Module 1

1. What are the key objectives of metrology in industrial applications?

2. Discuss the role of metrology in ensuring product quality.
3. Differentiate between precision and accuracy. Provide examples to illustrate each
concept.
4. How do precision and accuracy contribute to the reliability of measurement results?
5. Explain the importance of calibration in achieving measurement accuracy.
6. Discuss the role of tolerances in ensuring interchangeability of components.
7. Define tolerance grades and discuss their significance in the design and
manufacturing of mechanical components.
8. Describe the types of fits, such as clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit.
Provide examples of where each type is suitable.
9. What factors should be considered when selecting measurement instruments for a
specific application?
10. Discuss the various types of errors that can occur in measurements. Provide
examples of systematic and random errors.
11. Explain how instrumental errors differ from environmental errors in measurements.
12. Classify linear measuring instruments and provide examples of each type.
13. Discuss the advantages and limitations of digital calipers compared to vernier
calipers.
14. Explain the purpose of limit gauges in manufacturing. How do go and no-go gauges
work?
15. Classify angular measuring instruments and provide examples of their applications.
16. Compare the working principles of sine bars and angle gauges in measuring angles.
17. Provide an overview of the constructional features of mechanical, optical,
electrical/electronic, and pneumatic comparators.
18. Explain the operational principles of a mechanical comparator. How does it
compare to an optical comparator?
19. Describe the principle of interferometry in the context of precision measurements.
20. How do you classify dial indicators? (b) With neat sketch explain the working
mechanism of a dial indicator.
21. Construct in detail the working of the Sine Bar to measure unknown angle.
22. (a) How can you measure angle? List the angular measuring instruments.
23. (b) Explain Vernier bevel protractor with suitable diagram.
24. Explain why it is not preferred to use sine bar for measuring angles more than 45°.
25. Explain the construction and working principle of the Michelson interferometer.
26. Discuss applications of Michelson interferometry in metrology, especially in flatness
measurements.
27. Provide an overview of the NPL flatness interferometer. What makes it suitable for
measuring flat surfaces?
28. Discuss the advantages of using interferometric methods for measuring flatness
compared to traditional methods.
 Module 2

1. Sketch and explain working and application of versatile instrument of

toolmakers microscope
2. Explain the elements of gear tooth profile with neat sketch.
3. Classify the various sources of errors in manufacturing of gears.
4. Describe measurement of pitch by base Tangent method.
5. What are the factors affecting surface roughness?
6. Discuss the principal reasons for controlling the surface texture.
7. (a) Define the terms (a) Primary texture (b) Secondary texture
(b) Define the various elements of surface texture with neat sketch.
8. 3. Express the following methods of qualifying surface roughness:
(a) Ra value. (b) RMS value. (c) Rz value.
9. Briefly describe the construction, principle and operation of Talysurf with a
neat sketch
10. Explain with the help of neat sketches the principle and construction of an
auto collimator
11. List out the various elements that you would measure in a screw thread?
12. Also list the instruments that are required for measuring these elements
13. Describe measurement of effective diameter with two wire method with
neat sketch. What are the errors and its causes in screw threads?
14. How to measure the pitch of a screw thread by using the Tool maker’s
Microscope? Discuss in detail.
15. Describe the methods of measuring straightness of a surface.
16. Explain with sketch the working of Talysurf instrument for surface finish
measurement.
17. Discuss in detail about comparison methods used for measuring surface
finish.
18. Discuss about tooth-to-tooth measurement and base tangent method in
gears.
19. Explain Tomlinson Surface meter with neat sketch.
20. What is the symbol for fully defining surface roughness and explain each
term? Explain the following terms in brief: Flaws, Primary texture
(Roughness), secondary texture (waviness), lay, and centerline.
21. With a neat sketch explain Proving ring for force measurement.
22. Explain the method of measuring force using a strain gauge load cell.
23. How to check the composite errors of the gear by using Parkinson gear
testing machine? Explain it in detail.
24. Describe the method of roundness measurement using V- block. Explain V
block and three-point probe methods of measurement of roundness.
25. Describe the various methods of numerical assessment of surface finish with
neat diagram, and also explain the profilometer with neat sketch.
26. With a neat diagram describe the working principle of measurement of minor
diameter of internal and external threads.
27. Discuss about Tomlinson surface meter. Describe a method to find out
flatness of a surface plate.
Module 3

1. Explain the construction and measuring principle of Laser Telemetric System.

2. With a neat sketch explain the working of AC laser interferometer.
3. State the possible sources of errors in CMM.
4. Explain in detail the operation of a machine vision system.
5. Explain the various geometrical tests that are to be done to get a better
accuracy in the machine tool.
6. List out the various probes used in CMM and explain the working principle of
touch trigger probe.
7. With neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction.
8. Define machine vision. Name four types of machine vision systems.
Describe the functions of machine vision system.
9. Illustrate the features of flexible inspection system. (b)Explain the various
steps of machine vision system in metrology.
10. Explain the applications of machine vision system. (b)Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of Machine vision system.
11. Explain any two advanced measurement techniques used in the metrology
and measurement.
12. Generalize the needs, types & constructional features of Co-ordinated
Measuring Machine.
13. Explain the principles of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its
capabilities in providing detailed information about a material's internal
structure.
14. Explain the differences between scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). How do these techniques
complement each other in material characterization?
15. Discuss the advantages and limitations of SEM and TEM in examining the
microstructure of materials. Provide examples of when each technique might
be preferred.
16. Explain the working principles of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). How
does SEM differ from optical microscopy in terms of imaging technique and
resolution?
17. Discuss the applications of SEM in material characterization. Provide
examples of information that can be obtained through SEM analysis.
18. Outline the principles of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). How does
TEM contribute to the understanding of material structures at the nanoscale?
19. Discuss the specific advantages of TEM over other microscopy techniques in
studying thin sections and nanomaterials.
20. Explain the importance of proper sample preparation in microscopic
observations. What challenges might arise in preparing samples for optical,
SEM, and TEM analyses, and how can these challenges be addressed?
21. Compare the sample size requirements for optical, SEM, and TEM analyses.
How does sample size impact the choice of microscopy technique?