 Modern Database Management

 Chapter 1

 The Database Environment and Development Process

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 Learning Objectives (1 of 2)

o Define terms

o Name limitations of conventional file processing

o Explain advantages of databases

o Identify costs and risks of databases

o Distinguish between operational and informational data management

o List components of database environment

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 Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

o Identify categories of database applications

o Explain prototyping and agile development approaches

o Explain roles of individuals

oExplain differences between personal, multi-tiered, and enterprise data management

oExplain three-schema architectures (external,

 conceptual, internal)

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 Definitions

 Database: organized collection of logically related data

 Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events

 Structured: numbers, text, dates
 Unstructured: images, video, documents

 Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data

 Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data

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 Figure 1-1 Converting Data to Information (1 of 2)

 Data in context

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 Figure 1-1 Converting Data to Information (2 of 2)

 Summarized data

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 Table 1-1 Example Metadata for Class Roster

 Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including

 data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context

 Data  Data  Data  Metad  Metad  Metadata  Metadata

Item Item Item ata ata Description Source
Name Type Lengt Mini Maxi
h mum mum
 Cours  Alphanum  3    Course ID and  Academic
e eric 0  name Unit
 Bl  Bl
a a
n n
k k
 Sectio  Integer  1  1  9  Section number  Registrar
n
 Seme  Alphanum  1    Semester and  Registrar
ster eric 0 year
 Bl  Bl
a a
n n
k k
 Name  Alphanum  3    Student name  Student IS
eric 0
 Bl  Bl

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 a a
n n
k k
 ID  Integer  9    Student ID  Student IS
(SSN)
 Bl  Bl
a a
n n
k k
 Major  Alphanum  4    Student major  Student IS
eric
 Bl  Bl
a a
n n
k k
 GPA  Decimal  3  0.  4.  Student grade  Academic
0 0  point average Unit

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 Disadvantages of File Processing

 Program-Data Dependence
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

 Duplication of Data
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
 data

 Limited Data Sharing

 No centralized control of data

 Lengthy Development Times

 Programmers must design their own file formats

 Excessive Program Maintenance

 80% of information systems budget

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 Figure 1-2 Old File Processing Systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company

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 The Database Approach (1 of 2)

 Data models
 Graphical diagram capturing nature and relationship of data
 Enterprise Data Model – high-level entities and relationships for the
 organization
 Project Data Model – more detailed view, matching data
structure in database or data warehouse

 Entities
 Noun form describing a person, place, object, event, or concept
 Composed of attributes

 Relationships
 Between entities

 Usually one-to-many (1: N) or many-to-many (M: N), but

can also be
 one-to-one (1:1)

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 Figure 1-3 Comparison of Enterprise-and Project-Level Data Models

 Segment of an enterprise data

model  Segment of a project data model

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

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 The Database Approach (2 of 2)

 Relational Databases

 Database technology
involving tables (relations)
representing entities and
primary/foreign keys
representing relationships
(see Figure 1-17)

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 Advantages of the Database Approach

 Program-data independence

 Planned data redundancy

 Improved data consistency

 Improved data sharing

 Increased application development productivity

 Enforcement of standards

 Improved data quality

 Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

 Reduced program maintenance

 Improved decision support

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 Costs and Risks of the Database Approach

 New, specialized personnel

 Installation and management cost and complexity

 Conversion costs

 Need for explicit backup and recovery

 Organizational conflict

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 Figure 1-5 Integrated Data Management Framework

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 Components of the Database Environment

 Data modeling and design tools – automated tools used to design databases
and application programs

 Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata

 Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database

 Database – storehouse of the data

 Application Programs – software using the data

 User Interface – text, graphical displays, menus, etc. for user

 Data/Database Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the

 database

 System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and software

 End Users – people who use the applications and databases

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 Figure 1-6 Components of the Database Environment

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 The Database Development Process

 SDLC
 System Development Life Cycle
 Detailed, well-planned development process
 Time-consuming, but comprehensive
 Long development cycle

 Prototyping
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling
 Define database during development of initial prototype
 Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with
 new prototype versions

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

 The traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replace

 information systems

 Five main steps:

o Planning – preliminary understanding of business situation. Enterprise model and

conceptual data modeling.
o Analysis – thorough analysis of business situation, leading to
 functional requirements. Detailed conceptual data modeling.
o Design – logical and physical database design, to develop technology and
organization.
o Implementation – writing programs, building databases, testing, installing, training, and
documenting.
o Maintenance – monitoring, repairing, and enhancing.

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 Figure 1-8 Database Development Activities During the Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)

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 Alternative Information Systems Development Approaches

 Traditional SDLC: methodical, structured, and time consuming

 Rapid Application Development (RAD): faster and more adaptive, especially when a
database is already in place

 Several flavors:
 Prototyping
 Agile methodologies
 eXtreme programming
 Scrum
 DSDM (dynamic system development methodologies)

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 Figure 1-9 The Prototyping Methodology and Database Development Process

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 Figure 1-10 Three-Schema Architecture

 Different people have different

views of the database

 External Schema
 User Views
 Subsets of Conceptual Schema
 Can be determined from
business-function/data
entity matrices
 DBA determines
schema for different
users

 Conceptual Schema (ER models)

 Internal Schema (logical and

physical structures)

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 Managing People Involved in Database Development

 Project – a planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective that

has a beginning and an end

 Initiated and planned in planning stage of SDLC

 Executed during analysis, design, and implementation

 Closed at the end of implementation

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 Database Project Team Members (1 of 2)

 Business analysts – analyze business situation and establish requirements

 Systems analysts – like business analysts, but also have technical expertise for
overall information systems

 Database analysts and data modelers – analysts who focus on database

 Users – the “customers” communicate their needs to

 analysts

 Programmers – coders of the programs that interact with the database

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 Database Project Team Members (2 of 2)

 Database architects – establish standards for data in business units

 Data administrators – responsible for existing databases, ensuring data integrity and
consistency

 Project managers – oversee the projects, manage the personnel

 Other technical experts – network, operating system,

 documentation, etc.

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 Evolution of Database Systems

 Driven by four main objectives:

 Need for program-data independence in order to reduce maintenance
 Desire to manage more complex data types and
 structures
 Ease of data access for less technical personnel
 Need for more powerful decision support platforms

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 Figure 1-11 The Range of Database Technologies: Past and Present (1 of 4)

 Evolution of database technologies

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 Figure 1-11 The Range of Database Technologies: Past and Present (2 of 4)

 Database architectures

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 Figure 1-11 The Range of Database Technologies: Past and Present (3 of 4)

 Database architectures

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 Figure 1-11 The Range of Database Technologies: Past and Present (4 of 4)

 (b) Database architectures

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 The Range of Database Applications

 Personal Databases
o Typical size in the megabytes
o Intended for one user

 Departmental Multi-Tiered Client/Server Databases

o Typical size in the gigabytes
o Intended for several users, usually doesn’t exceed 100, department-wide

 Enterprise Applications
o Typical size in the gigabytes, terabytes, or even petabytes
o Intended for a very large user base, company wide

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 Figure 1-12 Multi-Tiered Client/Server Database Architecture

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 Types of Enterprise Applications

 Enterprise Systems (typically involve relational databases)

o Backbone of an organization
o Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
o Customer relationship management
o Supply chain management
o Human resource management and payroll

 Data Warehouses (typically involve relational databases)

o Integrates data from multiple data sources
o Maintain historical data
o Help identify patterns and trends

 Data Lakes (often don’t involve relational databases)

o Large integrated repository for internal and external data that does not
 follow a predefined schema

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 Figure 1-13 An Example of an Executive Dashboard

 ( http://public.tableausoftware.com/profile/mirandali#!/vizhome/Executive-Dashboard_7/
ExecutiveDashboard )
 Courtesy Tableau Software

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 Pine Valley Furniture

 PVF is a fictional furniture company

 Will be used as a case throughout the book

 Chapter 1 topics include

o Database Evolution at Pine Valley Furniture Company
o Project planning
o Analyzing database requirements
o Designing the database
o Using the database
o Administering the database
o Future of databases at PVF

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