Advance PHP - Complete Question Paper with Detailed Answers

Q.1) Attempt All

1. Enlist the PHP DOM's functions and explain them.

- PHP DOM (Document Object Model) allows manipulating XML and HTML documents.

- Important functions:

- `DOMDocument()`: Creates a new DOM document.

- `load()`: Loads an XML document.

- `loadHTML()`: Loads an HTML document.

- `createElement()`: Creates a new element in the document.

- `appendChild()`: Appends a child node to an element.

- `getElementById()`: Retrieves an element by ID.

- `getElementsByTagName()`: Retrieves elements by tag name.

- `saveXML()`: Outputs or saves the XML as a string.

2. What is an XML Parser? Explain types of XML Parsers in PHP.

- An XML Parser processes XML data to convert it into a usable format.

- PHP provides two main types:

1. **DOM Parser**: Reads the entire XML document into memory and provides tree-based

parsing.

2. **SAX Parser**: Parses XML sequentially, making it more memory-efficient.

3. What are the advantages of AJAX in web applications?

- AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) allows dynamic updates without page reloads.

- Advantages:
 - **Faster Performance**: Updates only required data instead of reloading the entire page.

- **Reduced Server Load**: Only necessary data is fetched.

- **Improved User Experience**: No page refresh provides a smoother interface.

- **Works with JSON & XML**: Compatible with modern data formats.

4. What is the $_SERVER variable? List common $_SERVER elements.

- $_SERVER is a PHP superglobal array containing server and request information.

- Common elements:

- `$_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']`: Information about the user's browser.

- `$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']`: Returns GET or POST request type.

- `$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']`: Retrieves the user's IP address.

- `$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']`: Returns the server hostname.

5. What is a self-processing form? Explain with an example.

- A self-processing form submits data to the same script that processes it.

- Example:

```php

<?php

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$name = $_POST['name'];

echo "Hello, " . htmlspecialchars($name);

} else {

?>

<form method="POST" action="">

Name: <input type="text" name="name">

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>
 <?php } ?>

```

Q.2) Attempt All

1. Explain the difference between GET and POST methods.

- **GET Method**:

- Sends data via the URL.

- Data is visible and limited in size.

- Can be cached and bookmarked.

- **POST Method**:

- Sends data in the request body (hidden).

- More secure for sensitive information.

- Cannot be cached or bookmarked.

2. Explain class and object in PHP with an example.

- A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

- Example:

```php

class Car {

public $brand;

public function __construct($brand) {

$this->brand = $brand;

public function getBrand() {

return $this->brand;

}
 }

$myCar = new Car("Toyota");

echo $myCar->getBrand();

```

3. Explain the XML document structure with an example.

- XML Structure:

- Contains a root element.

- Uses hierarchical tags.

- Example:

```xml

<library>

<book>

<title>PHP Basics</title>

<author>John Doe</author>

</book>

</library>

```

4. Explain the AJAX web application model.

- AJAX allows web applications to update content dynamically without refreshing the page.

- Steps:

1. User triggers an event (e.g., button click).

2. JavaScript makes an XMLHttpRequest.

3. Server processes the request and returns data.

4. JavaScript updates the webpage dynamically.

- **HTML + JavaScript**:

```html

<input type="number" id="num1" placeholder="First Number">

<input type="number" id="num2" placeholder="Second Number">

<button onclick="calculateSum()">Add</button>

<p id="result"></p>

<script>

function calculateSum() {

var num1 = document.getElementById("num1").value;

var num2 = document.getElementById("num2").value;

var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open("POST", "add.php", true);

xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

xhr.onload = function() {

document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "Result: " + xhr.responseText;

};

xhr.send("num1=" + num1 + "&num2=" + num2);

</script>

```

- **PHP (add.php)**:

```php

<?php

if (isset($_POST['num1']) && isset($_POST['num2'])) {

?>

```

Q.3) Additional Questions

1. Explain the use of sessions and cookies in PHP.

- **Session**: Stores user data across multiple pages using `session_start()`.

- **Cookie**: Stores small data in the user's browser.

- Example:

```php

setcookie("user", "John", time() + 3600); // Cookie lasts for 1 hour

```

2. How do you connect to a MySQL database using PHP?

- Using MySQLi:

```php

$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "database");

if ($conn->connect_error) { die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error); }

```

3. What is the difference between `include` and `require`?

- `include()`: Includes a file but does not stop execution if the file is missing.

- `require()`: Includes a file and stops execution if the file is missing.

4. Explain the MVC architecture in PHP.

- View: Displays the UI.

- Controller: Manages communication between Model and View.