VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(A unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust. (R))
NH - 66, Kottara Chowki, Kodical Cross - 575 006

Offering Department
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Beneficiary Department
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(Accredited by NBA)

MASTER MANUAL
Course: MATHEMATICS II FOR CSE STREAM
Course Code: BMATS201

II SEMESTER

Prepared By:
Mrs. Vilma D’Souza
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics

Scheme: 2022
 A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(A unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust. (R))
NH - 66, Kottara Chowki, Kodical Cross - 575 006
Vision
To produce top-quality engineers who are groomed for attaining excellence in their
profession and competitive enough to help in the growth of nation and global society.
Mission
 To offer affordable high-quality graduate program in engineering with value
education and make the students socially responsible.
 To support and enhance the institutional environment to attain research excellence
in both faculty and students and to inspire them to push the boundaries of
knowledge base.
 To identify the common areas of interest amongst the individuals for the effective
industry- institute partnership in a sustainable way by systematically working
together.
 To promote the entrepreneurial attitude and inculcate innovative ideas among the
engineering professionals.

Program Outcome
PO1: Engineering knowledge Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
science and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal and environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems Use research based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment sustainability Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
the societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8: Ethics Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
PO11: Project management and finance Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Lifelong learning recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and lifelong learning in the broader context of technological change.
 Mathematics-II for CSE Stream
(Effective from the academic year 2022 -2023)
SEMESTER – II

Course Code BMATS201 CIE Marks 50

CREDITS 04 SEE Marks 50

Teaching 2:2:2:0 Exam Hours 3 hours

Hours/Week

(L:T:P:S)

Course Type : Integrated

Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 hours Theory + 10 to12 Lab

Course objectives: The goal of the course Mathematics-II for ECE stream (BMATE201) is

 Familiarize the importance of Integral calculus and Vector calculus.

 Learn vector spaces and linear transformations.
 Develop the knowledge of numerical methods and apply them to solve transcendental and
differential equations.

Module-1 Integral Calculus (8 hours)

Introduction to Integral Calculus in Computer Science &Engineering.
Multiple Integrals: Evaluation of double and triple integrals, evaluation of double integrals by
change of order of integration, changing into polar coordinates. Applications to find Area and
Volume by double integral. Problems.
Beta and Gamma functions: Definitions, properties, relation between Beta and Gamma
functions. Problems.
Module-2: Vector Space and Linear Transformations (8 hours)

Introduction to Vector Calculus in Computer Science & Engineering.

Scalar and vector fields. Gradient, directional derivative, curl and divergence – physical
interpretation, solenoidal and irrotational vector fields. Problems.
Curvilinear coordinates: Scale factors, base vectors, Cylindrical polar coordinates, Spherical
polar coordinates, transformation between cartesian and curvilinear systems, orthogonality.
Problems
 Module-4: Numerical Methods -1 (8 hours)

Importance of numerical methods for discrete data in the field of computer science &
engineering.
Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations - Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods
(only formulae). Problems.
Finite differences, Interpolation using Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae,
Newton’s divided difference formula and Lagrange’s interpolation formula (All formulae
without proof). Problems.
Numerical integration: Trapezoidal, Simpson's (1/3)rd and (3/8)th rules (without proof).
Problems.

Module-5: Numerical Methods -2 (8 hours)

Introduction to various numerical techniques for handling Computer Science &

Engineering applications.
Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE’s): Numerical solution of
ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree – Taylor’s series method, Modified
Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method of fourth order and Milne’s predictor-corrector formula
(No derivations of formulae). Problems.

Course outcomes :
At the end of the course the student will be able to :

CO1: Apply the concept of change of order of integration and variables to evaluate multiple
integrals and their usage in computing area and volume

CO2: Understand the applications of vector calculus refer to solenoidal, and irrotational vectors.
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
CO3: Demonstrate the idea of Linear dependence and independence of sets in the vector space, and
linear transformation

CO4 Apply the knowledge of numerical methods in modelling of various physical and engineering
phenomena
CO5: Solve first order ordinary differential equations arising in engineering problems.

CO6: Get familiarize with modern mathematical tools namely

MATHEMATICA/MATLAB/PYTHON/ SCILAB

Weblinks and Video Lectures (e-Resources):

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses.php?disciplineID=111
2. http://www.class-central.com/subject/math(MOOCs)
 3. http://academicearth.org/
4. VTU e-Shikshana Program
5. VTU EDUSAT Program

Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)

The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam
(SEE) is 50%. The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks out
of 50). The minimum passing mark for the SEE is 35% of the maximum marks (18 marks out of 50).
A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the credits allotted
to each subject/ course if the student secures not less than 35% (18 Marks out of 50) in the semester
end examination (SEE), and a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of 100) in the total of the CIE
(Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE (Semester End Examination) taken together.

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE):

The CIE marks for the theory component of the IC shall be 30 marks and for the laboratory
component 20 Marks. CIE for the theory component of the IC

CIE for the theory component of the IC :

Three Tests each of 20 Marks; after the completion of the syllabus of 35-40%, 65-70%, and 90-
100% respectively.
Two Assignments/two quizzes/ seminars/one field survey and report presentation/one-course
project totalling 20 marks. Total Marks scored (test + assignments) out of 80 shall be scaled down to
30 marks.

CIE for the practical component of the IC

● On completion of every experiment/program in the laboratory, the students shall be evaluated
and marks shall be awarded on the same day. The 15 marks are for conducting the experiment
and preparation of the laboratory record, the other 05 marks shall be for the test conducted at
the end of the semester.
 ● The CIE marks awarded in the case of the Practical component shall be based on the continuous
evaluation of the laboratory report. Each experiment report can be evaluated for 10 marks.
Marks of all experiments’ write-ups are added and scaled down to 15 marks.
● The laboratory test (duration 03 hours) at the end of the 15th week of the semester/after
completion of all the experiments (whichever is early) shall be conducted for 50 marks and
scaled down to 05 marks.
Scaled-down marks of write-up evaluations and tests added will be CIE marks for the laboratory
component of IC/IPCC for 20 marks.
● The minimum marks to be secured in CIE to appear for SEE shall be 12 (40% of maximum
marks) in the theory component and 08 (40% of maximum marks) in the practical component.
The laboratory component of the IC/IPCC shall be for CIE only. However, in SEE, the
questions from the laboratory component shall be included. The maximum of 05 questions is
to be set from the practical component of IC/IPCC, the total marks of all questions should not
be more than 25 marks. The theory component of the IC shall be for both CIE and SEE.

Semester End Examination (SEE):

Theory SEE will be conducted by University as per the scheduled timetable, with common
question papers for the subject (duration 03 hours)
 The question paper shall be set for 100 marks. The medium of the question paper shall be
English/Kannada). The duration of SEE is 03 hours.
 The question paper will have 10 questions. Two questions per module. Each question is set
for 20 marks. The students have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from each
module. The student has to answer for 100 marks and marks scored out of 100 shall be
proportionally reduced to 50 marks.
There will be 2 questions from each module. Each of the two questions under a module (with
a maximum of 3 sub-questions), should have a mix of topics under that module

Suggested Learning Resources:

Books (Title of the Book/Name of the author/Name of the publisher/Edition and Year)
Text Books :
1. B. S. Grewal: “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, 44th Ed., 2021.
2. E. Kreyszig: “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley & Sons, 10th Ed., 2018.
3. David M Burton: “Elementary Number Theory” Mc Graw Hill, 7th Ed.,2017.
Reference Books :
4. V. Ramana: “Higher Engineering Mathematics” McGraw-Hill Education, 11th Ed., 2017
5. Srimanta Pal & Subodh C. Bhunia: “Engineering Mathematics” Oxford University Press, 3
rd Ed., 2016.
6. N.P Bali and Manish Goyal: “A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics” Laxmi 26.10.2022
5 Publications, 10th Ed., 2022.
7. C. Ray Wylie, Louis C. Barrett: “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” McGraw – Hill Book
Co., New York, 6th Ed., 2017.
8. Gupta C.B, Sing S.R and Mukesh Kumar: “Engineering Mathematic for Semester I and II”,
Mc-Graw Hill Education(India) Pvt. Ltd 2015.
9. H. K. Dass and Er. Rajnish Verma: “Higher Engineering Mathematics” S. Chand Publication,
3rd Ed., 2014.
10. James Stewart: “Calculus” Cengage Publications, 7th Ed., 2019.
11. David C Lay: “Linear Algebra and its Applications”, Pearson Publishers, 4th Ed., 2018.
12. Gareth Williams: “Linear Algebra with Applications”, Jones Bartlett Publishers Inc., 6th Ed.,
2017.
13. Gilbert Strang: “Linear Algebra and its Applications”, Cengage Publications, 4th Ed. 2022.
 Assessment Process for Mathematics-II for CSE Stream

Mathematics-II for CSE Stream

[BMATS201]

Assessment Details (Both CIE and SEE)

(100 Marks)

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Semester End Examination (SEE)

Weightage is 50% (50 Marks) Weightage is 50% (50 Marks)
Note : Conducted for 100 marks and
proportionally reduced to 50 Marks

Internal Assessment Exam(IA) Assignment/Quiz

Practical Session
Weightage is 30% (30 Marks) Weightage is 10% (10 Marks)
Weightage is 20% (20
Three Tests each of 20 Marks Two Assignments/two quizzes Marks)
(total 60 marks) proportionally totaling 20 marks,
reduced to 30 marks proportionally reduced to 10
marks.

05 marks for the laboratory

15 marks for conducting the test conducted at the end of
experiment and preparation of the the semester for 50 marks and
laboratory record proportionally reduced to 5
marks
List of Laboratory experiments (2 hours/week per batch/ batch
strength 15) 10 lab sessions + 1 repetition class + 1 Lab Assessment

1) Program to compute area, surface area, volume and centre of gravity

2) Evaluation of improper integrals

3) Finding gradient, divergent, curl and their geometrical interpretation

4) Computation of basis and dimension for a vector space and Graphical

representation of linear transformation

5) Computing the inner product and orthogonality

6) Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations by Ramanujan’s,

Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson method
7) Interpolation/Extrapolation using Newton’s forward and backward
difference formula

8) Computation of area under the curve using Trapezoidal, Simpson’s (1/3)rd

and (3/8)th rule

9) Solution of ODE of first order and first degree by Taylor’s series and
Modified Euler’s method
10) Solution of ODE of first order and first degree by Runge-Kutta 4th order
and Milne’s predictor-corrector method
 Instructions to students

 Students should report to the concerned labs as per the given timetable. Be regular to the Lab Do
not come late to the Lab
 Students should make an entry in the log book whenever they enter the labs during practical.
 Students must bring Observation book, record and manual along with pen, pencil, and eraser Etc.,
no borrowing from others.
 Students must use the computers carefully, as they are expensive. Each person may only use one
computer at a time
 Any damage to the lab computers will be viewed seriously.
 Students may not install software on lab computers. If you have a question regarding specific
software that you need to use, contact the concerned Faculty and Labs support team.
 When the experiment is completed, students should shut down the computers and make the counter
entry in the logbook
 Wear your College ID card
 Avoid unnecessary talking while doing the experiment
 Do not panic if you do not get the output
 Students should not leave the lab without concerned faculty’s permission.
 Before leaving the lab, students should check whether they have switched off the computers and
the power supplies and kept their chairs properly.
 Rules for Maintaining Record

 Write your name, USN and name of the subject on the outside front cover of the record. Write the
same information in the first page inside the cover page.
 Update Table of Contents every time you start each new experiment or topic.
 Always use pen and write neatly and clearly
 Start each new topic (experiment, notes, calculation, etc.) on a right-side (odd numbered) page
 Obvious care should be taken to make it readable, even if you have bad handwriting
 Date to be written on every page on the top right-side corner
 On each right-side page
 Title of experiment
 Aim/Objectives
 Theory
 Procedure described clearly in steps
 Result
 On each left side page
 Diagrams
 Tables
 Graphs
 Use labels and captions for figures and tables
 Attach printouts and plots of data as needed. Stick printouts (A4 Size) on the right side of the lab
record
 Strictly observe the instructions given by the Teacher/ Lab Instructor.
Introduction
WHAT IS PYTHON?
Python is a computer programming language. It is a high-level general purpose scripting language.
Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other
languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages. Beginner-
level language that supports development of wide range of applications.

History of Python
 Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.
Guido van Rossum (1987) named it after the BBC television show ‘Monty Python’s Flying
Circus.’ (Comedy show).
 Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van
Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.

PYTHON USED FOR...

Python is used in many places.
Web and Internet Development
Desktop GUI Applications
Scientific and Numeric
Software Development
Education
Business Applications
Games and 3D Graphics
Network programming
Database Access
One of the recent growing field of expertise is ‘data science’. Many data scientists use
Python for their day-to-day work.
PYTHON’S MAJOR FEATURES
Python Features
It is easy to read and write.
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very high level dynamic data
types, and classes.
It has interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various window
systems.
It is used as an extension language for applications that need a programming interface.
  Python's features include −
 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax.
 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 Python is portable: it runs on many Unix variants including Linux and macOS, and on
Windows.
 Python includes a comprehensive base library.
INTRODUCTION TO ANACONDA
Anaconda is a package manager, environment manager, and Python distribution with
a collection of 1,500+ open source packages with free community support. Anaconda
is free and easy to install and can be used on Windows, macOS, or Linux.
Anaconda can be downloaded from
https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual
After installing Anaconda, we use Anaconda Navigator to launch applications and
easily manage packages, environments and channels without using command-line
commands.
Navigator is an easy, point-and-click way to work with packages and environments
without needing to type conda commands in the terminal window.
 APPLICATIONS IN NAVIGATOR
The following applications are available by default in Navigator:
JupyterLab
Jupyter Notebook
Spyder
PyCharm
VSCode
Glueviz
Orange 3 App
RStudio
Anaconda Prompt (Windows only)
Anaconda PowerShell (Windows only)

JUPYTER NOTEBOOK
The notebook extends the console-based approach to interactive computing in a
qualitatively new direction, providing a web-based application suitable for capturing
the whole computation process: developing, documenting, and executing code, as
well as communi-
cating the results.

KEYWORDS AND IDENTIFIERS Keywords are the reserved words in Python

used by Python interpreter to recognize
the structure of the program.
Identifiers are the name given to entities like class, functions, variables etc. It helps
to differentiate one entity from another. Identifiers can be a combination of letters
from “a” to “z”, from “A” to “Z” and digits from
“0” to “9” or special character _,.
PYTHON IDENTIFIERS
 A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object.
An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more
letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
 Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers. Python
is a case sensitive programming language.
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
 Only special character used in identifiers is _.
 Identifier can be of any length.

Reserved Words
  The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you cannot use
them as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All the Python keywords contain
lowercase letters only.

and exec Not

assert finally or

break for pass

class from print

continue global raise

def If return

del import try

elif in while

else is with

except lambda yield

False True None

DATA TYPES
Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things.
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
Text Type str
Numeric Types int, float, complex
Sequence Types list, tuple, range
Mapping Type dict
Set Types set, frozenset
Boolean Type bool
Binary Types bytes, bytearray, memoryview

QUOTATION IN PYTHON
Python accepts single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes to denote string literals, as long as the
same type of quote starts and ends the string.
The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example, all the following are
legal −
word = 'word'
sentence = "This is a sentence."
paragraph = """This is a paragraph. It is
made up of multiple lines and sentences."""
COMMENTS IN PYTHON
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters after the # and up to
the end of the physical line are part of the comment and the Python interpreter ignores them.

# First comment

print ("Hello, Python!") # second comment

This produces the following result −

Hello, Python!

You can comment multiple lines as follows −

# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

Using Blank Lines

A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line and Python
totally ignores it.

PYTHON - VARIABLE TYPES

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you create
a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Assigning Values to Variables

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. The declaration happens
automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to
variables.
The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the operand to the right of the
= operator is the value stored in the variable. For example −

counter = 100 # An integer assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string
print (counter)
print (miles)
print (name)
Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to counter, miles, and name variables,
respectively. This produces the following result −

100
1000.0
John

Multiple Assignment
Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables simultaneously. For example

a=b=c=1
Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three variables are assigned to the same
memory location. You can also assign multiple objects to multiple variables. For example −

a,b,c = 1,2,"john"
Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and b respectively, and one
string object with the value "john" is assigned to the variable c.

EXAMPLES:

a=2.4
x=3
y = ’a ’
z=" Hello "
p r i n t ( type ( a ) ) #type ( ) gives the data type of the v a r i a b l e .
p r i n t ( type ( x ) )
p r i n t ( type ( y ) )
p r i n t ( type ( z ) )
EXAMPLE FOR NUMERIC TYPES:
x=1#int
y = 2.8 # f l o a t
z = 1 j # complex
X = 35e3 # e i n d i c a t e s the power of 10
Y = 12E4
Z = −87.7e100
EXAMPLE FOR TEXT TYPE:
OPERATORS

Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.

Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
All the common algebraic operators presented in the following table are available in Python.

Addition +
Subtraction −
Multiplication ∗
Division /
Integer Division //
Power **
Remainder %
Comparison operators:
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
! = not equal to
Logical operators:
and logical and
or logical or
not logical not
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
=, is used as assignment operator. For example x = 5, means 5 is stored to variable
x.
+ =. The expression a+ = 3, give the result of a = a + 3.
− =. The expression x− = 3, give the result of x = x − 3.
∗ =. The expression a∗ = 3, give the result of a = a ∗ 3.
/ =. The expression a/ = 3, give the result of a = a/3.
// =. The expression a// = 3, give the result of a = a//3.
% =. The expression a% = 3, give the result of a = a%3.
∗∗ =. The expression a∗ = 3, give the result of a = a ∗ ∗3.
IDENTITY OPERATORS
is Returns True if both variables are the same object
is not Returns True if both variables are not the same object
MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS
in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object
not in Returns True if a sequence with the
specified value is not present in the
object

PYTHON LISTS

Python Lists are used to group related data together. They are collection of data items. Lists are used
to store multiple items in a single variable. We enclose the items with in square brackets[ ]and
separate them by commas.
Lists are created using square brackets: for example
a=[1,2,3]
Ex: list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
 PYTHON TUPLES

A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The
differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use
parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.
Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values.
Ex:

tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);

tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );
tup3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";

Tuples are created using round brackets: for example

a=(1,2,3)
items are ordered, allow duplicate values.
List items are changeable, whereas; Tuple items are unchangeable.
INPUT STATEMENT
The input() function allows user input.
SYNTAX:
input(prompt)
prompt– A String, representing a default message before the input.
For example:
x = in p ut ( ’ Enter your name : ’ )
p r i n t ( ’ Hello , ’ +x )
p r i n t ( ’ Hello , ’ , x )
p r i n t ( type ( x ) )

To read integer then the following to be used.

x = i n t ( in p ut ( ’ Enter an i n t e g e r : ’ ) )
p r i n t ( type ( x ) )

To read float then the following to be used.

x = f l o a t ( in p ut ( ’ Enter an f l o a t : ’ ) )
p r i n t ( type ( x ) )
OUTPUT STATEMENTS
Python provides the print() function to display output to the standard output devices.
SYNTAX:
print(value(s),sep= ’ ’, end = ‘\n’, file=file, flush=flush)
value(s) – Any value, and as many as you like. Will be converted to string before printed
sep=‘separator’ – (Optional) Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than
one. Default :’ ’
end=‘end’ – (Optional) Specify what to print at the end.Default : ‘\n’
file – (Optional) An object with a write method. Default :sys.stdout
flush – (Optional) A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or buffered (False).
Default: False

Basics of Python
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gVG2IJ8BIjhYDwDx6jWJns59h9dGOGVi/view?usp=share_link
Programming Structures
Conditional structure
What is conditioning in Python?
• Based on certain conditions, the flow of execution of the program is determined using proper
syntax.
How to use if conditions?
- if statement — for implementing one-way branching
- if-else statements —for implementing two-way branching
- nested if statements —for implementing multiple branching
- if-elif ladder — for implementing multiple branching

# Syntax:
if condition:
statements

Example: #Check if the given number is positive

a=int (input (" Enter an integer: "))
if a>0:
print (" Entered value is positive ")
# Syntax:
# if condition 1:
# Statements 1
# elif condition 2:
# Statements 2
# elif condition 3:
# Statements 3
# else :
# Statements 4
# If condition 1 is True - Statements 1 will be executed.
# else if condition 2 is True - Statements 2 will be executed and so on
# If any of the conditions is not True then statements in else block is
executed .
LAB 1: Program to compute area, surface area, volume and centre of gravity

1.1 Objectives:
Use python
1. to evaluate double integration.
2. to compute area and volume.
3. to calculate center of gravity of 2D object.

Syntax for the commands used:

1. Data pretty printer in Python:
pprint ()
2. integrate:
integrate ( function ,( variable , min_limit , max_limit ))

1 𝑥
1. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

from sympy import *

x,y,z= symbols ('x y z')
w1= integrate (x ** 2+y ** 2 ,(y,0,x) ,(x,0,1))
print (w1)

Output

1/3

3 3−𝑥 3−𝑥−𝑦
2. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

Output
81/80
 3. Prove that ∫ ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫(𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

from sympy import *

x= symbols('x y z')
w3= integrate (x ** 2+y ** 2,y,x)
display (w3)
w4= integrate (x ** 2+y ** 2,x,y)
display (w4)

Output

1.3 Area and Volume

Area of the region R in the cartesian form is ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑏
𝑎
4. Find the area of an ellipse by double integration. 𝐴 = 4 ∫0 ∫0𝑎

from sympy import *

x= symbols ('x y a b')
a=4
b=6
w3=4* integrate (1 ,(y,0 ,(b/a)* sqrt (a ** 2-x ** 2)) ,(x,0,a))
print (w3)

Output
24.0 pi
1.4 Area of the region R in the polar form is ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

5. Find the area of the cardioid r = a (1 + cosθ) by double integration.

from sympy import *

r= symbols ('r t a')
#a=4
w3=2* integrate (r, (r,0,a*(1+cos (t))) , (t,0,pi))
pprint (w3)

Output
3𝜋𝑎 2
2

1.5 Volume of a solid is given by ∫𝑉 ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
6. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x=0, y=0 and z=0, 𝑎
+𝑏+𝑐 =1

from sympy import *

x= symbol ('x y z')
a= Symbol ('a b c')
w2= integrate (1 ,(z,0,c*(1-x/a-y/b)) ,(y,0,b*(1-x/a)) ,(x,0,a))
print (w2)

Output
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐 ⁄6
LAB 2: Evaluation of improper integrals, Beta and Gamma
functions
2.1 Objectives:
Use python
1. to evaluate improper integrals using Beta function.
2. to evaluate improper integrals using Gamma function.

Syntax for the commands used:

1. gamma
math . ga m m a ( x )

Parameters :
x : The number whose gamma value needs to be computed.
2. beta
math . beta (x , y )

Parameters :
x ,y: The numbers whose beta value needs to be computed.
3. Note: We can evaluate improper integral involving infinity by using inf.

∞
1.Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

from sympy import *

x= Symbol ('x')
w1= integrate (exp (-x) ,(x,0, float ('inf ')))
print ( simplify (w1))

Output
1

∞
Gamma function is 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate Γ(5) by using definition
 from sympy import *
x= Symbol ('x')
w1= integrate (exp (-x)*x ** 4 ,(x,0, float ('inf ')))
print ( simplify (w1))

Output:
24

∞
3. Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑡)𝑑𝑡

from sympy import *

t,s= symbols ('t,s')
# for infinity in sympy we use oo
w1= integrate (exp (-s*t)*cos (4*t) ,(t,0,oo))
display ( simplify (w1))

Output

4. Find Beta(3,5), Gamma(5)

from sympy import beta , gamma

m= float(input ('m :'))
n= float(input ('n :'))
s= beta (m,n)
t= gamma (n)
print (‘gamma (',n,') is’, round(t,3))
print (‘Beta (',m, n,') is’, round(s,3))

Output

m :3
n :5
 gamma ( 5.0 ) is 24.000
Beta ( 3.0, 5.0 ) is 0.010

5. Calculate Beta(5/2,7/2) and Gamma(7/2).

from sympy import beta , gamma

m= float ( input ('m : '))
n= float ( input ('n :'))
s= beta (m,n)
t= gamma (n)
print (‘gamma (',n,') is’, round(t,3))
print (‘Beta (',m, n,') is’, round(s,3))

Output
m : 2.5
n :3.5
gamma ( 3.5 ) is 3.323
Beta ( 2.5 3.5 ) is 0.037

6. Verify that Beta(m, n) = [Gamma(m) Gamma(n)] / Gamma(m + n)

for m=5 and n=7

from sympy import beta , gamma

m=5
n=7
m= float (m)
n= float (n)
s= beta (m,n)
t=( gamma (m)* gamma (n))/ gamma (m+n)
print (s,t)
if (abs (s-t)<=0. 00001 ):
print ('beta and gamma are related ')
else :
print ('beta and gamma are not related')

Output

0.000432900432900433 0.000432900432900433
beta and gamma are related
LAB 3: Finding gradient, divergence, curl and their geometrical interpretation

1.1 Objectives:
Use python
1.Finding gradient
2. Finding divergent
3. Finding curl

1) Find gradient of 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧
#To find gradient of a scalar point function 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧
from sympy.physics.vector import *
from sympy import var
var('x,y,z')
v=ReferenceFrame('v')
F=v[0]**2*v[1]*v[2]
G=gradient(F,v)
F=F.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("Given scalar function F=")
display(F)
G=G.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("\n Gradient of F=")
display(G)

Output: Given scalar function 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧

Gradient of F=2𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑣^𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑣^𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑣^𝑧

2) Find divergence of F=x^2yi+yz^2j+x^2zk

#To find divergence of F=x^2yi+yz^2j+x^2zk
from sympy.physics.vector import *
from sympy import var
var('x,y,z')
v=ReferenceFrame('v')
F=v[0]**2*v[1]*v.x+v[1]*v[2]**2*v.y+v[0]**2*v[2]*v.z
G=divergence(F,v)
F=F.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("Given vector point function is ")
display(F)
G=G.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("Divergence of F=")
display(G)

Output:
Given vector function F=x^2yi+yz^2j+x^2zk
Divergence of F=𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2

3) Find curl of 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 2^𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗^ − 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘^

#To find curl of 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 2^𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗^ − 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘^
from sympy.physics.vector import *
from sympy import var
var('x,y,z')
v=ReferenceFrame('v')
F=v[0]*v[1]**2*v.x+2*v[0]**2*v[1]*v[2]*v.y-3*v[1]*v[2]**2*v.z
G=curl(F,v)
F=F.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("Given vector point function is ")
display(F)
G=G.subs([(v[0],x),(v[1],y),(v[2],z)])
print("curl of F=")
display(G)

Output: Given vector function 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 2^𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗^ − 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘^

Curl of F= (−2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑧 2 )𝑣^𝑥 +(4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑣^𝑧

LAB-4: Computation of basis and dimension for a vector space and graphical
representation of linear transformation

Objectives:

Use python:
1. to verify the Rank nullity theorem of given linear transformation
2. to compute the dimension of vector space
3. to represent linear transformations Graphically

Rank Nullity Theorem

Verify the rank-nullity theorem for the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 defined by T(x, y, z) = (x +
4y + 7z, 2x + 5y + 8z, 3x + 6y + 9z)

import numpy as np
from scipy.linalg import null_space
# Define a linear transformation interms of matrix
A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
# Find the rank of the matrix A
rank = np.linalg.matrix_rank(A)
print("Rank of the matrix",rank)
# Find the null space of the matrix A
ns = null_space(A)
print("Null space of the matrix",ns)
# Find the dimension of the null space
nullity = ns.shape[1]
print("Null space of the matrix",nullity)
# Verify the rank-nullity theorem
if rank + nullity == A.shape[1]:
print("Rank-nullity theorem holds.")
else:
print("Rank-nullity theorem does not hold.")

Output: Rank of the matrix 2

Null space of the matrix [[-0.40824829] [ 0.81649658] [-0.40824829]]
Null space of the matrix 1 Rank-nullity theorem holds.

Dimension of Vector Space

1) Find the dimension of subspace spanned by the vectors (1,2,3) ,(2,3,1) and (3,1,2).

import numpy as np
# Define the vector space V
V = np.array([ [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2]])
# Find the dimension and basis of V
basis = np.linalg.matrix_rank(V)
dimension = V.shape[0]
 print("Basis of the matrix",basis)
print("Dimension of the matrix",dimension)

Output: Basis of the matrix 3

Dimension of the matrix 3

Extract the linearly independent rows in given matrix

import numpy as np
array = np.array([[ 1, 1, 0], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 2, 3], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0, -1, 1], [ 0, 0, 0]])
print("Original array:")
print(array)
temp = {(0, 0, 0)}
result = []
for idx, row in enumerate(map(tuple, arra)):
if row not in temp:
result.append(idx)
print("\nNon-zero unique rows:")
print(arra[result])

Output: Original array: [[ 1 1 0] [ 0 0 0] [ 0 2 3] [ 0 0 0] [ 0 -1 1] [ 0 0 0]]

Non-zero unique rows: [[ 1 1 0] [ 0 2 3] [ 0 -1 1]]

Horizontal stretch:
Represent the horizontal stretch transformation geometrically T:R2→ 𝑅 2 geometrically

Find the image of the vector (10,0) when it is stretched horizontally by 2 units

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V = np. array ([[10 ,0]])
origin = np. array ([[0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0]]) # origin point
A=np. matrix ([[2,0],[0,1]])
V1=np. matrix (V)
V2=A*np. transpose (V1)
V2=np. array (V2)
plt . quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)
plt . quiver (*origin , V2[0,:], V2[1,:], color =['r'], scale =50)
plt . show ()

Output:
Reflection:
Represent the reflection transformation T : 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 geometrically.

Find the image of vector (10, 0) when it is reflected about y axis.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V = np. array ([[10 ,0]])
origin = np. array ([[0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0]]) # origin point
A=np. matrix ([[-1,0],[0,1]])
V1=np. matrix (V)
V2=A*np. transpose (V1)
V2=np. array (V2)
plt . quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)
plt . quiver (*origin , V2[0,:], V2[1,:], color =['r'], scale =50)
plt . show ()
Output:

Rotation:
Represent the rotation transformation T: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 geometrically.
Find the image of vector (10, 0) when it is rotated by π/2 radians.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V = np. array ([[10 ,0]])
origin = np. array ([[0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0]]) # origin point
A=np. matrix ([[0,-1],[1,1]])
V1=np. matrix (V)
V2=A*np. transpose (V1)
V2=np. array (V2)
plt . quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =50)
plt . quiver (*origin , V2[0,:], V2[1,:], color =['r'], scale =50)
plt . show ()

Output:

Shear Transformation

Represent the Shear transformation T: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 geometrically.

Find the image of (2, 3) under shear transformation.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V = np. array ([[2,3]])
origin = np. array ([[0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0]]) # origin point
A=np. matrix ([[1,2],[0,1]])
V1=np. matrix (V)
V2=A*np. transpose (V1)
V2=np. array (V2)
print (" Image of given vectors is:", V2)
plt . quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =20)
plt . quiver (*origin , V2[0,:], V2[1,:], color =['r'], scale =20)
plt . show ()

Output:

Composition

Represent the composition of two 2D transformations.

Find the image of vector (10, 0) when it is rotated by π/2 radians then stretched horizontally
2 units.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
V = np. array ([[2,3]])
origin = np. array ([[0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0]]) # origin point
A=np. matrix ([[0,-1],[1,0]])
B=np. matrix ([[2,0],[0,1]])
V1=np. matrix (V)
V2=A*np. transpose (V1)
V3=B*V2
V2=np. array (V2)
V3=np. array (V3)
print (" Image of given vectors is:", V3)
plt . quiver (*origin , V[:,0], V[:,1], color =['b'], scale =20)
plt . quiver (*origin , V2[0,:], V2[1,:], color =['r'], scale =20)
plt . quiver (*origin , V3[0,:], V3[1,:], color =['g'], scale =20)
plt . title ('Blue = original , Red = Rotated ,Green = Rotated + Streached ')
plt . show ()

Output:

Exercise:
1. Verify the rank nullity theorem for the following linear transformation
a) T: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 3 defined by T(x, y) = (x + 4y, 2x + 5y, 3x + 6y).
Ans: Rank=2, Nullity=1, RNT verified
b) T: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 4 defined by T(x, y, z) = (x+4y−z, 2x+5y+8z, 3x+y+2z, x+y+z).
Ans: Rank=3, Nullity=1, RNT verified

2. Find the dimension of the subspace spanned following set of vectors

a) S = (1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 4, 6, 8), (1, 1, 1, 1)
Ans: Dimension of subspace is 2
b) S = (1,−1, 3, 4), (2, 1, 6, 8), (1, 1, 1, 1), (3, 3, 3, 3)
Ans: Dimension of subspace is 3

3. Find the image of (1, 3) under following 2D transformations

a) Horizontal stretch
b) Reflection
c) Shear
d) Rotation
 LAB 5: Computing the inner product and orthogonality
5.1 Objectives:
Use python
1. to compute the inner product of two vectors.
2. to check whether the given vectors are orthogonal.

5.2 Inner Product of two vectors

1. Find the inner product of the vectors (2, 1, 5, 4) and (3, 4, 7, 8).

import numpy as np
# initialize arrays
A = np. array ([2, 1, 5, 4])
B = np. array ([3, 4, 7, 8])
#dot product
output = np. dot(A, B)
print ( output )

Output : 77

5.3 Checking orthogonality

Verify whether the following vectors (2, 1, 5, 4) and (3, 4, 7, 8) are orthogonal.

import numpy as np
# initialize arrays
A = np. array ([2, 1, 5, 4])
B = np. array ([3, 4, 7, 8])
#dot product
output = np. dot(A, B)
print ('Inner product is :',output )
if output ==0:
print ('given vectors are orthognal ')
else :
print ('given vectors are not orthognal ')

Output: Inner product is : 77

given vectors are not orthognal

5.4 Exercise:
1. Find the inner product of (1, 2, 3) and (3, 4, 5).
Ans: 26
2. Find the inner product of (1,−1, 2, 1) and (4, 2, 1, 0).
Ans: 4
3. Check whether the following vectors are orthogonal or not
a) (1, 1,−1) and (2, 3, 5). Ans: True
b) (1, 0, 2, 0) and (4, 2,−2, 5). Ans: True
c) (1, 2, 3, 4) and (2, 3, 4, 5) . Ans: False

LAB 6: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equation by Regula-Falsi and

Newton-Raphson method

6.1 Objectives:

Use python
1. to solve algebraic and transcendental equation by Regula-Falsi method.
2. to solve algebraic and transcendental equation by Newton-Raphson method.

6.2 Regula-Falsi method to solve a transcendental equation

Obtain a root of the equation x3 − 2x − 5 = 0 between 2 and 3 by regula-falsi method.

Perform 5 iterations.

from sympy import *

x= Symbol ('x')
g = input ('Enter the function ')
f= lambdify (x,g)
a= float ( input ('Enter a values :'))
b= float ( input ('Enter b values :'))
N=int( input ('Enter number of iterations :'))
for i in range (1,N+1):
c=(a*f(b)-b*f(a))/(f(b)-f(a))
if ((f(a)*f(c)<0)):
b=c
else :
a=c
print ('iteration %d \t the root %0.3f \t function value %0.3f \n'%(i,c,f(c)))
Newton-Raphson method to solve a transcendental equation

Find a root of the equation 3x = cos x+1, near 1, by Newton Raphson method. Perform
5 iterations

from sympy import *

x= Symbol ('x')
g = input ('Enter the function ') #%3x -cos(x)-1; % function
f= lambdify (x,g)
dg = diff (g);
df= lambdify (x,dg)
x0= float ( input ('Enter the intial approximation ')); # x0=1
n= int( input ('Enter the number of iterations ')); #n=5;
for i in range (1,n+1):
x1 =(x0 - (f(x0)/df(x0)))
print ('itration %d \t the root %0.3f \t function value %0.3f \n'%(i, x1 ,f(x1))); # print all iteration
value
x0 = x1

6.4 Exercise:

1. Find a root of the equation 3x = cos x+1, between 0 and 1, by Regula-falsi method.
Perform 5 iterations.

Ans: 0.607

2. Find a root of the equation 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 2, between 0 and 1, by Regula-falsi method.

Correct to 3 decimal places.

Ans: 0.853

3. Obtain a real positive root of 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 = 0, near 1, by Newton-Raphson method.

Perform 4 iterations.
Ans: 1.856

4. Obtain a real positive root of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5 = 0, near 3, by Newton-Raphson

method. Perform 7 iterations.
Ans: 2.061
LAB 7: Interpolation /Extrapolation using Newton’s forward and backward
difference formula

7.1 Objectives:

Use python
1. to interpolate using Newton’s Forward interpolation method.
2. to interpolate using Newton’s backward interpolation method.
3. to extrapolate using Newton’s backward interpolation method.

1.Given f(40)=184, f(50)=204, f(60)=226, f(70)=250, f(80)=276, f(90)=304, find f(38) and f(85)
using Newton’s forward interpolation method.

import numpy as np
# Given data points
x = np.array([40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90])
y = np.array([184, 204, 226, 250, 276,304])
coefficients = np.polyfit(x, y, deg=len(x) - 1)
def interpolate(x_val):
return np.polyval(coefficients, x_val)
x_val_1 = 38
x_val_2 = 85
f_val_1 = interpolate(x_val_1)
f_val_2 = interpolate(x_val_2)
print("f(38) =", round(f_val_1,4)
print("f(85) =", round(f_val_2,4)

ANS:

f(38) = 180.24
f(85) = 289.75
 2. Use Newtons interpolation to obtain the interpolating polynomial and hence cal-
culate y(8) for the following data:

import numpy as np
# Given data points
x = np.array([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
y = np.array([6, 10, 62, 210,502])
coefficients = np.polyfit(x, y, deg=len(x) - 1)
def interpolate(x_val):
return np.polyval(coefficients, x_val)
x_val_1 = 8
f_val_1 = interpolate(x_val_1)
print("f(8) =", round(f_val_1,4))

ANS : f(8) = 335.0

7.2 Exercise:

1. Obtain the interpolating polynomial for the following data

x: 0 1 2 3
y: 1 2 1 10

Ans: 2x3 − 7x2 + 6x + 1

2. Find the number of men getting wage Rs. 100 from the following table:
wage: 50 150 250 350
No. of men: 9 30 35 42

Ans: 23 men

3. Using Newton’s backward interpolation method obtain y(160) for the following data
x : 100 150 200 250 300
y : 10 13 15 17 18

Ans: 13.42

4. Using Newtons forward interpolation polynomial and calculate y(1) and y(10).
x:3456789
y : 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2 52.8 73.9
Ans: 3.1 and 100

LAB 8: Computation of area under the curve using Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3rd
and simpson’s 3/8th rule

8.1 Objectives:

Use python
1. to find area under the curve represented by a given function using Trapezoidal rule.
2. to find area under the curve represented by a given function using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
3. to find area under the curve represented by a given function using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.
4. to find the area below the curve when discrete points on the curve are given.

8.2 Trapezoidal Rule

5 1
Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2
dx

# Trapezoidal Rule
from sympy import *
x=Symbol('x')
g=input('Enter the function \t')
f=lambdify(x,g)
a=float(input('Enter lower limit \t'))
b=float(input('Enter upper limit \t'))
n=int(input('Enter the number of sub intervals'))
h=(b-a)/n
I=f(a)+f(b)
for j in range (1,n):
i=a+j*h
I=I+2*f(i)
I=(h/2)*I
print('Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is', round(I, 4)))

Output:
Enter the function 1/(1+x**2)
Enter lower limit 0
Enter upper limit 1
Enter the number of sub intervals10
Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is 0.785

8.3 Simpson’s 1/3rd rule

5 1
Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2
dx with 100 subintervals.
# Simpson's (1/3)rd Rule
from sympy import *
x=Symbol('x')
g=input('Enter the function \t')
f=lambdify(x,g)
a=float(input('Enter lower limit \t'))
b=float(input('Enter upper limit \t'))

n=int(input('Enter the number of sub intervals \t'))

h=(b-a)/n

I=f(a)+f(b)

for j in range (1,n):

i=a+j*h
if j%2==0:
I=I+2*f(i)
else:
I=I+4*f(i)
I=(h/3)*I

print('Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is', round(I, 4))

Output:
Enter the function 1/(1+x**2)
Enter lower limit 0
Enter upper limit 1
Enter the number of sub intervals 10
Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is 0.7854
8.4 Simpson’s 3/8th rule

5 1
Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2
using Simpson’s 3/8th rule, taking 6 sub intervals.

# Simpson's (3/8)rd Rule

from sympy import *
x=Symbol('x')
g=input('Enter the function \t')
f=lambdify(x,g)
a=float(input('Enter lower limit \t'))
b=float(input('Enter upper limit \t'))

n=int(input('Enter the number of sub intervals \t'))

h=(b-a)/n

I=f(a)+f(b)

for j in range (1,n):

i=a+j*h
if j%3==0:
I=I+2*f(i)
else:
I=I+3*f(i)
I=(3*h/8)*I

print('Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is, round(I, 4))

Output:
Enter the function 1/(1+x**2)
Enter lower limit 0
Enter upper limit 1
Enter the number of sub intervals 6
Value of the integration corrected to four decimal places is 0.7854

8.5 Exercise:
1 𝑥2
1. Evaluate the integral ∫0 1+𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 1/3rd Rule
Ans: 0.23108
0.6 2
2. Use Simpson’s 3/8th ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 rule to find by taking seven ordinates.
Ans: 0.5351
 𝜋
3. Evaluate using trapezoidal rule ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥Take n = 6.
Ans: π/2
4. A solid of revolution is formed by rotating about the x-axis, the area between the x-axis, the lines x
= 0 and x = 1, and a curve through the points with the following co-ordinates:
x y
0.00 1.0000
0.25 0.9896
0.50 0.9589
0.75 0.9089
1.00 0.8415
Estimate the volume of the solid formed using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
1
Hint: Required volume is ∫0 𝑦 2 ∗ 𝜋𝑑𝑥 **[Ans: 2.8192]**
5. The velocity v(km/min) of a moped which starts from rest, is given at fixed intervals of time t(min)
as follows:
t: 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
v: 10 18 25 29 32 20 11 5 2 0
Estimate approximately the distance covered in twenty minutes.

LAB 9: Solution of ODE of first order and first degree by Taylor’s series and
Modified Euler’s method

9.1 Objectives:

Use python
1. to solve ODE by Taylor series method.
2. to solve ODE by Modified
Euler method.

9.2 Taylor series method to solve ODE

𝑑𝑦
1.From Taylor series method find y(0.1) for = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 at x=0.1,0.2 given
𝑑𝑥
𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 1 upto third degree.

from sympy import *

x,y=symbols('x,y')
x0,x1,x2=0,.1,.2
yd0=1
yd1=x**2+y**2
yd2=2*x+2*y*yd1
yd3=2+2*y*yd2+yd1*2*yd1
yd1=yd1.subs({x:0,y:1})
yd2=yd2.subs({x:0,y:1})
yd3=yd3.subs({x:0,y:1})
ts=yd0+(x-x0)*yd1+(x-x0)**2*yd2/2+(x-x0)**3*yd3/6
tsx1=ts.subs(x,x1)
tsx2=ts.subs(x,x2)
display('Taylors series is',ts)
print('y(',x1,')=',round(tsx1,4))
print('y(',x2,')=',round(tsx2,4))
ANS:
Taylors series is 4*x**3/3 + x**2 + x + 1
y( 0.1 )= 1.1113
y( 0.2 )= 1.2507

b) Taylor's series method to solve dy/dx=x+y at x= 1.1, 1.2 given x0=1,y0=0 up to the third degree
terms

from sympy import *

x,y=symbols('x,y')
x0,x1,x2=1,1.1,1.2
yd0=0
yd1=x+y
yd2=1+yd1
yd3=yd2
yd1=yd1.subs({x:1,y:0})
yd2=yd2.subs({x:1,y:0})
yd3=yd3.subs({x:1,y:0})
ts=yd0+(x-x0)*yd1+(x-x0)**2*yd2/2+(x-x0)**3*yd3/6
tsx1=ts.subs(x,x1)
tsx2=ts.subs(x,x2)
display('Taylors series is',ts)
print('y(',x1,')=',round(tsx1,4))
print('y(',x2,')=',round(tsx2,4))

ANS :

Taylors series is x + (x - 1)**3/3 + (x - 1)**2 - 1

y( 1.1 )= 0.1103
y( 1.2 )= 0.2427

9.3 Modified Euler’s method

The iterative formula is:

1 . Euler's modified method to solve dy/dx=x-y**2 at x=0.0(0.1)0.2 given x0=0,y0=1

def euler(x0, x1, y0, h):

def f(x, y):
return x - y**2
n = round((x1 - x0) / h)
for i in range(1, n + 1):
y1 = y0 + h * f(x0, y0)
print('y(', round(x0 + h, 3), ') =', round(y1, 4))
for j in range(1, 4):
y1 = y0 + h / 2 * (f(x0, y0) + f(x0 + h, y1))
print('The', j, 'th improved value of y(', round(x0 + h, 3), ') =', round(y1, 4))
x0, y0 = x0 + h, y1
euler(0.0, 1, 1, 0.2)

ANS :

y( 0.2 ) = 0.8
The 1 th improved value of y( 0.2 ) = 0.856
The 2 th improved value of y( 0.2 ) = 0.8467
The 3 th improved value of y( 0.2 ) = 0.8483
y( 0.4 ) = 0.7444
The 1 th improved value of y( 0.4 ) = 0.7809
The 2 th improved value of y( 0.4 ) = 0.7754
The 3 th improved value of y( 0.4 ) = 0.7762
y( 0.6 ) = 0.7357
The 1 th improved value of y( 0.6 ) = 0.7618
The 2 th improved value of y( 0.6 ) = 0.7579
The 3 th improved value of y( 0.6 ) = 0.7585
y( 0.8 ) = 0.7635
The 1 th improved value of y( 0.8 ) = 0.7827
The 2 th improved value of y( 0.8 ) = 0.7797
The 3 th improved value of y( 0.8 ) = 0.7802
y( 1.0 ) = 0.8185
The 1 th improved value of y( 1.0 ) = 0.8323
The 2 th improved value of y( 1.0 ) = 0.83
The 3 th improved value of y( 1.0 ) = 0.8304
 9.4 Exercise:

1. Find y(0.1) by Taylor Series exapnsion when y′ = x − y2, y(0) = 1.

Ans: y(0.1) = 0.9138

2. Find y(0.2) by Taylor Series exapnsion when y′ = x2y − 1, y(0) = 1, h = 0.1.

Ans: y(0.2) = 0.80227

3. Evaluate by modified Euler’s method: y′ = ln(x + y), y(0) = 2 at x = 0(0.2)0.8.

Ans: 2.0656, 2.1416, 2.2272, 2.3217

4. Solve by modified Euler’s method: y′ = x + y, y(0) = 1, h = 0.1, x = 0(0.1)0.3.

Ans: 1.1105, 1.2432, 1.4004

LAB 10: Solution of ODE of first order and first degree by Runge-Kutta 4th
order method and Milne’s predictor and corrector method

10.1 Objectives:

1. To write a python program to solve first order differential equation using 4th order
Runge Kutta method.
2. To write a python program to solve first order differential equation using Milne’s
predictor and corrector method.

10.2 Runge-Kutta method

1.Apply the Runge Kutta method to find the solution of dy/dx = 1 + (y/x) at 0.4 by taking
h = 0.2. Given that y(1) = 2.

def rk(x0, x1, y0, h):

def f(x, y):
return x + y**2
n = round((x1 - x0) / h)
for i in range(1, n + 1):
k1 = h * f(x0, y0)
k2 = h * f(x0 + h / 2, y0 + k1 / 2)
k3 = h * f(x0 + h / 2, y0 + k2 / 2)
k4 = h * f(x0 + h, y0 + k3)
k = (k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4) / 6
print('k1 =', round(k1, 4), 'k2 =', round(k2, 4), 'k3 =', round(k3, 4), 'k4 =', round(k4, 4), 'k =', round(k,4))
y1 = y0 + k
print('y(', round(x0 + h, 3), ') =', round(y1, 4))
x0, y0 = x0 + h, y1
rk(0, 0.4, 1, 0.2)
ANS :

k1 = 0.2 k2 = 0.262 k3 = 0.2758 k4 = 0.3655 k = 0.2735

y( 0.2 ) = 1.2735
k1 = 0.3644 k2 = 0.4838 k3 = 0.5193 k4 = 0.7229 k = 0.5156
y( 0.4 ) = 1.7891

2. Runge - Kutta fourth order method to solve dy/dx=3*x + y/2at x=0.2(0.2)0.4 given x0=0,y0=1

def rk(x0, x1, y0, h):

def f(x, y):
return 3*x + y/2
n = round((x1 - x0) / h)
for i in range(1, n + 1):
k1 = h * f(x0, y0)
k2 = h * f(x0 + h / 2, y0 + k1 / 2)
k3 = h * f(x0 + h / 2, y0 + k2 / 2)
k4 = h * f(x0 + h, y0 + k3)
k = (k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4) / 6
print('k1 =', round(k1, 4), 'k2 =', round(k2, 4), 'k3 =', round(k3, 4), 'k4 =', round(k4, 4), 'k =',
round(k,4))
y1 = y0 + k
print('y(', round(x0 + h, 3), ') =', round(y1, 4))
x0, y0 = x0 + h, y1
rk(0, 0.4, 1, 0.2)

ANS:

k1 = 0.1 k2 = 0.165 k3 = 0.1683 k4 = 0.2368 k = 0.1672

y( 0.2 ) = 1.1672
k1 = 0.2367 k2 = 0.3086 k3 = 0.3121 k4 = 0.3879 k = 0.311
y( 0.4 ) = 1.4782
Milne’s predictor and corrector method

𝑑𝑦
Apply Milne’s predictor and corrector method to solve 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 . Given that y(0)=0,
y(0.2)=0.02, y(0.4)=0.0795, y(0.6)=0.1762. compute y(0.8).

def f(x, y):

F = x - y ** 2
return F
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
h = 0.2
# Assuming y1, y2, and y3 (required for Milne formula) are estimated
x1 = x0 + h
y1 = 0.02
x2 = x1 + h
y2 = 0.0795
x3 = x2 + h
y3 = 0.1762
# Milne Predictor formula
yp4 = y0 + 4 * h * (2 * f(x1, y1) - f(x2, y2) + 2 * f(x3, y3)) / 3
x4 = x3 + h
fp4 = f(x4, yp4)
print('yp4 =', yp4)
print('fp4 =', fp4)
# Corrector formula
yc4 = y2 + h * (f(x2, y2) + 4 * f(x3, y3) + fp4) / 3
f4 = f(x4, yc4)
print('yc4 =', yc4)
print('f4 =', f4)
yc4 = y2 + h * (f(x2, y2) + 4 * f(x3, y3) + f4) / 3
print('yc4 =', yc4)

ANS:

yp4 = 0.3049139653333334
fp4 = 0.7070274737447028
yc4 = 0.30460143091631353
f4 = 0.7072179682837343
yc4 = 0.30461413055224895
10.4 Exercise:

1. Find y(0.1) by Runge Kutta method when y′ = x − y2, y(0) = 1.

Ans: y(0.1) = 0.91379

2. Evaluate by Runge Kutta method : y′ = log(x + y), y(0) = 2 at x = 0(0.2)0.8.

Ans: 2.155, 2.3418, 2.557, 2.801

3. Solve by Milnes method: y′ = x + y, y(0)=1, h=0.1, Calculate y(0.4) . Calculate

required initial values from Runge Kutta method.
Ans: 1.583649219