Session 1: Introduction To Animation

1. Describe how the animation industry evolved from its early days.

Ans.

Animation refers to the recording of any image which goes through changes over
time to portray the illusion of motion.

In the 19th century, the phenak is to scope (1832), modern zoetrope (1834) and
prax inoscope (1877), as well as the common flip book, were early animation devices
to produce movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but
animation did not develop further until the advent of motion picture film and
cinematography in the 19thcentury

The animation industry evolved from its early days through several stages:

i. Hand-Drawn Animation (1900s-1920s): The earliest form of animation, where

each frame was drawn by hand. This technique was used by early animators like
James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl.

ii. Cel Animation (1920s-1980s): A technique where each frame was drawn on
transparent celluloid sheets. This technique was widely used by studios like Disney
and Warner Bros.

iii. Stop-Motion Animation (1920s-present): A technique where objects are

manipulated frame by frame to create the illusion of movement. This technique was
used in films like King Kong (1933) and The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993).

iv. Television Animation (1950s-1980s): With the advent of television, animation

studios began producing content for TV. This led to the creation of popular
animated series like Tom and Jerry, Scooby-Doo, and Looney Tunes.

v. Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) (1980s-present): The use of computers to

create 2D and 3D animations. This technique was first used in films like Tron
(1982) and Toy Story (1995).

vi. Digital Animation (1990s-present): The use of digital tools and software to create
animations. This technique has become widely used in the industry, with studios
like Pixar and DreamWorks producing highly successful animated films.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

2. Give a brief description of any two types of animation.

Ans.

Flip book animation

Flip book animation Flip book animation is a very primitive way of creating
animation purely with pencil, eraser and a stack of drawing pads, such as post-it
pads. It is cheap and readily available at all stationery stores. It help you to use
your existing drawing skill and you can easily understand the basic concept of
animation.

Traditional animation :

Traditional animation, also called cel animation, classical animation or hand drawn
animation, is an animation technique where each frame is drawn by hand This was
the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. To create the illusion
of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators’
drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels,
which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the
line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by one against a
painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film

3. Give examples of the uses of animation.

Ans:

Entertainment

1. Animated Movies: Films like Toy Story, Frozen, and The Lion King use animation
to tell engaging stories.

2. TV Shows: Animated series like SpongeBob SquarePants, Adventure Time, and

Dragon Ball Z entertain audiences worldwide.

3. Video Games: Games like Minecraft, Fortnite, and Assassin's Creed use
animation to create immersive gaming experiences.

Education and Training

1. Educational Videos: Animated videos explain complex concepts in an engaging

and easy-to-understand manner.

2. Training Modules: Animated tutorials teach skills and procedures in fields like
medicine, aviation, and manufacturing.
- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A
3. Language Learning: Animated language learning apps like Duolingo make
learning fun and interactive.

Advertising and Marketing

1. Commercials: Animated ads grab attention and convey messages effectively.

2. Explainer Videos: Animated videos explain products or services in a concise and

engaging manner.

3. Brand Mascots: Animated characters like Tony the Tiger and the Michelin Man
become memorable brand ambassadors.

Science and Technology

1. Scientific Visualizations: Animation helps scientists and researchers visualize

complex data and phenomena.

2. Medical Animations: Animated videos explain medical procedures, anatomy, and

health conditions.

3. Architectural Visualizations: Animation helps architects and designers

communicate their designs and plans effectively.

4. Differentiate between Analog and digital medium.

Ans:

Animations can be recorded on either analog media or on digital media. A typical

analog device is a clock on which the hands move continuously around the face. In
contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (for
example, every 10th of a second). VCRs, tape players, and record players, on the
other hand, are analog devices. This is because they record data linearly from one
point to another. All analog audio or video media must be converted to digital to
work on a computer. Once the information is digital, computers can be used to edit
the data and create effects that were never possible with analog media. Digital
media is non-linear, which means it can be edited or played back starting at any
point, which can be a huge time saver compared to working with tape. Digital
information also does not “wear out” after repeated use like tapes or records do,
which results in much better longevity for digital media. Digital recordings are made
with ones and zeros, while analog recordings are made with linear bumps and dips.
Digital media is more compatible and does not degrade over time therefore; it has
become the common choice for today’s audio and video formats.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

5. What is the difference between key frame and tween frame?

Ans:

Key frame: A key frame is a single still image (frame) in an animated sequence that
occurs at an important point in that sequence. Key frame is always drawn or
constructed by the user. Key frames are defined throughout an animation and they
define crucial points of motion, for example start of a motion and end of a motion.
In hand drawn animation, an experienced anima tor would draw key frames and
beginner animators would draw tween frames (also known as in-between frames). In
computer animation, user of an animation program would draw key frames and
computer would insert tween frames.

Tween frame: Tween frames actually create illusion of motion. Tween frames are
intermediate frames with the purpose of creating smooth transition between two key
frames. For smooth appearance, animation requires at least 24 frames per second
(fps). For example, you can create only two key frames, one to begin and one to end
a movement. Computer program will then create remaining 22 tween frames.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

 Session 2: Traditional Animation

1. What is hand drawn animation?

Ans:

Hand-drawn animation is a technique where each frame of the animation is drawn

by hand. This technique was used in the early days of animation and is still used
today. Traditional Animation, Cel Animation, and Flipbook are all techniques that
come under Hand-Drawn Animation.

Examples:

1. Disney's Snow White (1937)

2. Tom and Jerry cartoons
3. Looney Tunes cartoons

2. What do you understand by the term -full animation?

Ans: Full Animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally
animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully
animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated
works, such as those produced by the Walt Disney studio (Beauty and the Beast,
Aladdin, Lion King) to the more ‘cartoon’ styles of the Warner Brothers.

3. What do you understand by the term Claymation?

Ans: Clay Animation, or Plasticine animation (often called claymation, which,
however, is a trademarked name), uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable
material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire
frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation that can be manipulated to
pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, such as in
the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different
shapes.

3. Differentiated between the Traditional animation and computer animation.

Ans:
Traditional Animation

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

1. Hand-Drawn: Each frame is drawn by hand on paper or celluloid sheets.
2. Physical Materials: Paper, pencils, paints, and cameras are used.
3. Linear Workflow: Each step is done sequentially, from drawing to painting to
compositing.
4. Time-Consuming: Creating each frame by hand is a time-consuming process.
5. Unique Style: Traditional animation has a distinct, hand-crafted style.

Computer Animation

1. Computer-Generated: Images are created using computer software.

2. Digital Tools: Computers, software, and digital drawing tablets are used.
3. Non-Linear Workflow: Steps can be done simultaneously, and changes can be
made easily.
4. Faster Production: Computer animation allows for faster production and editing.
5. Realistic Results: Computer animation can produce highly realistic and detailed
results.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

 Session 3 Stop Motion Animation

1. Describe the meaning of Stop Motion Animation

Ans: Stop-motion Animation is used to de scribe animation created by physically

manipulating real-world objects and photo graphing them one frame of film at a
time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-
motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the animation.

2. Describe the terms Puppet Animation, Clay Animation, Cutout Animation and
Model Animation.

Ans:

Puppet Animation:

Puppet Animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a

constructed environment, in contrast to real world interaction in model animation.
The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as
well as to constrain their motion to particular joints.

Clay Animation:

Clay Animation, or Plasticine animation (often called claymation, which, however, is

a trademarked name), uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to
create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame
inside, similar to the related puppet animation that can be manipulated to pose the
figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, such as in the films
of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes.

Cutout Animation:

Cutout Animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-

dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth. Silhouette Animation is a
variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible
assilhouettes.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

4. Differentiated between the Clay Animation and object animation.
Ans:
Clay Animation

1. Definition: A technique that uses clay or plasticine characters and objects to

create the illusion of movement.
2. Materials: Clay, plasticine, or other moldable materials are used to create
characters and objects.
3. Process: The clay is molded into desired shapes, and then manipulated frame
by frame to create movement.
4. Examples: Wallace and Gromit, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Chicken
Run.

Object Animation

1. Definition: A technique that uses everyday objects, such as toys, blocks, or

other inanimate objects, to create the illusion of movement.
2. Materials: Everyday objects, such as toys, blocks, or other inanimate objects,
are used to create animation.
3. Process: The objects are manipulated frame by frame to create movement.
4. Examples: The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The
Adventures of Prince Achmed.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

 Session 4 2D And 3D Animation

1. What is Computer Generated Imagery or Computer Animation?

Ans:
Computer Imagery Animation or CGI Animation is the process used for
generating animated images by using computer graphics. The more general
term computer-generated imagery encompasses both static scenes and
dynamic images, while computer animation only refers to moving images.
Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics, although
2D computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster
real-time renderings. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer
itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. Computer
animation is essentially a dig ital successor to the stop motion techniques
used in traditional animation with 3D models and frame-by-frame animation
of 2D illustrations. Computer generated animations are more controllable
than other more physically based processes, such as constructing miniatures
for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the
creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology.

2. Explain the difference between 2D Animation and 3DAnimation.

Ans:
2D animation is the traditional animation. It is one drawing followed by
another in a slightly different pose, followed by another in a slightly different
pose, on and on for 24 frames a second. 2D animations deals more with
drawing and framing and is the base of 3D animation. 2D animators create
frames to define a sequence that are then moved at varying speeds to create
the illusion of motion. Traditionally these were put together in an amazing
process where artists drew pencil drawings of every frame of film, then these
images were painted onto clear plastic sheets called cels‘, and each of the

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

 thousands of hand drawn and painted cels were photographed one at a time
over a hand painted background image and those thousands of images
compiled to run as film at 24 frames a second.
Today most 2D animation involves using computer software to one degree or
another, from just digitally colouring the cels to be photographed
3D or three-dimensional animation has more depth and is more realistic. The
tex ture, lighting and colour of the 3D objects are modified using software
programs.

Session 5: Introduction To Animation

1. Explain the term pipeline.

Ans: A sequence of processes or stages that an animation or video production
goes through, from planning to final output."

2. State the steps included under production pipeline

Ans: The steps involved in production pipeline are
1. Pre-production (planning, scripting, storyboarding)
2. Production (creating assets, animation, filming)
3. Post-production (editing, visual effects, sound design)
4. Final output (rendering, formatting, distribution)

3. Differentiated between Rigging and Texturing

Ans:
Rigging

1. Definition: Rigging refers to the process of creating a digital skeleton or

armature for a 3D model.
2. Purpose: Rigging allows animators to manipulate the 3D model's movements
and poses in a realistic way.
3. Process: Rigging involves creating joints, bones, and controllers to control the
movement of the 3D model.

Texturing

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A

 1. Definition: Texturing refers to the process of adding surface details and
materials to a 3D model.
2. Purpose: Texturing gives the 3D model a realistic appearance by adding colors,
patterns, and surface details.
3. Process: Texturing involves creating and applying texture maps, which are 2D
images that wrap around the 3D model.

4. Differentiated between Storyboarding and concept design

Ans:
Storyboarding

1. Definition: Storyboarding is the process of creating a visual representation of

the sequence of events in a story.
2. Purpose: Storyboarding helps to visualize the pacing, timing, and flow of the
story.
3. Process: Storyboarding involves creating a series of sketches or images,
usually with captions or dialogue, to represent the sequence of events.

Concept Design

1. Definition: Concept Design is the process of creating initial ideas and

visualizations for a project, including characters, environments, and props.
2. Purpose: Concept Design helps to establish the visual style, tone, and overall
direction of the project.
3. Process: Concept Design involves creating rough sketches, drawings, or
paintings to explore and develop ideas.

Key differences:

- Storyboarding focuses on the sequence of events and pacing of the story.

- Concept Design focuses on developing the visual style, characters, and
environments.

- P. Bhagya Harshith, Class XI A