GNU Parted User Manual

GNU Parted, version 3.6, 19 April 2023

Andrew Clausen [email protected]

Richard M. Kreuter [email protected]
Leslie Patrick Polzer [email protected]
Copyright c 1999–2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free
Documentation License”.
 i

Short Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Using Parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Related information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A Copying This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B This manual’s history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 1

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview of GNU Parted

GNU Parted is a program for creating and manipulating partition tables.
This documentation is written with the assumption that the reader has some under-
standing of partitioning and file systems.
GNU Parted was designed to minimize the chance of data loss. For example, it was
designed to avoid data loss during interruptions (like power failure) and performs many
safety checks. However, there could be bugs in GNU Parted, so you should back up your
important files before running Parted.
The GNU Parted homepage is https://www.gnu.org/software/parted. The library
and frontend themselves can be downloaded from https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/parted. You
can also find a listing of mailing lists, notes for contributing and more useful information on
the web site.
Please send bug reports to [email protected]. When sending bug reports, please
include the version of GNU Parted. Please include the output from these commands (for
disk /dev/hda):
# parted /dev/hda unit s print free
Feel free to ask for help on this list — just check that your question isn’t answered here
first. If you don’t understand the documentation, please tell us, so we can explain it better.
General philosophy is: if you need to ask for help, then something needs to be fixed so you
(and others) don’t need to ask for help.
Also, we’d love to hear your ideas :-)

1.2 Software Required for the use of Parted

If you’re installing or compiling Parted yourself, you’ll need to have some other programs
installed. If you are compiling Parted, you will need both the normal and devel packages of
these programs installed:
• GNU parted source is available either as a source tarball:
https://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=parted.git
or using git (See the README-hacking instructions):
https://git.savannah.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=parted.git
• libuuid, part of the e2fsprogs package. If you don’t have this, you can get it from:
http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/e2fsprogs.html
If you want to compile Parted and e2fsprogs, note that you will need to make install
and make install-libs e2fsprogs.
• GNU Readline (optional), available from
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline
If you are compiling Parted, and you don’t have readline, you can disable Parted’s
readline support with the --disable-readline option for configure.
Chapter 1: Introduction 2

• GNU gettext (or compatible software) for compilation, if internationalisation support is

desired.
https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext

1.3 Platforms on which GNU Parted runs

Hopefully, this list will grow a lot. If you do not have one of these platforms, then you can
use a rescue disk and a static binary of GNU Parted.
GNU/Linux
Linux versions 2.0 and up, on Alpha, x86 PCs, PC98, Macintosh PowerPC, Sun
hardware.
GNU/Hurd

1.4 Terms of distribution for GNU Parted

GNU Parted is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License Version 3, or (at
your option) any later version. This should have been included with the Parted distribution,
in the COPYING file. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Libparted is considered part of GNU Parted. It is covered by the GNU General Public
License. It is NOT released under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

1.5 Building GNU Parted

If you want to compile GNU Parted, this is generally done with:
$ ./configure
$ make
However, there are a few options for configure:
--without-readline
turns off use of readline. This is useful for making rescue disks, etc., where few
libraries are available.
--disable-debug
don’t include assertions
--disable-nls
turns off native language support. This is useful for use with old versions of
glibc, or a trimmed down version of glibc suitable for rescue disks.
--disable-shared
turns off shared libraries. This may be necessary for use with old versions of
GNU libc, if you get a compile error about a “spilled register”. Also useful for
boot/rescue disks.
--enable-discover-only
support only reading/probing (reduces size considerably)
--enable-mtrace
enable malloc() debugging
--enable-read-only
disable writing (for debugging)
Chapter 1: Introduction 3

1.5.1 Introduction
If you want to run GNU Parted on a machine without GNU/Linux installed, or you want to
modify a root or boot partition, use GParted Live: https://gparted.org/livecd.php.
 4

2 Using Parted

2.1 Introduction to Partitioning

Partitioning is the process of dividing a storage device into local sections, called partitions,
which help organize multiple filesystems and their associated operating systems.
A storage device presents itself as a sequence of bytes, numbered starting from zero
and increasing until the maximum capacity of the device is reached. Bytes are normally
read and written a sector at a time, rather than individually. Each sector contains a fixed
number of bytes, with the number determined by the device.
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| storage device with no partitions |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
0 start end
In order to store multiple filesystems, a storage device can be divided up in to multiple
partitions. Each partition can be thought of as an area which contains a real filesystem
inside of it. To show where these partitions are on the device a small table is written at the
start, shown as PT in the diagram below. This table is called a partition table, or disklabel,
and also stores the type of each partition and some flags.
+--+---------------+----------------+------------------------+
|PT| Partition 1 | Partition 2 | Partition 3 |
+--+---------------+----------------+------------------------+
0 start end

2.2 Using GNU Parted

Parted has two modes: command line and interactive. Parted should always be started with:
# parted device
where device is the hard disk device to edit. (If you’re lazy and omit the DEVICE argument,
Parted will attempt to guess which device you want.)
In command line mode, this is followed by one or more commands. For example:
# parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt mkpart P1 ext3 1MiB 8MiB
Options (like --help) can only be specified on the command line.
In interactive mode, commands are entered one at a time at a prompt, and modify the
disk immediately. For example:
(parted) mklabel gpt
(parted) mkpart P1 ext3 1MiB 8MiB
Unambiguous abbreviations are allowed. For example, you can type “p” instead of “print”,
and “u” instead of “units”. Commands can be typed either in English, or your native
language (if your language has been translated). This may create ambiguities. Commands
are case-insensitive.
Numbers indicating partition locations can be whole numbers or decimals. The suffix
selects the unit, which may be one of those described in Section 2.4.17 [unit], page 13, except
CHS and compact. If no suffix is given, then the default unit is assumed. Negative numbers
Chapter 2: Using Parted 5

count back from the end of the disk, with “-1s” indicating the sector at the end of the disk.
Parted will compute sensible ranges for the locations you specify (e.g. a range of +/- 500
MB when you specify the location in “G”). Use the sector unit “s” to specify exact locations.
With parted-2.4 and newer, IEC binary units like “MiB”, “GiB”, “TiB”, etc., specify exact
locations as well. See [IEC binary units], page 14.
If you don’t give a parameter to a command, Parted will prompt you for it. For example:
(parted) mklabel
New disk label type? gpt
Parted will always warn you before doing something that is potentially dangerous,
unless the command is one of those that is inherently dangerous (viz., rm, mklabel and
mkpart). Since many partitioning systems have complicated constraints, Parted will usually
do something slightly different to what you asked. (For example, create a partition starting
at 10.352Mb, not 10.4Mb) If the calculated values differ too much, Parted will ask you for
confirmation.

2.3 Command Line Options

When invoked from the command line, Parted supports the following syntax:
# parted [option] device [command [argument]]
Available options and commands follow. For detailed explanations of the use of Parted
commands, see Section 2.4 [Command explanations], page 6. Options begin with a hyphen,
commands do not:
Options:
‘-h’
‘--help’ display a help message
‘-l’
‘--list’ lists partition layout on all block devices
‘-m’
‘--machine’
display output in machine parseable format
‘-j’
‘--json’ display output in JSON format
‘-s’
‘--script’
never prompt the user
‘-f’
‘--fix’ automatically answer exceptions with "fix" in script mode, which is useful for:
GPT header not including full disk size; moving the backup GPT table to the
end of the disk; MAC fix missing partition map entry; etc.
‘-a alignment-type’
‘--align alignment-type’
Set alignment for newly created partitions, valid alignment types are: none,
cylinder, minimal and optimal.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 6

‘-v’
‘--version’
display the version

2.4 Parted Session Commands

GNU Parted provides the following commands:
Note that after version 2.4, the following commands were removed: check, cp, mkfs,
mkpartfs, move, resize.

2.4.1 align-check
align-check align-type n [Command]
Determine whether the starting sector of partition n meets the disk’s selected alignment
criteria. align-type must be ‘minimal’, ‘optimal’ or an abbreviation. When in script
mode, if the partition does not meet the alignment requirement, exit with status
1; otherwise (including on older kernels for which alignment data is not available),
continue processing any remaining commands. Without --script, print either ‘N
aligned’ or ‘N not aligned’.
Example:
(parted) align-check minimal 1
1 aligned

2.4.2 disk set

disk_set flag state [Command]
Changes a flag on the disk. A flag can be either “on” or “off”. Some or all of these
flags will be available, depending on what disk label you are using:
‘pmbr_boot’
(GPT) - this flag enables the boot flag on the GPT’s protective MBR
partition.
The disk’s flags are displayed by the print command on the "Disk Flags:" line. They
are also output as the last field of the disk information in machine mode.
(parted) disk_set pmbr_boot on
Set the PMBR’s boot flag.

2.4.3 disk toggle

disk_toggle flag [Command]
Toggle the state of the disk flag.

2.4.4 help
help [command] [Command]
Prints general help, or help on command.
Example:
(parted) help mklabel
Print help for the mklabel command.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 7

2.4.5 mklabel
mklabel label-type [Command]
Creates a new disk label, of type label-type. The new disk label will have no partitions.
This command (normally) won’t technically destroy your data, but it will make it
basically unusable, and you will need to use the rescue command (see Chapter 3
[Related information], page 16) to recover any partitions. Parted works on all partition
tables.1
label-type must be one of these supported disk labels:
• aix
• amiga
• bsd
• dvh
• gpt
• loop (raw disk access)
• mac
• msdos
• pc98
• sun
Example:
(parted) mklabel msdos
Create an MS-DOS disk label. This is still the most common disk label for PCs.

2.4.6 mkpart
mkpart [part-type name fs-type] start end [Command]
Creates a new partition, without creating a new file system on that partition. This
is useful for creating partitions for file systems (or LVM, etc.) that Parted doesn’t
support. You may specify a file system type, to set the appropriate partition code in
the partition table for the new partition. fs-type is required for data partitions (i.e.,
non-extended partitions). start and end are the offset from the beginning of the disk,
that is, the “distance” from the start of the disk.
part-type is one of ‘primary’, ‘extended’ or ‘logical’, and may be specified only
with ‘msdos’ or ‘dvh’ partition tables. A name must be specified for a ‘gpt’ partition
table. Neither part-type nor name may be used with a ‘sun’ partition table.
fs-type must be one of these supported file systems:
• btrfs
• ext2, ext3, ext4
• fat16, fat32
• hfs, hfs+, hfsx
1
Everyone seems to have a different word for “disk label” — these are all the same thing: partition
table, partition map.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 8

• hp-ufs
• jfs
• linux-swap, linux-swap(new,old,v0,v1)
• nilfs2
• ntfs
• reiserfs
• sun-ufs
• ufs
• xfs

For example, the following creates a logical partition that will contain an ext2 file
system. The partition will start at the beginning of the disk, and end 692.1 megabytes
into the disk.
(parted) mkpart logical 0.0 692.1
Now, we will show how to partition a low-end flash device (“low-end”, as of 2011/2012).
For such devices, you should use 4MiB-aligned partitions2 . This command creates
a tiny place-holder partition at the beginning, and then uses all remaining space to
create the partition you’ll actually use:
$ parted -s /dev/sdX -- mklabel msdos \
mkpart primary fat32 64s 4MiB \
mkpart primary fat32 4MiB -1s
Note the use of ‘--’, to prevent the following ‘-1s’ last-sector indicator from being
interpreted as an invalid command-line option. The above creates two empty partitions.
The first is unaligned and tiny, with length less than 4MiB. The second partition
starts precisely at the 4MiB mark and extends to the end of the device.
The next step is typically to create a file system in the second partition:
$ mkfs.vfat /dev/sdX2

2.4.7 name

name number name [Command]

Sets the name for the partition number (GPT, Mac, MIPS and PC98 only). The name
can be placed in quotes. And depending on the shell may need to also be wrapped in
single quotes so that the shell doesn’t strip off the double quotes.
Example:
(parted) name 2 ’Secret Documents’
Set the name of partition 2 to ‘Secret Documents’.

2
Cheap flash drives will be with us for a long time to come, and, for them, 1MiB alignment is not
enough. Use at least 4MiB-aligned partitions. For details, see Arnd Bergman’s article, http://lwn.
net/Articles/428584/ and its many comments.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 9

2.4.8 print
print [print-type] [Command]
Displays the partition table on the device parted is editing, or detailed information
about a particular partition.
print-type is optional, and can be one of ‘devices’, ‘free’, ‘list’, or ‘all’.
devices display all active block devices
free display information about free unpartitioned space on the current block
device
list, all display the partition tables of all active block devices
Example:
(parted) print
Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2684MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 1000MB 999MB primary boot, lba
2 1000MB 2300MB 1299MB primary ext2 lba
3 2300MB 2500MB 200MB primary linux-swap(v1) lba
(parted) print free
Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2684MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

16.4kB 1049kB 1032kB Free Space
1 1049kB 1000MB 999MB primary boot, lba
2 1000MB 2300MB 1299MB primary ext2 lba
3 2300MB 2500MB 200MB primary linux-swap(v1) lba
2500MB 2684MB 185MB Free Space

2.4.9 quit
quit [Command]
Quits Parted.
It is only after Parted exits that the Linux kernel knows about the changes Parted
has made to the disks. However, the changes caused by typing your commands will
probably be made to the disk immediately after typing a command. However, the
operating system’s cache and the disk’s hardware cache may delay this.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 10

2.4.10 rescue
rescue start end [Command]
Rescue a lost partition that used to be located approximately between start and end.
If such a partition is found, Parted will ask you if you want to create a partition for it.
This is useful if you accidentally deleted a partition with parted’s rm command, for
example.
Example:
(parted) print
Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2684MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 1000MB 999MB primary boot, lba
2 1000MB 2300MB 1299MB primary ext4 lba
(parted) rm
Partition number? 2
(parted) print
Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2684MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 1000MB 999MB primary boot, lba
OUCH! We deleted our ext4 partition!!! Parted comes to the rescue...
(parted) rescue
Start? 1000
End? 2684
Information: A ext4 primary partition was found at 1000MB ->
2300MB. Do you want to add it to the partition table?
Yes/No/Cancel? y
(parted) print
Model: ATA Samsung SSD 850 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2684MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 1000MB 999MB primary boot, lba
2 1000MB 2300MB 1299MB primary ext4 lba
Chapter 2: Using Parted 11

It’s back! :)

2.4.11 resizepart
resizepart number end [Command]
Moves the end position of partition number. Note that this does not modify any
filesystem present in the partition. If you wish to do this, you will need to use external
tools, such as resize2fs.
When growing a partition you will want to grow the filesystem afterwards, but when
shrinking, you need to shrink the filesystem before the partition.

2.4.12 rm
rm number [Command]
Removes the partition with number number. If you accidentally delete a partition
with this command, use see Section 2.4.10 [rescue], page 10, to recover it. Also, you
can use the gpart program (see Chapter 3 [Related information], page 16) to recover
damaged disk labels.
Note for msdos disk labels: if you delete a logical partition, all logical partitions with
a larger partition number will be renumbered. For example, if you delete a logical
partition with a partition number of 6, then logical partitions that were number 7, 8
and 9 would be renumbered to 6, 7 and 8 respectively. This means, for example, that
you have to update /etc/fstab on GNU/Linux systems.
Example:
(parted) rm 3
Remove partition 3.

2.4.13 select
select device [Command]
Selects the device, device, for Parted to edit. The device can be a Linux hard disk
device, a partition, a software RAID device, LVM logical volume, or disk image file.
Example:
(parted) select /dev/hdb
Select /dev/hdb (the slave device on the first ide controller on Linux) as the device to
edit.

2.4.14 set
set number flag state [Command]
Changes a flag on the partition with number number. A flag can be either “on” or
“off”. Some or all of these flags will be available, depending on what disk label you are
using:
‘bios_grub’
(GPT) - Enable this to record that the selected partition is a GRUB BIOS
partition.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 12

‘legacy_boot’
(GPT) - this flag is used to tell special purpose software that the GPT
partition may be bootable.
‘bls_boot’
(MS-DOS, GPT) - Enable this to indicate that the selected partition is a
Linux Boot Loader Specification compatible /boot partition.
‘boot’ (Mac, MS-DOS, PC98) - should be enabled if you want to boot off the
partition. The semantics vary between disk labels. For MS-DOS disk
labels, only one partition can be bootable. If you are installing LILO on a
partition that partition must be bootable. For PC98 disk labels, all ext2
partitions must be bootable (this is enforced by Parted).
‘msftdata’
(GPT) - This flag identifies partitions that contain Microsoft filesystems
(NTFS or FAT). It may optionally be set on Linux filesystems to mimic
the type of configuration created by parted 3.0 and earlier, in which a
separate Linux filesystem type code was not available on GPT disks. This
flag can only be removed within parted by replacing it with a competing
flag, such as boot or msftres.
‘msftres’ (MS-DOS,GPT) - This flag identifies a "Microsoft Reserved" partition,
which is used by Windows. Note that this flag should not normally be
set on Windows filesystem partitions (those that contain NTFS or FAT
filesystems).
‘irst’ (MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag identifies an Intel Rapid Start Technology
partition.
‘esp’ (MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag identifies a UEFI System Partition. On GPT
it is an alias for boot.
‘chromeos_kernel’
(GPT) - this flag indicates a partition that can be used with the Chrome
OS bootloader and verified boot implementation.
‘lba’ (MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell MS DOS, MS Windows 9x and
MS Windows ME based operating systems to use Linear (LBA) mode.
‘root’ (Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the root device to be
used by Linux.
‘linux-home’
(GPT) - Enable this to indicate that the selected partition is a Linux
/home partition.
‘swap’ (MS-DOS, GPT, Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the
swap device to be used by Linux.
‘hidden’ (MS-DOS, PC98) - this flag can be enabled to hide partitions from Microsoft
operating systems.
‘raid’ (MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the partition is a software
RAID partition.
Chapter 2: Using Parted 13

‘LVM’ (MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the partition is a physical
volume.
‘PALO’ (MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition can be used by
the Linux/PA-RISC boot loader, palo.
‘PREP’ (MS-DOS, GPT) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition can be
used as a PReP boot partition on PowerPC PReP or IBM RS6K/CHRP
hardware.
‘DIAG’ (MS-DOS) - Enable this to indicate that a partition can be used as a
diagnostics / recovery partition.
The print command displays all enabled flags for each partition.
Example:
(parted) set 1 boot on
Set the ‘boot’ flag on partition 1.

2.4.15 toggle
toggle number flag [Command]
Toggle the state of flag on partition number.

2.4.16 type
type number id or uuid [Command]
On MS-DOS set the type-id aka partition id to id on partition number. The id is a
value between 0x01 and 0xff, e.g. the ID for Linux is 0x83. A list with some IDs is
available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_type.
On GPT set the type-uuid to uuid on partition number. E.g. the UUID for Linux
is 0fc63daf-8483-4772-8e79-3d69d8477de4. A list with some UUIDs is availabe at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table.

2.4.17 unit
unit unit [Command]
Selects the current default unit that Parted will use to display locations and capacities
on the disk and to interpret those given by the user if they are not suffixed by an unit.
unit may be one of:
‘s’ sector (n bytes depending on the sector size, often 512)
‘B’ byte
‘KiB’ kibibyte (1024 bytes)
‘MiB’ mebibyte (1048576 bytes)
‘GiB’ gibibyte (1073741824 bytes)
‘TiB’ tebibyte (1099511627776 bytes)
‘kB’ kilobyte (1000 bytes)
Chapter 2: Using Parted 14

‘MB’ megabyte (1000000 bytes)

‘GB’ gigabyte (1000000000 bytes)

‘TB’ terabyte (1000000000000 bytes)

‘%’ percentage of the device (between 0 and 100)

‘cyl’ cylinders (related to the BIOS CHS geometry)

‘chs’ cylinders, heads, sectors addressing (related to the BIOS CHS geometry)

‘compact’ This is a special unit that defaults to megabytes for input, and picks a
unit that gives a compact human readable representation for output.

The default unit apply only for the output and when no unit is specified after an
input number. Input numbers can be followed by an unit (without any space or other
character between them), in which case this unit apply instead of the default unit
for this particular number, but CHS and cylinder units are not supported as a suffix.
If no suffix is given, then the default unit is assumed. Parted will compute sensible
ranges for the locations you specify (e.g., a range of +/- 500 MB when you specify the
location in “G”, and a range of +/- 500 KB when you specify the location in “M”)
and will select the nearest location in this range from the one you wrote that satisfies
constraints from both the operation, the filesystem being worked on, the disk label,
other partitions and so on. Use the sector unit “s” to specify exact locations (if they
do not satisfy all constraints, Parted will ask you for the nearest solution). Note that
negative numbers count back from the end of the disk, with “-1s” pointing to the last
sector of the disk.

Note that as of parted-2.4, when you specify start and/or end values using IEC
binary units like “MiB”, “GiB”, “TiB”, etc., parted treats those values as exact, and
equivalent to the same number specified in bytes (i.e., with the “B” suffix), in that it
provides no “helpful” range of sloppiness. Contrast that with a partition start request
of “4GB”, which may actually resolve to some sector up to 500MB before or after that
point. Thus, when creating a partition, you should prefer to specify units of bytes
(“B”), sectors (“s”), or IEC binary units like “MiB”, but not “MB”, “GB”, etc.

Example:

(parted) unit compact

(parted) print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0kB - 123GB
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32kB 1078MB 1077MB primary reiserfs boot
2 1078MB 2155MB 1078MB primary linux-swap
3 2155MB 123GB 121GB extended
5 2155MB 7452MB 5297MB logical reiserfs
Chapter 2: Using Parted 15

(parted) unit chs print

Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0,0,0 - 14946,225,62
BIOS cylinder,head,sector geometry: 14946,255,63. Each cylinder
is 8225kB.
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Type File system Flags
1 0,1,0 130,254,62 primary reiserfs boot
2 131,0,0 261,254,62 primary linux-swap
3 262,0,0 14945,254,62 extended
5 262,2,0 905,254,62 logical reiserfs
(parted) unit mb print
Disk geometry for /dev/hda: 0MB - 122942MB
Disk label type: msdos
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 0MB 1078MB 1077MB primary reiserfs boot
2 1078MB 2155MB 1078MB primary linux-swap
3 2155MB 122935MB 120780MB extended
5 2155MB 7452MB 5297MB logical reiserfs
 16

3 Related information
If you want to find out more information, please see the GNU Parted web site.
These files in the Parted distribution contain further information:
• ABOUT-NLS - information about using Native Language Support, and the Free Translation
Project.
• AUTHORS - who wrote what.
• ChangeLog - record of changes made to Parted.
• COPYING - the GNU General Public License, the terms under which GNU Parted may
be distributed.
• COPYING.DOC - the GNU Free Documentation Licence, the term under which Parted’s
documentation may be distributed.
• INSTALL — how to compile and install Parted, and most other free software
 17

Appendix A Copying This Manual

A.1 GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
https://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and
useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document
must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because
free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this
License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers
to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed
as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or
a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document
to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that
could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The
relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related
matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 18

The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as
being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released
under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant
Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under
this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a
format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising
the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor,
and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a
variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
markup, Texinfo input format, LaTEX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF
and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing
tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page”
means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to
the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either
is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in
another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such
as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve
the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be
included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any
other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect
on the meaning of this License.
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 19

2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or
noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and
that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.
If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of
the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires
Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher
of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put
the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the
rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which
the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network
protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If
you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time
you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well
before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you
with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 20

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,
be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a
previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five
of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form
shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as
given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given
on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to
a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in
the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published
at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title
of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and
in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included
in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in
title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as
Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 21

your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These
titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but
endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of
peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement
made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but
you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that
added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission
to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified
Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license
notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment
to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various
original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any
sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow
the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually
under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 22

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
“aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the
Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works
in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document,
then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover
Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they
must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may
include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions
of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the
license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those
notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “His-
tory”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require
changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or
distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular
copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder
explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days
after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if
the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the
first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the
notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties
who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been
terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same
material does not give you any rights to use it.
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 23

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free
Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit
to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies
to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified
version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions
of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version
permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide
Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for
anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of
such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published
by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place
of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of
another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works
that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and
subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or
invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under
CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is
eligible for relicensing.
Appendix A: Copying This Manual 24

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the
document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ‘‘GNU
Free Documentation License’’.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the
“with. . . Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the
three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing
these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General
Public License, to permit their use in free software.
 25

Appendix B This manual’s history

This manual was based on the file USER included in GNU Parted version 1.4.22 source
distribution. The GNU Parted source distribution is available at https://ftp.gnu.org/
gnu/parted.
Initial Texinfo formatting by Richard M. Kreuter, 2002.
Maintainance by Andrew Clausen from 2002 to 2005 and by Leslie P. Polzer from July
2005 onwards.
This manual is distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.1
or later, at your discretion, any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. See
Appendix A [Copying This Manual], page 17, for details.
 26

Index

A G
align-check, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 gettext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
gnu gpl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
gpl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B
bugs, reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
building parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 H
help, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
history of this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
C
command description, align-check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
command description, disk set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I
command description, disk toggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
command description, help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 invocation options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
command description, mkindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
command description, mkpart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
command description, name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 L
command description, print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
libuuid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
command description, quit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
license terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
command description, rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
command description, resizepart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
command description, rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
command description, select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 M
command description, set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 mklabel, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
command description, toggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 mkpart, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
command description, type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 modes of use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
command description, unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
command syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
commands, detailed listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
N
commands, overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 name, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
compiling parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
contacting developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
O
D options at invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
description of parted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
detailed command listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
disk set, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
disk toggle, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
P
parted description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
partitioning overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
E platforms, supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
print, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
e2fsprogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

F Q
FDL, GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . 17 quit, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Index 27

R T
readline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 terms of distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
related documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 toggle, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
reporting bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 type, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
required software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
rescue, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
resizepart, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 U
rm, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 unit, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

S
select, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
set, command description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
software dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
supported platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2