = isBullishRate and wasBearishRate
// Kernel Crossovers
bool isBullishCrossAlert = ta.crossover(yhat2, yhat1)
bool isBearishCrossAlert = ta.crossunder(yhat2, yhat1)
bool isBullishSmooth = yhat2 >= yhat1
bool isBearishSmooth = yhat2 <= yhat1
// Kernel Colors
color colorByCross = isBullishSmooth ? c_green : c_red
color colorByRate = isBullishRate ? c_green : c_red
color plotColor = showKernelEstimate ? (useKernelSmoothing ? colorByCross :
colorByRate) : transparent
plot(kernelEstimate, color=plotColor, linewidth=2, title="Kernel Regression
Estimate")
// Alert Variables
bool alertBullish = useKernelSmoothing ? isBullishCrossAlert : isBullishChange
bool alertBearish = useKernelSmoothing ? isBearishCrossAlert : isBearishChange
// Bullish and Bearish Filters based on Kernel
isBullish = useKernelFilter ? (useKernelSmoothing ? isBullishSmooth :
isBullishRate) : true
isBearish = useKernelFilter ? (useKernelSmoothing ? isBearishSmooth :
isBearishRate) : true

// ===========================
// ==== Entries and Exits ====
// ===========================

// Entry Conditions: Booleans for ML Model Position Entries

startLongTrade = isNewBuySignal and isBullish and isEmaUptrend and isSmaUptrend
startShortTrade = isNewSellSignal and isBearish and isEmaDowntrend and
isSmaDowntrend

// Dynamic Exit Conditions: Booleans for ML Model Position Exits based on Fractal
Filters and Kernel Regression Filters
lastSignalWasBullish = ta.barssince(startLongTrade) < ta.barssince(startShortTrade)
lastSignalWasBearish = ta.barssince(startShortTrade) < ta.barssince(startLongTrade)
barsSinceRedEntry = ta.barssince(startShortTrade)
barsSinceRedExit = ta.barssince(alertBullish)
barsSinceGreenEntry = ta.barssince(startLongTrade)
barsSinceGreenExit = ta.barssince(alertBearish)
isValidShortExit = barsSinceRedExit > barsSinceRedEntry
isValidLongExit = barsSinceGreenExit > barsSinceGreenEntry
endLongTradeDynamic = (isBearishChange and isValidLongExit[1])
endShortTradeDynamic = (isBullishChange and isValidShortExit[1])

// Fixed Exit Conditions: Booleans for ML Model Position Exits based on a Bar-Count
Filters
endLongTradeStrict = ((isHeldFourBars and isLastSignalBuy) or
(isHeldLessThanFourBars and isNewSellSignal and isLastSignalBuy)) and
startLongTrade[4]
endShortTradeStrict = ((isHeldFourBars and isLastSignalSell) or
(isHeldLessThanFourBars and isNewBuySignal and isLastSignalSell)) and
startShortTrade[4]
isDynamicExitValid = not useEmaFilter and not useSmaFilter and not
useKernelSmoothing
endLongTrade = settings.useDynamicExits and isDynamicExitValid ?
endLongTradeDynamic : endLongTradeStrict
endShortTrade = settings.useDynamicExits and isDynamicExitValid ?
endShortTradeDynamic : endShortTradeStrict

// =========================
// ==== Plotting Labels ====
// =========================

// Note: These will not repaint once the most recent bar has fully closed. By
default, signals appear over the last closed bar; to override this behavior set
offset=0.
plotshape(startLongTrade ? low : na, 'Buy', shape.labelup, location.belowbar,
color=color.new(#9c8700, 0), size=size.small, offset=0) // Changed green color
plotshape(startShortTrade ? high : na, 'Sell', shape.labeldown, location.abovebar,
color=color.new(#d9473d, 0), size=size.small, offset=0) // Changed red color
plotshape(endLongTrade and settings.showExits ? high : na, 'StopBuy', shape.xcross,
location.absolute, color=color.new(#9c8700, 0), size=size.tiny, offset=0) //
Changed green color
plotshape(endShortTrade and settings.showExits ? low : na, 'StopSell',
shape.xcross, location.absolute, color=color.new(#d9473d, 0), size=size.tiny,
offset=0) // Changed red color

// ================
// ==== Alerts ====
// ================

// Separate Alerts for Entries and Exits

alertcondition(startLongTrade, title='Open Long ▲', message='LDC Open Long ▲ |
{{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')
alertcondition(endLongTrade, title='Close Long ▲', message='LDC Close Long ▲ |
{{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')
alertcondition(startShortTrade, title='Open Short ▼', message='LDC Open Short |
{{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')
alertcondition(endShortTrade, title='Close Short ▼', message='LDC Close Short ▼ |
{{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')

// Combined Alerts for Entries and Exits

alertcondition(startShortTrade or startLongTrade, title='Open Position ▲▼',
message='LDC Open Position ▲▼ | {{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')
alertcondition(endShortTrade or endLongTrade, title='Close Position ▲▼',
message='LDC Close Position ▲▼ | {{ticker}}@[{{close}}] | ({{interval}})')

// Kernel Estimate Alerts

alertcondition(condition=alertBullish, title='Kernel Bullish Color Change',
message='LDC Kernel Bullish ▲ | {{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')
alertcondition(condition=alertBearish, title='Kernel Bearish Color Change',
message='LDC Kernel Bearish ▼ | {{ticker}}@{{close}} | ({{interval}})')

// =========================
// ==== Display Signals ====
// =========================

atrSpaced = useAtrOffset ? ta.atr(1) : na

compressionFactor = settings.neighborsCount / settings.colorCompression
c_pred = prediction > 0 ? color.from_gradient(prediction, 0, compressionFactor,
#787b86, #009988) : prediction <= 0 ? color.from_gradient(prediction, -
compressionFactor, 0, #CC3311, #787b86) : na
c_label = showBarPredictions ? c_pred : na
c_bars = showBarColors ? color.new(c_pred, 50) : na
x_val = bar_index
y_val = useAtrOffset ? prediction > 0 ? high + atrSpaced: low - atrSpaced :
prediction > 0 ? high + hl2*barPredictionsOffset/20 : low -
hl2*barPredictionsOffset/30
label.new(x_val, y_val, str.tostring(prediction), xloc.bar_index, yloc.price,
color.new(color.white, 100), label.style_label_up, c_label, size.normal,
text.align_left)
barcolor(showBarColors ? color.new(c_pred, 50) : na)

// =====================
// ==== Backtesting ====
// =====================

// The following can be used to stream signals to a backtest adapter

backTestStream = switch
startLongTrade => 1
endLongTrade => 2
startShortTrade => -1
endShortTrade => -2
plot(backTestStream, "Backtest Stream", display=display.none)

// The following can be used to display real-time trade stats. This can be a useful
mechanism for obtaining real-time feedback during Feature Engineering. This does
NOT replace the need to properly backtest.
// Note: In this context, a "Stop-Loss" is defined instances where the ML Signal
prematurely flips directions before an exit signal can be generated.
[totalWins, totalLosses, totalEarlySignalFlips, totalTrades, tradeStatsHeader,
winLossRatio, winRate] = ml.backtest(high, low, open, startLongTrade, endLongTrade,
startShortTrade, endShortTrade, isEarlySignalFlip, maxBarsBackIndex, bar_index,
settings.source, useWorstCase)

init_table() =>
c_transparent = color.new(color.black, 100)
table.new(position.top_right, columns=2, rows=7,
frame_color=color.new(color.black, 100), frame_width=1, border_width=1,
border_color=c_transparent)

update_table(tbl, tradeStatsHeader, totalTrades, totalWins, totalLosses,

winLossRatio, winRate, stopLosses) =>
c_transparent = color.new(color.black, 100)
table.cell(tbl, 0, 0, tradeStatsHeader, text_halign=text.align_center,
text_color=color.gray, text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 0, 1, 'Winrate', text_halign=text.align_center,
bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray, text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 1, 1, str.tostring(totalWins / totalTrades, '#.#%'),
text_halign=text.align_center, bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray,
text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 0, 2, 'Trades', text_halign=text.align_center,
bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray, text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 1, 2, str.tostring(totalTrades, '#') + ' (' +
str.tostring(totalWins, '#') + '|' + str.tostring(totalLosses, '#') + ')',
text_halign=text.align_center, bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray,
text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 0, 5, 'WL Ratio', text_halign=text.align_center,
bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray, text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 1, 5, str.tostring(totalWins / totalLosses, '0.00'),
text_halign=text.align_center, bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray,
text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 0, 6, 'Early Signal Flips', text_halign=text.align_center,
bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray, text_size=size.normal)
table.cell(tbl, 1, 6, str.tostring(totalEarlySignalFlips, '#'),
text_halign=text.align_center, bgcolor=c_transparent, text_color=color.gray,
text_size=size.normal)

if showTradeStats
var tbl = ml.init_table()
if barstate.islast
update_table(tbl, tradeStatsHeader, totalTrades, totalWins, totalLosses,
winLossRatio, winRate, totalEarlySignalFlips)