TYPES

i.​ Wet Scrubbers

●​ use water or a chemical solution to
capture particles and gases.
MODULE 4 ii.​ Spray Towers
●​ A type of scrubber that sprays water
Separation of Solids directly into the gas stream. The
1.​ Diffusional Separation particles are captured through
●​ Typically used for separating homogeneous mixtures impaction or absorption.
where the components are uniformly distributed.
●​ It relies on principles such as diffusion, and it is often 4.​ Electrostatic Precipitators
used in systems ●​ remove solid or liquid particles from a gas
stream by applying a strong electric field.
2.​ Mechanical Separation ●​ High Voltage
●​ involves separating heterogeneous mixtures that consist ●​ Collection Efficiency: 99%
of different phases
●​ Mechanical separation relies on differences in physical CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
properties like size, density, and phase state.
Classification Techniques
1.​ Dry Classifiers
●​ These use gases, such as air, as the medium for
suspension.
●​ separation occurs due to differences in particle
size and density, with finer particles being
carried away by the gas flow, while larger
Solid Separation Techniques particles fall due to gravity.
1.​ Screening 2.​ Wet Classifiers
●​ Used to separate mixtures of particles with ●​ Employ liquid as the suspension medium.
varying sizes into different fractions.
●​ works by forcing the mixture through a mesh or Classification Methods
a perforated screen 1.​ Mechanical Classifiers
●​ utilize mechanical components like rotating
TYPES drums. screws, or cyclones to induce motion
and separate particles.
a.​ Grizzlies 2.​ Non-mechanical Classifiers
●​ used for coarse screening, handling particles ●​ These rely on fluid flow or air currents to
larger than 25 mm in diameter. separate particles without the use of moving
●​ consist of a series of parallel bars or grids that parts.
allow larger materials to pass through while 3.​ Gravitational Classifiers
retaining smaller ones. ●​ These use the force of gravity to separate
particles.
b.​ Sieves or Sifters 4.​ Centrifugal Classifiers
●​ used to separate desired materials from ●​ These devices use high speed rotation to
undesired ones generate centrifugal forces. which are much
●​ employing woven screens (mesh) or metal nets stronger than gravitational forces.
5.​ Classification by Elutriation
c.​ Trommels ●​ Particles are separated by washing them with a
●​ A cylindrical, rotating screen used mainly in the fluid medium.
mineral and solid-waste industries.
Crossflow Classifiers
2.​ Cyclone Separation ●​ Advanced type of classification system where the
●​ utilize centrifugal force to classify or separate direction of the flow is perpendicular to the force of
particulate matter from gases. gravity.
●​ Cyclone Diameter: less than 0.05 meters to over
10 meters.
Size Reduction of Solids
●​ Gas Inlet Velocity: 15 and 35 m/s.
Refers to operation wherein particles of solids are cut or broken
●​ Feed Concentration: 0.1 kg/m³ to 50 kg/m³
into smaller pieces, without altering the state of aggregation of
solids called comminution.
3.​ Scrubbers
●​ Used to remove solid particles from a gas
Mechanisms of Size Reduction
stream by introducing a liquid into the stream.
Impact - Hammer Mill
Compression - Roller Mill
 Cutting - Cutter Mill
Attrition - Fluid Energy Mill ​ B. Revolving/ Tumbling Mills
●​ is a cylindrical shell slowly rotating on a
Importance of Size Reduction horizontal axis and charged with a grinding
●​ to meet stringent specifications regarding the size of medium to about half of its volume
commercial product
●​ to accomplish intimate mixing of solids in solid-solid ​ C. Ball Mill
operation since mixing is more complete if the particle ●​ The grinding medium is the balls.
size is small ●​ Consists of metal cylinder and a ball
●​ to improve dissolution rate, solubility, binding strength
and dispersion properties. ​ D. Rod Mill
●​ When the barrel rotates and then produces
Factors Affecting Size Reduction centrifugal force, at this time, the steel rod is
1.​ Hardness carried to some height to grind and strike the
2.​ Abrasiveness materials.
3.​ Softening Temperature
4.​ Moisture Content 3.​ Ultrafine Grinders
5.​ Crushing Strength ●​ Mills that reduce solids to such fine particles are
6.​ Stickiness called ultrafine grinders
7.​ Slipperiness
8.​ Sopainess ​
9.​ Friability
10.​ Material yielding dusts that are harmful to the health
Four Principal Types of Size Reduction Equipment TYPES OF ULTRAFINE GRINDERS
1.​ Crushers
Slow Speed machines for the coarse reduction of large A.​ Fluid Energy Mills
quantities of solids. ●​ Operate based on principles of impact and
attrition
TYPES OF CRUSHERS
B.​ Classifying Hammer Mill
A. Jaw Crusher ●​ most widely used grinding mill and among the
●​ Used in mine and ore processing plants to crush oldest.
rocks. ●​ consist of a series of hammers (usually four or
●​ Uses compressive force more) hinged on a central shaft and enclosed
●​ One stationary, one movable within a rigid metal case.
●​ Blake Jaw Crusher: movable jaw pivoted at the
top 4.​ Cutting Machine
●​ Dodge Jaw Crusher: movable jaw pivoted at ●​ Cutting is a fundamental process in material and
the bottom food processing industries, involving the
separation of materials into smaller, desired
B. Gyratory Crusher shapes and sizes.
●​ Includes solid cone set on a revolving shaft
​ CUTTING OPERATIONS
A.​ Slicing and Flaking
C. Crushing Rolls
B.​ Dicing
●​ Used for mining and industrial processes
C.​ Shredding
●​ Features a pair of large wheels or cylinders
D.​ Pulping
mounted on a horizontal axis.

Rotary Knife Cutters

2.​ Grinders
●​ are versatile cutting machines used across multiple
Means subdividing the solids into a finer product than
industries,
crushing. Is often charged with products from a crusher
which it reduces to powder.

TYPES OF GRINDERS

​ A.Hammer Mills
●​ is a machine whose sole purpose is to crush and
aggregate materials into smaller particles. It
does so by subjecting the material into a series
of repeated blows.
●​ allowed to be in continuous motion (8000 to
15000 revolutions per minute).