,CA A16i:0i1 -2

odhont msusex dupe :

1.Compaau SRAM wih DRAM 9
|Ars.. SRAM:
h. Aped and
omglko,
SRAM &latu and' wu ip-Rops to skors
. Cost 'and Usade
dota
stonu dota
SRAM mote eibensvr and is kypically wud gon
eache
DRAM:
memy
| Syed and Cemglenity : data in eapacitorus Hhat
DRAM B Alowu and stokes
uLd peiodue xelyusking
. Codt and Uaace:
DRAM is cheape and iu eomvnonky wad fort ntaun
aydem mamong
-hat Tnstituclion Level Parallelism9
Ana.Tnstruefion level Parallelism (iL)the
8 a CPU to necute multiple instru ctionu
achioved
amulianiouly ohun
pipeliring, upuealan eeeulion ,andinsluctiona
ckniqus hat allow ndependent
'ime.
ko be ptocused at the same
3. What u PEynn's lauiieation!
Aflynn clauilieation taktqorizeu tompuken
architectuaes baud on data atraans and instuuclion
steams. include feuu bype.
|S19D (Aingle Inutucion, Aviqls Daka).
1, STMD (ingl Inutruclion, Mutliple Data).
Mi. M1SD(Mullipl rutruekion, Aingla Data).
N. MIMD(Mudliple notuclon, Multtple Dato).
4 Wiite the dilerenee betwen Rarndom Aeees
Memony and kaially Aecesn Mernony ?
Randem Acecs
.Data Access .
Memns .Aenkally Aeen
- Dota Areass
Memay
nRandom Acces Memcy) n kutally Aceus MemoAy,
daka caun be accesnd data&atesed squntati
divuctly frtom any loeatonequing trtavesal tnough
Jallouwg tor fast ebiuval-gdaka toeations, uhieh
Wow:
|1-Usaqe :
Random Aeuss Mernony ulbeiald Aceus Memory i
Lnd
wed in compulta tn duded en storag
as main mumony devicu like magn tiÁ kapes
|whu sequunt&l data
aeeess is hceeptable .
B. hat ou Hhe adáuving made, ovatlbe Enlain
with exampl ?
Ans dome eómmon addnesing modu inelude:
.Immediatt:
(Openand i a pert , the indruetion (e.q, MOV A, #5)
.Denoet:
Adruu 4, the operund i qiven eaçleilgleg,M0v A,5C00):
u.Indue{:
Adduu iu puclflod threugh a nugiskeneg, MON A, @R1).
v.Indened':
JAdces iB delwminod by addinq on inden to a base
|addus (e.q, MOV A, 5066 R).0
6- Detemne the ue HOLD and HLDA ttuction

ns. HoLD:
Tis signal wnd by etvnal devicos toauquest He
CPUto eleae the bua. ihen aentod, the CPU ents
la hold state
HLDA (Hold Acknouledge):
hi sgnal i sert by te cPU to ackroulede the
HOLD aquust, indiatng that it has sels ud
eorkrol éj the bus to the requsting devie
1. What iu a SPARC rooesor What anu the modulu
lan SPARC 2Ezplain cach?
Aru. SPARC (Sealable ProCes4Or Arckitutu) s a k+sc
(Raduction Instucton tt Computing) procumor
auuchit ec kne doveloped by Aun MienOsyt1mu in
is known foc i% sealabilliky; Hieunt
3486-T4 &
|handling 8, complex tauk, and wxiAlgh -
in
SPARC anchitcte hasa
Ploremn ci computng wt ît eaeint
ktriam ind inutxucion et ,rmaking'
sVea and entepria envinonnenb
Module n SPARC Processer :
|.Inkeqen Unit (Tu):
Handto al ivtaqer arttemue and Loical openaiou
ncludes
|onganized in a megtten uidow,
windan, allonsäng fou
itunt proccduvu cala.
1. Floatng-Poivt Unit (FPU):
Dedieated "to erecutirg Flcettng- Point opeations
ike addilton ,Aubtrcaetitn , mufliplieatic and
divicn-TE enhanees tho pefenaree plitotions
invdvirq seuntlie eompukatunu
Menciy Maragonmuvt bvit (MMU):
m.
vnfual memgny, trandating votual
Morager
oaddnuiu tophysinl addrMs,4 handlus mumony
prrolectionand

ly.Cacu and Bus Irtenioace :

and L) to &ped up octey to frequevtly uscd data
omporcou the mnmons ond 1/o devieca , rswing

ibitinquikh ond Digeunliote .

|a.UMA VA. NUMA
Aeces v. Norn Uoi oron Memoy
Acces.
UMA NäMA
|1.Memoy Acen Teme : .Memony Aes Ti :
memors acees Ns bakd en e mumoy
tnie pe al proceueru. eceation aclative to thc
prtoces0r("
. Aehitecuu: . Arelitctuu:
Contralized memony Diotibuted menoay
anehiteckuu.
achite ctuu.
.Bealability:
Linited Acalitly due to High scalabilty as each
botarucku in mamthy acsa-protesort tan eees loeal
v. De Cae:
Ued in aall- eale |Usad in lvqe - seale
aystems leguotktation) multiproe uör aupkena
ke dLVOs"
b. RISC VA. CîSC
JAns Redueud Tnutruelion &t Computing V. Cemex
Instruckon ket Computing"
R1sC
|1- Instuction det : .Instruefion et:
Sme,lemikd intruetonsComplex, vovud intruclions
|1.¬0cuton Timu: Execufion Time :
ypie ally exeutes nutructionu may Pcaquu
ckructons in ene elock muliple cycdes
eyele.
hul. Memons Vaage:
Lavge nunbe dnstrucfion Fewen nttuctiou,eonsenvind
ntass mumony wsOge memony
Comon in moble and Found ndesktop and
levnbedded Ayskum. entopris procssor.
B.Deserib' Rynn's elautlealion a, eomputen
Proesod
and Veetor Proeeséu 9
Ans. Flynn' Claifieatton eategorizes contputr
ckit&kuu
lacchitd tuUA baxd on intrution and data stramu
|.S1sD (longaInutrueton, Kinda Data):
|Bive prtocsor ereCutus a aivgo instrueton strearn
to openate on daka atored in a nglt menoHy urnät (erg
tattonal uniprosor).
|1.$TMD(ABrgu' Trnutructon,Multiple Data):
AAingle intrut Eon operats on multipl data atrams,
ideal fore panallad
unit).
. M1SD(Multiple Inctrur lion,Bingle Data):
uliple ptoeeMor«opeate on a ngle data Argam, stnoom,
kach necutirg dieent
dient intnucion TV, aau in
Pacltee.
N.MIMD (Mul iplu Intruelion, Multiple Dako):
Mulliple proceuEKsenCeuke difeurt instruclioru on
ditfeunt daka staanms aiutneousy, wxd in pauala
eotipulng and aupeneompuku
Companiuon dArray ProeLsos and Vee tot Proewuor. ;
LArtcay Procesoc Voctor fcoceser
. Dat Hand ing : 1Data Handlng:
|Opeates en 2Daaye h dorcks en 10 vecAou,.
data.
Ayplicationu;
Image prousång arnd
L4aphiei.
seuntie and
Jealeula'iont.
ngiceing
. ELecuton J.Ezeeuton :
Fucutu mulle openaons Prouss Ainga epeatfonu
linpasnallol on vay data. (onon vertor data sciantaly|
in anmall qroup .
n. Arehitetwu:
Pald
Panalll proeing urits
lavay opvutornu.
Bon|ápecialired tuntional
Iforc vectort dpanalon
urit
4.Dintiote beku AupOn Aelan anelituctusu Vá.
phuieal RAM |eomplo tihat Ana- 5. N.Exampl: Ssis.
Tntel
Cocu Used units"Conçdoafty:
nudnstruetions.
Highen |.ndeutu |n.Thoughput
tipnulle Highpipelnes.
mulEipli 1eeution:
ui:nq Eaeeutes nultipl Kupen
.Paall a
ol |Anaupen
and alleuVettual what eniulkipl
funckio fnal
o r a kealan
dis k tely pCCOCSOKA Complity ucl io ns pipelind
amony
rmmemoy, in
nMemory
is fetehu
the vitual Anckitrrtee
atorage" pkyieal pen
vilual eneuton enclilerkwr
i
Mumony like du aud eyel e
Whon m oa to by
nemory niCHs. mumony&intnucion Apecialid
frquncu
high|tV.Erample: ndividual
Le
Compleaity: s instruc
|
Mt. . hcue
tion.
Thnougkpub: mone
pant
ntntool4tCv ||.Panall,
d Lrution Aupe:
neua
tle prtoesses?Eplain anaqementicint pipliva vide ?
altouwsystm manaqenent Tt eomler Vielived
on in
erKeats at spedirg
data run uith CPUs But
an ma s foCLuses nequies Acbitcte
Hat out iluion techr~qu example?| up
not eaeh age o
u be en
up RAM Aort othu proceKeK"
How it wouka :
|OPaqing : iaod- ize Hocks ealled Paqe.
Menoa dêvided into
When a proqram nueda a
d paqe not euUunty in mumors
t Arigges'a page fault; aid te ayrtem loods the
and Ha
dik.
lDduapping : to
the RAM" sfut, the system swaps inactive
disk, allouing'aclive pas to we Ehe avalable riamory
Imagiua eomputu uith 4o8 6 RAM suning
|mulila aplic ations nequiing sB &menmon.The
vkua' namos to stoe
lopenatg ayikm usesdak,
Jsoe 8, la data en diuk, evng
oiving eacke proqnam the
mpruion it has ul aceis to mo mony , oven
hough only paunt 4, 't &s inplycieanl RAy.