BLI-014

PART - I

1. What is a computer? Explain the major hardware components.

Ans: One wonders what makes computer such an incredibly perfect and powerful machine.

You must understand that a computer is nothing but a programmable machine that

responds to instructions to store, retrieve and process data with unimaginable speed

and accuracy. It is an electronic device that manipulates information or data through

programming. A computer has four functions to perform: i) accept data, ii) process

data, iii) produce output and iv) store results. The main characteristics of a computer

are speed, accuracy, automation, storage, endurance and versatility. Computers of all

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types and makes essentially comprise two basic parts: hardware and software.
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Major Hardware Components: O M
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Central Processing Unit T
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The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is made up of Control Unit and Arithmetic and
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Logic Unit (ALU). It is the brain of the computer, the main functional component that
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processes instructions and performs operations as per requirements of the computer

user. The CPU is often referred to as a “computer on a chip” or microprocessor.

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Microprocessors are rated by the clock speed. The clock speed determines how many

instructions per second the processor can execute. This speed is always stated in Hz

(one Hz, or Hertz, is one calculation). A common speed these days is a 2.0GHz processor.

This means that the processor can make 20,000,000,000 calculations per second —

2000 × 1,000,000 (Mega) × 1 (Hz) calculations per second.

CPU gets raw data from an input device or a memory device or a storage device. Two

CPUs with the same clock speed will not necessarily perform equally. The more cache

memory your processor has built into it, the faster it will perform. Microprocessors are

therefore also rated by the built in cache memory.

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Motherboard

A motherboard is printed circuit board (PCB) that holds components integral to the

computer such as the central processing unit (CPU), the RAM, the chipset and expansion

slots. It also has connections for ports such as USB and PS/2. It also holds BIOS (that

controls the basic communication functions between components) and CMOS battery

that keeps the clock ticking when your PC is turned off. The motherboard provides

connections for the computer keyboard, disk drives, monitor and other devices. It is

the function of the motherboard to supply all of the components plugged into it with

power. In addition, the motherboard also provides special sockets where additional

memory or primary storage can be added. There are several special receptacles located

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on the motherboard. These sockets are called expansion slots and allow you to plug in
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special electronic circuit boards that perform additional processing functions. The
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motherboard is rightly called the backbone of a computer.
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Random Access Memory (RAM) H AL

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It is the systems main memory that CPU (microprocessor) uses to temporarily store
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data when a program is running. Unlike auxiliary memory such as a hard drive, RAM is
volatile, meaning that it only stores data as long as computer power is on. When a
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software application is launched, the executable program is loaded from hard drive to
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the RAM. The microprocessor supplies address into the RAM to read instructions and

data from it. RAM is needed because hard drives are too slow to operate with the

speed of a microprocessor.

Expansion Cards

An expansion card is an electronic circuit board that adds more functionality to a desktop

computer. These cards are installed into the expansion slot of a computer motherboard

and they allow the computer to perform additional functions not offered by the

motherboard. Graphic card, sound card and network card are common examples: a

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new graphic card added will enhance the three dimensional graphics processing power

of a computer while a new sound card may improve a computer’s audio input. A network

card is used to connect your computer to a network such as a home network or the

Internet using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.

Ports on a Desktop Computer

Every computer has ports that are used to connect a number of external devices like

printers, modems, keyboards and mouse. There are three different kinds of ports: parallel,

serial and Universal Serial Bus (or USB). Serial ports transmit data one bit at a time.

To send one byte (or eight bits), it must send each bit individually. This means the serial

port will normally operate slower than the parallel port. Serial ports are commonly used

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to connect a mouse or modem to the computer. Parallel ports send several bits at a
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time to the device, usually a printer. In this way, the port can transfer an entire byte or
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character (that is, eight bits) at a time. This provides very fast information transfer. The
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most common use of the parallel port is to connect a printer to the computer. USB
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ports support data transfer rates of 480 Mbps (or 480 million bits per second). A
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single USB port can be used to connect many peripheral devices, such as mouse,

modems and keyboards. In older PC models, you may only have parallel and serial
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ports. USB ports are a fairly new feature; it became widespread and is expected to

completely replace parallel and serial ports.

Power Supply Unit

A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to a computer. It

converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage direct current (DC)

power for the internal components of the computer. Power supply units used in computers

are nearly always switch mode power supplies (SMPS). The SMPS provides regulated

direct current power at the several voltages required by the motherboard and accessories

such as disk drives and cooling fans.

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Computer Case

A computer case (also known as a box) is a box that has bits of computer in it. The

computer case serves mainly as a way to physically mount and contain all of the actual

computer components. Cases typically come bundled with a power supply.

2. Explain personal computer software.

Ans: Software and related applications refer to the computer programs that tell the
hardware what to do. Software can be divided into two general classes: systems software
and applications software. Software contains the electronic instructions and information for
a computer, including everything from a computer’s operating system to computer games.

Systems Software

Systems software consists of low-level programs that interact with the computer at a

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very basic level. This includes operating systems, compilers, utilities and device drivers
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for managing computer resources. T
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Operating System
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An operating system (or OS) is an interface between hardware and the user facilitating

sharing of limited computer resources and the management and coordination of activities.
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It is the foundation of your computer’s software. Operating system is responsible for

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everything from the control and allocation of memory to recognising input from external
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devices and transmitting output to computer displays. It also manages files on computer

hard drives and control peripherals, like printers and scanners. It allocates computer

resources to the software you use, control how applications communicate with each

other and how the computer communicates with you. It is the backbone of a computer,

managing both software and hardware resources, designed to run applications and

other programmes on a computer.

System Utilities

System utility is a programme that performs a very specific task such as trouble-shooting

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a system or other program to find errors and missing files. Additional utilities include

data backup programs, file compression software and tools used to thoroughly uninstall
other programs. System utilities are usually related to managing system resources.

Operating systems contain a number of utilities for managing disk drives, printers and

other devices.

Device Drivers

Device driver is a program that controls a device. Device drivers are needed for every

device connected to a computer, from the mouse and keyboard to the printer. Many

drivers, such as the keyboard driver, come with the operating system, while peripheral

manufacturers often provide discs with drivers for users to install with their hardware.

Applications Software

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Applications software (also called end-user programs) enable you to complete specific

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tasks, like word processing, making spreadsheets, working with pictures, planning
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landscaping, playing games, etc. Figuratively speaking, applications software sits on

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top of systems software because it is unable to run itself without the operating system

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and system utilities. Application is just another word for program or softwareprogram,
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like the packaged programs, Microsoft Word (word processing) or Adobe Photoshop
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(graphics). When you buy an application for your computer, you’re buying software
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that is typically recorded on a disk.

There are countless desktop applications out there and they fall into many different

categories. Some are more full-featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may

only do one or two things (like gadgets). Below are just a few types of applications

that you might use:

 Library Management systems: To manage housekeeping operations and library

services.

 Word Processors: A word processor such as MS Word allows you to create,

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edit a document, design a flyer and create many other kinds of documents.

 Web Browsers: To browse the World Wide Web using Internet Explorer,

Firefox, Google Chrome and Safari.

 Media Players: To listen to mp3s or watch movies. Windows Media Player

and iTunes are popular media players.

 Gadgets: (aka widgets) to calendars, calculators, maps and more on the

desktop.

3. Explain the task analysis of housekeeping operations.

Ans: In considering libraries from the general organisational perspective, the analysis of

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housekeeping system is useful for planning automation of a library. It is a prerequisite to
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the design and use of any library management software and to communicate with software
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vendors and programmers. A close analysis of the operations involved in library
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housekeeping provides us three hierarchical levels – procedures, activities and tasks.
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Procedures and Activities

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The eighteen procedures are common to libraries of all types. The design and use of an
automated library housekeeping system requires the analysis of all these procedures into
their atomic structure. It will help to understand and implement mechanised housekeeping
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operations in an automated environment. The procedures under each and every

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operational subsystem have been analysed by P.A. Thomas (1975) in terms of six possible
activities – initiate, authorise, activate, record, report and cancel. All of these activities may
not be involved in every procedure. There are one or more of six possible activities against
each procedure. The six common activities are defined as:

Initiate - That which makes it apparent that a procedure should be commenced.

Authorise - In some cases, the decision to carry out a certain procedure must be approved
before any further action is taken.

Activate - When a procedure is known to be necessary and in some cases approved, it is

usually implemented by taking appropriate actions.

Record - The function that states or records what action has been taken.

Report - To notify library staff or users that action has been taken.

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Cancel - To stop a procedure, in particular the aspect of revoking or undoing an action.

Tasks

The third level in the hierarchy is concerned with ‘tasks’ within an activity under each

procedure. Task means a related group of operations carried out to perform a particular

kind of job. In an automated library system a task is the collective functions of the

elements for the accomplishment of the module at the next higher level. Tasks within

each activity, just as the activities themselves, may not all be necessary to each procedure.

Most of the works in the operational subsystems of a library include making or using

discrete records with bibliographic and administrative information referring to one

particular document. In this context, ASLIB defined a set of fifteen tasks for the basic

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procedures. These are – pass, receive, discard, place, remove, search, duplicate,
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attach, separate, move, sort. Such tasks are supported by other four element tasks
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namely read, verify, enter and decide. T
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The analysis of tasks to perform activities within procedures may be done through a set
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of five primary questions:
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 What information is needed for the activity?

 Where from is the information obtained?

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 When is it required?

 Who requires it?

 How is it used?

These five questions should be asked to carry out possible activities under each

procedure. It provides depth to the framework provided by the procedural model.

4. What do you understand by ICT? Explain the prerequisites of ICT application in

Housekeeping.

Ans: ICT encompasses any combination of hardware and software that facilitates the

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acquisition, creation, modification, retrieval, storage and transmission of information

using electronic media. ICT includes both computing and communication technology

that combines hardware, software, connectivity, telecommunications and humancomputer

interface. The features of ICT are very helpful for automating a library system

in general and housekeeping operations in particular.

Prerequisites of ICT Application in Housekeeping

Library automation is a complex process and should be planned astutely. The complete

process of library automation may be divided into following steps:

 Software selection

 Hardware selection

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 Site preparation

 General training
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 Customisation T
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 Defining procedures for H AL

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– Bibliographical data entry
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– Administrative data entry

– Financial data entry

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 Commissioning

It is quite obvious that implementation of the above steps in library automation requires

background study or analysis of the library system. It is a precondition to utilise library

automation package for effective results. A library will not be able to take full advantage

of automation until and unless its manual functions are perfect and justified. Therefore,

the procedures and tasks followed in different sections should be analysed in terms of:

 Special features of the library system

 Local variations (their validity and usefulness)

 Limitations of the existing system

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 Nature and objective of library

 Total number of collection

 Per year acquisition and procedures followed for acquisition

 Per year subscription of serials

 Number of users and their categories

 Per day transactions (issue/return/reservation)

 Availability of multilingual documents

 Need of information services (CAS/SDI, etc.)

 Future plan (in terms of networking and consortia)

 Available manpower (computer literate staff)

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5. Explain the basic requirements of a library management system.
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Ans: General System Requirements T
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These are applicable to all modules of any modern LMS and should include but not
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limited to the following features:
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 The LMS must be fully integrated, using a single, common catalogue database for

all operations and a common operator interface across all modules

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 The LMS should have capability of supporting multiple branches or independent

libraries, with one central computer configuration sharing a common database

 The LMS must allow unlimited number of records, users and organisation-specific

parameters (e.g. loan period rules, fine calculation criteria, hold parameters etc.)

 The package should include following fully developed and operational facilities at

multiple customer sites:

⦁ Bibliographic and inventory control

⦁ Authority control

⦁ Public access catalogue

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 ⦁ Web catalogue interface

⦁ Information gateway (telnet, www, z39.50, proxy server, external access,

customised web portal)

⦁ Acquisition management

⦁ Serials control

⦁ Electronic data interchange (EDI)

⦁ Marc 21 bibliographic and authority record import/export utility

⦁ Outreach services

⦁ Digital media archive system

⦁ Fund accounting

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⦁ Reservation and materials booking
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⦁ Circulation control
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Customised generation of reports and usage statistics

⦁
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One step administrative parameters setting
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⦁ O L
Z39.50 server (minimum version 3 and path profile level complaint)
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⦁ Z39.50 OPAC and staff client

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⦁ Z39.50 copy cataloguing client

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⦁ Inter library loan

⦁ Bills and fines

⦁ Multimedia files

⦁ Interoperability and crosswalk

 LMS must provide continuous backup in suitable media (as per the choice of

libraries) so that all transactions can be recovered to the point of failure.

 LMS must be compliant with the following standards:

⦁ Z39.50 information interchange format

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 ⦁ MARC 21, UNICODE (UTF8 OR UTF-16)

⦁ Z39.71 holdings statements

⦁ Z39.50 information retrieval service (client and server version 3)

⦁ EDIFACT (EDI standard)

⦁ IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 Ethernet

⦁ HTTP, TCP/IP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP

 The LMS should be based on web-centric architecture and extend support for a

range of multi-user and multitasking operating systems and RDBMSs.

 The LMS must be compliant with UNICODE standard for multilingual support

and RFID for inventory management and self-issue/return facility.

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 Vendor/ Developing group should provide training to enable library staff to familiarise

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with system functions and operation, should provide full and current system
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documentation in hard copy and in machine-readable form suitable for online

distribution and the LMS should include extensive online help for users and staff.
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 LMS must support multiple hardware architecture in terms of server, network
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infrastructure, PC-workstations and peripheral devices.

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 LMS must be supported with regular maintenance and on-call service, periodical
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software upgrades, continuous R & D, trouble-shooting of third-party software

such as database package and the library automation package, distribution of

problem fixes/ patches and emergency services for system failures and disaster

recoveries.

 The package must provide security to prevent accidental or unauthorised

modification of records through the establishment of access privileges unique to

each user on the system and restriction of specific functions to specific users.

 LMS should provide graphical user interface, including but not limited to extensive

online help, user self-service and personalisation features. The system should be

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supported with PC-based alternative that will allow circulation to continue in the

event of system failure, communication failure and downtime required for

maintenance.

Functional Requirements

These are the minimum essential features to be supported by each functional units or

modules of any modern LMS:

Authority Control

The LMS must be capable of incorporating the following features:

 Support for MARC authority format for personal, corporate and topical name

headings in a name authority file; title, uniform title and series entries in a title

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authority file and subject headings in a subject authority file;
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 Provision for generation of SEE, SEE ALSO references and Narrow Term-Broad
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Term-Related Term relationships network from authority records and link these
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references to matching access points in OPAC;
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 Must allow any bibliographic field to be authority controlled and include facilities
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to search, retrieve and display print and global editing of authority records by

authorised operators; and

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 Must include provision for multiple thesauri with the ability to produce a list of all

citations with authority file violations.

Bibliographic Control

The master bibliographic record of the LMS should extend support for:

 MARC 21 bibliographic and authority record formats;

 MARC record loader that can accept records input from various sources and

from various media like tape, diskette or over network;

 Global editing utility that can find and replace data within specified fields;

 Data format validation during input of bibliographic information;

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 MARC 21 format for holding and display of holding on the basis of ANSI Z39.44

serials holdings display format;

 Import and export of bibliographic data through Z39.50 compliant catalogue;

 Interoperability and crosswalk through incorporation of XML, RDF and metadata

schemas (e.g. Dublin Core Metadata).

Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)

 OPAC must be fully integrated with other modules and accessible through webbased

client;

 OPAC should provide browse indexes for author, title and series and browse

index combining all four indexes;

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 It should allow combined, specific and field level searching for all formats along
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with phrase searching, nested searching and truncated searching; O M
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 It must enable searching by using Boolean operators (OR, XOR, NOT, 9 AND),
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positional operators (SAME, WITH, NEAR, ADJ) and relational operators
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(‘greater than’, ‘less than’, ‘equal to’, etc.) within and across all fields;
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 It should provide facility to see processing status (fully catalogued, in process,

lost, withdrawn etc.) and circulation status (in transit, reserve, recalled, on-hold,
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etc.);

 OPAC should support full, brief, standard and customised display of records

including relevancy ranking of search results;

 OPAC should also support bulletin board, information desk and gateway services

(to access external databases) along with patron self-service options (e.g. holds,

renewals, etc.);

 OPAC must track users’ preferences and interests, organised into a list of favourites.

These favourites shall be included in a user’s personal online account.

Circulation Control

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The circulation control activities of any modern LMS must be supported with:

 Entry of borrower and item identification by scanner, RFID reader or keyboard

entry at any workstation;

 A template for users registration and automatic display of patron data;

 Automatic blocks for membership expiration, exceeding loan threshold, renewal

threshold and fine threshold, placement of hold on any title or item in the database;

 Automatic calculation of loan period in hours, days, weeks or months;

 Generation of notices/reminders to users of overdue items and printing of gate

pass for issued items. Automatic calculation of fines and other charges, recording

of payment and generation of receipts;

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 Generation of variety of pre-defined and user defined reports and usage statistics;

and
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 Fully operational Interlibrary loan module, patron initiated transaction and
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mechanised inventory control (barcode, RFID, smart card, etc.).
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Acquisition Control
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A fully integrated acquisition module of any modern LMS should support:

 All traditional acquisition activities like pre-order searching, ordering, claiming,

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cancellation of order, receipt processing, payment, routing, fund accounting, vendor

accounting, currency control, statistics and report compilation etc. Linkage between

acquisitions, cataloguing and circulation module must be seamless.

 Accommodation of a variety of materials, including but not limited to monograph,

series, serials, newspapers, cumulative indexes, loose leaf materials, supplements,

reports and statutes, musical scores, electronic resources, etc.

 Processing of a variety of materials, including but not limited to print, microfilm,

microfiche, film, videotape, audiocassette, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM,

etc.

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 Recording, storing and displaying of bibliographic information, acquisition type

(order, gift, approval etc.), status (ordered, received etc.) invoice and accounting

information, vendor information, requestor information, subject code, etc.

 Budget-based fund accounting with categorised fund allocation.

 Generation of vendor performance statistics and other reports.

 Accommodation of different order types such as firm order, prepayment, exchange,

membership, gift, on approval, blanket order, standing order, subscription, continuation,

deposit account, etc.

 Production of various customised and predefined reports as MIS activities.

Serials Control

 The module should have all the basic capabilities like ordering, check-in, claiming,

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routing, vouchering, fund accounting, union listing, bindery preparation and report

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generation;
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 It should provide the ability to search for serials records by title, ISSN, publisher,

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vendor, purchase order, uniform title, editor, conference title, keywords, etc.

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 Serials control module should have provision for article indexing, online acquisition,
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e-journal directory service and recording of holding information;

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 It should support both predictive and non-predictive modes of check-in and

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autogeneration of claims for non-receipted issues.

 The module should support routing of journal issues and generation of various lists

and reports.

Outreach Services

An outreach services module should be available to automate the process required to:

 deliver materials to patrons who cannot physically enter the library;

 create patron interest profiles and reading histories;

 initiate easy selection, delivery and return of items; and

 deliver local history collection and community information services.

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Digital Media Archive System (DMA)

The aim of DMA subsystem is to support search, retrieval and viewing of multiple

media formats from client machines by using a web browser. It should be able to:

 browse and search (full text and metadata based) contents of text and images in

ASCII, HTML, SGML, PDF, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, BMP, PCX, DCX, etc. formats,

audio and video clips and streaming audio and video;

 link itself with library OPAC through electronic access field (MARC/ UNIMARC

856 field);

 receive and register published documents from an electronic document management

system;

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 help a user to import one or more files from the user’s system and associate them
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with a metadata schema within the archive; O M
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 support metadata harvesting by using Open Archive Initiative (OAI)/ Protocol for
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Metadata Harvesting (PMH); H AL

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 extend support for various Document Object Identifier (DOI) schemes; and
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 accommodate remote document submission system.

System Administration
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The administrator or super user should control the overall administration of LMS through

a highly secured module for managing the following activities:

 Access control for individual user, for each module and for each function;

 System security to prevent unauthorised access to databases;

 Module should support a standard implementation plan; and

 Module should keep a log of each transaction, which alters the database.

6. Discuss how to set an internet connection.

Ans: To connect a local computer to Internet you need to buy/rent a connection from an
Internet Service Provider (ISP). Currently, ISPs offer three options for Internet connections:

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Wi-Fi, broadband and dial-up Internet connections. Setting up the Internet connection with
each of these options varies. In general, hardware resources that you need to setup an
internet connection are: computer (desktop or laptop), Internet modem (broadband, or
dial-up), computer manual and a telephone. You don’t need telephone connection if you are
using Wi-Fi. You connect to the Internet via wireless network access point.

Broadband Internet is a ‘high access speed’ service. The dial-up connection is a

nonbroadband internet service, cheaper but slower in access speeds. Most Internet users

are moving towards the faster broadband Internet connection. Different speeds of Internet

connections permit different quantum of download. Presently, a connection having

download speeds of 256 kbps or more is classified as broadband.

You need to approach Internet service provider (ISP) to get Internet connection and

for installation of setup. You can also do setup installation yourself with the help of the

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manual/brochure provided by the ISP. MTNL/BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum download
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speed for its broadband connections in the country currently. Apart from MTNL/BSNL
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there are private ISPs such as mobile telephone providers like Airtel and Reliance.
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7. Explain electronic mail and how to create a web-based email address.
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Ans: Electronic mail (e-mail) as the name implies is a mail or message (and attachments)

received through a computer. It is a computer-based method of sending messages from

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one computer user to another. These messages usually consist of text messages together

with or without attached files in multiple media or formats. Unlike other tools like FTP

and telnet (remote login) on Internet which want the user to be in front of the computer,

e-mail works in store and forward manner permitting the user to receive e-mails even if

s/he is not logged into the computer at the time of sending the mail. This implies the

message can then be read at a later time.

Initially, e-mail messages only permitted simple text, but now many systems can handle

more complicated formats, such as graphics, images, music, videos and word processed

documents.

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When e-mail is received on a computer system, it is usually stored in an electronic

mailbox (mbox) for the recipient to read later. These mboxes are special files on a

computer which can be accessed using various commands. Each user normally has its

individual mbox which can be accessed only through logging into the system using

specific login and password.

The advantages of e-mail are its fastness, functionalities (possibility to send multimedia

messages to any person anywhere with an Internet connection) for free compared to

conventional systems, etc.

How to create a web e-mail address

There are many websites on Internet which permit anyone to create an e-mail account

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for free, rediff, yahoo, gmail, mail, hotmail to name a few. You can access any of these
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sites and create your own email account by filling up a registration form. It asks you to
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select a login name and password; using this ID you can access the site repeatedly and
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maintain your own e-mail account. H AL

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8. Explain the need and purpose of web-based library services.

Ans: Web-based services are the emerging trends in libraries and are giving users a richer
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experience in search and retrieval. Web resources are e-resources that libraries acquire

directly or through consortia participation. These web resources are full text resources

that reside outside the physical library space, accessible as virtual resources in the

virtual world of the Internet. Authorised users can access them online on the Internet

from any place of their interest, from home or office 24×7. Looking from the historical

perspective web-based services have replaced traditional online services to a large

extent.

The need and purpose of introducing Web-based services are:

 ensuring that the needs of users and the information accessible to them suitably

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match;

 delivering information to the user in a timely and appropriate fashion;

 making sure that the information provided is accurate and appropriate and of high

quality;

 promoting user awareness about new services and information sources; and

 providing to users individualised guidance and support.

PART - II

1. Listservers

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Ans: A mailing list or listserver (named after the software used to run the electronic mailing
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and discussion lists) or list forum on the Internet are the most common ways for mass email
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communication and permit mail recipients to discuss issues of common interest.
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The modus-operandi of such a system works like this. A listserver has two e-mail
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S O L
addresses, viz. the listserv address and the list address. The former generally accepts
90 EH

commands for joining/exiting a list, to receive acknowledgements, etc. whereas the

latter accepts messages of actual discussion which will be scanned by a list moderator
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SO

(optional) and distributed to all members of the list. Any message sent to the e-mail list

address will be distributed to every member of that list and hence one should be cautious

in not sending commands meant for the server to the list address.

2. Social Networking Sites

Ans: Social networking is grouping of individuals into specific categories. Although social

networking is possible in person, especially in the workplace, universities, colleges and

schools, it is most popular online as there is no dearth of individuals looking to meet

other people on the Internet. MySpace, Facebook, Orkut, Twitter and Linked In are

some popular social networking sites. You are not only witnessing individuals but also

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companies and products on these sites now.

3. Virtual library tours

Ans: Web technology offers interesting possibilities to individuals and organisations for

advertising their products and services with a view to widen their customer base and be

able to compete with others. Libraries are also realising the need to reach out to their

customers and are therefore exploring opportunities to harness the Web for the purpose.

Virtual library tour is a web page on a library website. It is a virtual guide to the physical

facilities in a library, acquaints you with the library and helps you find your way around

more easily. It comprises library maps, layouts and floor plans, library departments and

photographic views of the collections, services and infrastructure.

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4. Open source software
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Ans: Open Source Software (OSS) is a software for which the O M
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T
source code is freely available. It means that anyone can access the source code and
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make changes. Such facilities are not available with proprietary or closed source
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programs. Some examples of open source software are - Linux operating system,
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Mozila web browser, MySQL RDBMS, Apache web server and PERL.

5. Web 3.0
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SO

Ans: Developers and

experts in web technology speculate Web 3.0 will be about semantic web,

personalisation, intelligent search and behavioural advertising among other things.

Semantic web is a Web where all information is categorised and stored in such a way

that a computer can understand like us. The semantic web will teach the computer what

the data means and this will evolve into artificial intelligence that can utilise that
information. It is a group of methods and technologies to allow machines to understand the
meaning or semantics of information on the Web.

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