1) What is C? Write its Features.
C is a general-purpose, high-level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
Features:
- Simple and easy to learn.
- Fast and efficient.
- Portable.
- Structured language.
- Supports low-level memory access.
2) Advantages and Disadvantages of C
Advantages:
- Fast execution
- Portable code
- Strong standard library
- Structured and modular
- Widely used in system programming
Disadvantages:
- No support for OOP
- No built-in exception handling
- Manual memory management
- Less user-friendly
- Lacks runtime checking
3) What is a Data Type? Explain with Examples.
A data type defines the type of data a variable can hold.
Examples:
- int a = 10;
- float b = 3.14;
- char c = 'A';
- double d = 12.3456;
4) What is a Variable? Explain its Types.
A variable stores data values.
Types:
- Local Variable
- Global Variable
- Static Variable
- Automatic Variable
- External Variable
5) What is an Operator? Types and Examples.
An operator performs operations on variables.
Types:
- Arithmetic (+, -, *, /)
- Relational (==, !=, >, <)
- Logical (&&, ||, !)
- Assignment (=, +=, -=)
6) Control Structure: Break vs Continue
Break:
- Ends the loop
- Used in loops/switch
- Moves control outside loop
- Stops execution
- Example: if(i==5) break;
Continue:
- Skips current iteration
- Used in loops
- Jumps to loop condition
- Doesnt stop loop
- Example: if(i==5) continue;
7) Looping: While vs Do While
While Loop:
- Condition checked first
- May not execute
- Syntax: while(condition)
Do While Loop:
- Condition checked later
- Executes at least once
- Syntax: do { } while(condition);
8) Array and String Functions
Array: int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
String: char name[] = "John";
Functions:
- strlen(str)
- strcpy(dest, src)
- strcmp(s1, s2)
- strcat(s1, s2)
9) Functions: Features and Types
Function: block of code for a task.
Features:
- Modularity, Reusable, Debuggable
Types:
- Library functions (printf)
- User-defined
10) Recursion Technique
Function calling itself.
Example:
int factorial(int n) {
if(n == 0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
11) Auto vs External Storage
Auto:
- Default for local vars
- Created at function start
- No keyword
- Limited scope
- Fast
External:
- For global vars
- Exists throughout
- Uses extern
- Global access
- Slower
12) Structure with Example
Structure: groups different data types.
Example:
struct Student {
int id;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
13) Array vs Structure
Array:
- Same data type
- Access by index
- Contiguous memory
- Simple use
- Large data sets
Structure:
- Mixed data types
- Dot operator
- Varied memory
- Flexible
- Record storage
14) Structure vs Union
Structure:
- Separate memory
- Memory = sum of members
- Multi-value store
- Slower
- struct Student
Union:
- Shared memory
- Memory = largest member
- One value at a time
- Faster
- union Data
15) Array vs Pointer
Array:
- Fixed size
- Multiple elements
- Cannot reassign
- Static
- int arr[10];
Pointer:
- Dynamic memory
- Holds address
- Reassignable
- Flexible
- int *ptr;
16) Call by Value vs Call by Reference
Call by Value:
- Pass copy
- No original change
- Safe
- Slower
- func(a);
Call by Reference:
- Pass address
- Changes original
- Risky
- Faster
- func(&a);
17) Pointer with Example
Pointer stores address.
Example:
int a = 10;
int *p = &a;
printf("%d", *p);
18) Structure vs Pointer
Structure:
- Stores data
- Dot operator
- Multiple members
- Memory for data
- struct Student
Pointer:
- Stores address
- * and -> operators
- One variable
- Memory for address
- int *p;
19) Sequential vs Random Access
Sequential:
- In order
- Slower
- Simple
- Text files
- fgets()
Random:
- Direct access
- Faster
- Complex
- Databases
- fseek()
20) fprintf vs fscanf
fprintf():
- Write to file
- fprintf(fp, ...)
- Output
- Like printf
- Needs file pointer
fscanf():
- Read from file
- fscanf(fp, ...)
- Input
- Like scanf
- Needs file pointer
