Math 1175 - Calculus I with Applications to Life

Sciences

Pichmony Anhaouy

Department of Mathematics & Statistics

Langara College

Lecture 5: Introduction to Derivatives

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 1

Introduction - The Derivative Function:
Recall that the slope of the tangent line to the graph or curve of the
function f (x) (or the slope of the graph of f (x) or the instantaneous
rate of change of f ) at the point (a, f (a)) is defined by

A
h→0
f (a + h) − f (a)
mtan = lim
h
,

√
provided that the limit exists.
Example 1: Suppose we have y = f (x) = 2x + 1, x > − .
1
2
Find a formula for the slope of the graph of f at any point (a, f (a))

=
(a)

for a > − .
1 - >

2 E
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line at the point (4, 3).

mtan-shimottles at *
e

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 2

 -
moun:
Fit"(atxa)

mfantitarantW
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Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5
in
Slide 3
 Let’s suppose that the limit in the definition of the slope of the
tangent line to the graph of the function f above exists for all values
of a. If the point moves along the curve, so does the tangent line.
y y
y = f (x) y = f (x)

a3 a4 x x
a1 a2 x

As we can see from the first figure above, as the value of ai , where
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, changes, the tangent line moves from one position to
another accordingly. And so the slope itself changes.

Now, suppose that we are at the point (x, f (x)) on the graph (see
the second figure above).

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 4

 The slope of the tangent line at this point is given by replacing the a
in the above formula by x, that is,
f (x + h) − f (x)
mtan = lim
h→0 h
Here, we can see that the slope depends on the value of x and the
given function f (x). If we have di↵erent value of x and di↵erent
function f (x), then we will have di↵erent slope. So, the slope itself is
a function of x. Since it is derived from f (x) in the process of the
limit, we call this slope function the derivative of the function f ,
and we denote it by the symbol f ′ (x), which is read as “f-prime of f
of x”.
Definition 1: The derivative of the function y = f (x), denoted by
dy

=E
dx
or f ′ (x), is
f (x + h) − f (x)
= f ′ (x) = lim
dy
,
dx h→0 h
provided that the limit exists. If f ′ (x) exists, we say that the function
f is di↵erentiable at x. If f is di↵erentiable at every point in an
open interval, then we say that it is di↵erentiable on that interval.
Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 5
 At a particular point, say, P (a, f (a)), we can find the derivative of f
�
as follow:
dy ����
- �
dx ����
�x=a
= f ′ (a) = lim

provided that the limit exists.

h→0
f (a + h) − f (a)
h
,

Notice that a di↵erent way of saying this is a function is said to be

di↵erentiable at a point if it has a derivative at the point. In term of
rate of change, we can say that f ′ (x) is the instantaneous rate of
change of the quantity y.
We sometimes use di↵erent notations for derivative of a function
y = f (x). They all stand for the derivative of the function with
respect to x.

f ′ (x) = y ′ = = = [f (x)] .
dy df d
dx dx dx
If f is a linear function, that is, f (x) = mx + b, then the derivative of
-

this function is f ′ (x) = m, which is the slope of the line.

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected])
(x) =1b
->
m:/
Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5
SyY8anut
Slide 6
 Example 2: Use the limit definition of the derivative find f ′ (x) if
f (x) =
x
2x + 1
.

It
istheat
X

+'M)=
him. t

atitatattential
e
-this an an

We

ate
Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 7
 √
Example 4: Find all points, if any, on the graph of y = f (x) = x
where the tangent line is parallel to the line x − y = 3.
y
8.
W know: -
m)
3
We I same
mfan=
-
x
=

y
#

=
)
1 limth)-
=

h p0
-
time
-
*xx): ih+Y)
1 Pi
1 =

2
-

y
=
x
=

y
4
=

yf(t) E.
+
=
=

Ihadto
mily. anet
Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 8
 √ √
2+h− 2
Example 5: Find lim without computing the limit.
h→0 h

him - 1(2), =f(y)=

5 =
where fix:XY 1
2xx
-Man atx= 2 (or) th
him

2 √
where.
Ich
e He

, x ≥ 1,
Example 6: Let f (x) = �
2 x
kx + 2 , x < 1.
Find the value of k so
that f is di↵erentiable at x = 1.
atx=1=4I'(l) exists or
If diff.
in
man existsatx .

(arx) =(K2]
= atx = 1. Same
slopein

x
D
Er
-

yx 2,y:axx
=
+

xx
Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 9
# Theorem 1: If the function f is di↵erentiable at a, then it is
continuous at a.
From this theorem, it is equivalent to say the if the function is

⑰ discontinuous at a, then it is not di↵erentiable at a. However, it does

not say that if f is not di↵erentiable at a, then it’s discontinuous at a.
Graphically, if a function has a corner, a discontinuity, or a vertical
tangent line at the point x = a, it is not di↵erentiable at x = a.
y y y

Figure 1
a x

Figure 2
a x

Figure 3
I
a x

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 10

 It can be shown that each of the following functions is not
di↵erentiable at the point x = 0, but yet it is continuous at x = 0.
(a) f (x) = �x�, and (b) f (x) = x1�3 .
y yI
f (x) = |x| f (x) = x1/3

x x

Figure 4 Figure 5
�
� x−1
�
� if x ≠ 1,
Example 7: Let f (x) = � �x − 1� Show that f ′ (1) does
,
�
�
�
� 0, if x = 1.
not exist.
or show
I not
that is

differentiable
at x1.
=

f(l) 0
=

defined
Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 11
 1)-his
. ·
him
X
1
-

him
f(x) =
him
X x/t
-

Since
this, -7(4) Iihis+ f(x) =

himp, f(x)
x D.N.E.

I not
is cont. at x=1

I
- not
is
differentiable atx 1 =

7
=

Suggested Exercises: 2.20 on p. 68; 3.9, 3.10, 3.14, on p. 86 - 87.

Pichmony Anhaouy ([email protected]) Math 1175 Notes - Lecture 5 Slide 12