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Lec 1 Proposition

Discrete mathematics focuses on the study of distinct, separated values and includes objects like integers and finite graphs, contrasting with continuous mathematics. Propositions are statements that can be classified as true or false, and logical operations such as negation, disjunction, and conjunction are fundamental concepts in this field. Truth tables are used to evaluate the truth values of these logical statements.

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9 views8 pages

Lec 1 Proposition

Discrete mathematics focuses on the study of distinct, separated values and includes objects like integers and finite graphs, contrasting with continuous mathematics. Propositions are statements that can be classified as true or false, and logical operations such as negation, disjunction, and conjunction are fundamental concepts in this field. Truth tables are used to evaluate the truth values of these logical statements.

Uploaded by

aminultheboss2002
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8/26/2021

What is discrete mathematics?


Discrete mathematics is the part of mathematics
devoted to the study of discrete objects. Discrete
mathematics is the branch of mathematics dealing
with objects that can assume only distinct,
separated values. The term "discrete mathematics"
is therefore used in contrast with "continuous
mathematics," which is the branch of mathematics
dealing with objects that can vary smoothly
(which includes calculus). Whereas discrete
objects can often be characterized by integers,
continuous objects require real numbers.

Discrete mathematics or finite mathematics is the


branch of mathematics in which the mathematical
organizations are fundamentally isolated, that is, the
notion of continuity does not apply to them. The
formulas of continuity do not apply to it. This is
why the name has become Discrete mathematics.
Most or all of the objects studied in Discrete
mathematics are computational sets, such as
integers, finite graphs, and statistical languages.

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What is a proposition?
An assertion is a statement. A proposition is an
assertion which is either true or false (but not
both).

The Following are propositions:

►4 is a prime number


► 3 + 3 = 6
► The moon is made of cheese.

The following are not propositions:

► x+y > 4. Is this true or false? It depends on


the value of x and y, the statement takes a true
or false value.
► x=3. You cannot associate a truth value to
this because it simply assigns a value to x.
► Are you leaving? This is not an assertion, it
is a question.
► Buy 4 Books this is not an assertion, it is
an order.

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The negation

The negation of statement p is "not p." The


negation of p is symbolized by "~p or ¬p." The
truth value of ~p is the opposite of the truth
value of p.

p: The number 9 is odd. true


~p: The number 9 is not odd. false

Construct a truth table for the negation of p.

Solution: p ~p
T F
F T

Given: a: A triangle is not a polygon.


b: A square is a rectangle.
Problem: Which of the following is the negation of "A triangle is
not a polygon"?

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Disjunction
A disjunction is a compound statement formed
by joining two statements with the connector
OR. The disjunction "p or q" is symbolized by p
˅ q. A disjunction is false if and only if both
statements are false; otherwise it is true. The
truth values of p ˅ q are listed in the truth table
below.
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

or
Let p and q be propositions. The disjunction of p
and q, denoted by p∨q, is the proposition “p or q.”
The disjunction p∨q is false when both p and q
are false and is true otherwise.

p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

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Example
Given: r: x is divisible by 2.
s: x is divisible by 3.
Problem: s?
Each statement given in this example
represents an open sentence, so the truth
value of r˅s will depend on the replacement
values of x as shown below.

If x = 6, then r is true, and s is true. The


disjunction r˅s is true.

Example Complete a truth table for


: each disjunction below.
1. a or b
2. a or not b
3. not a or b
a b a˅ b a b ~b a ˅ ~b a b ~a ~a ˅ b
T T T T T F T T T F T
T F T T F T T T F F F
F T T F T F F F T T T
F F F F F T T F F T T

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Conjunction
A conjunction is a compound statement
formed by joining two statements with the
connector AND. The conjunction "p and q" is
symbolized by p˄q. A conjunction is true
when both of its combined parts are true;
otherwise it is false.
p q p˄q
we complete the last T T T
column according to T F F
the rules for
F T F
conjunction listed
above. F F F

or
Let p and q be propositions. The conjunction of p
and q, denoted by p∧q, is the proposition “p and
q.” The conjunction p∧q is true when both p and q
are true and is false otherwise.
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

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Example

Given: r: The number x is odd.


.
s: The number x is prime.
Problem: Can we list all truth values for r˄s in
a truth table? Why or why not?

The truth value of r ˄ s will depend on the value


of variable x. But there are an infinite number of
replacement values for x, so we cannot list all
truth values for r ˄ s in a truth table. We can,
however, find the truth value of r ˄ s for given
values of x as shown below.

►If x = 3, then r is true, s is true. The conjunction r ˄ s is true.


► If x = 9, then r is true, s is false. The conjunction r ˄ s is false.
► If x = 2, then r is false, s is true. The conjunction r ˄ s is false.
► If x = 6, then r is false, s is false. The conjunction r ˄ s is false

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Example : Construct a truth table for each


conjunction below:
1. x and y
2. ~x and y
Solution: 3. ~y and x

x y x˄y x y ~x ~x˄y x y ~y ~y˄x


T T T T T F F T T F F
T F F T F F F T F T T
F T F F T T T F T F F
F F F F F T F F F T F

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