 INTRODUCTION:-

In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light
instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would
use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive
information. Since simple light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access
points.

This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized-
The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of
years and does not have any major ill effect. Moreover there is 10,000 times more space
available in this spectrum and just counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000
times more availability as an infrastructure, globally.

It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and
off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that
human eyes cannot notice, so the output appears constant.

 HISTORY:-

The term was first used by Professor Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, United
Kingdom, in his TED global talk in 2011. Li-Fi idea rates as “one of 50 best inventions of
2011” on TED world site on the internet.

The first project which explains the idea of Li-Fi was The D-Light project. It was funded
from January 2010 to January 2012 at Edinburgh's Institute for Digital Communications by
Professor Haas; we will explain this project in the next paragraph.

Here we show the history of Li-Fi:

 2011, Haas promoted this technology in TED global talk and helped start a company to
market it. October 2011, companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi consortium, to
promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-
based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
2012, VLC technology exhibited by using Li-Fi Consortium.
October 2013, Chinese manufacturers work on Li-Fi development kits.
April 2014, the Russian company Stins Coman announced the development of a Li-Fi
wireless local network called Beam Caster. Their current module transfers data at 1.25 Gbps.

HARALD HASS

 HOW Li-Fi WORKS:-

Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter.
These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a constant current.
However, by fast and subtle variations of the current, the optical output can be made to vary
at extremely high speeds. This very property of optical current is used in Li-Fi setup. The
operational procedure is very simple-, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you
transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice
opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that is required is some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. All one has to do is to vary the rate at which the LED’s
flicker depending upon the data we want to encode.
 Further enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for
parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light’s
frequency with each frequency encoding a different data channel. Such advancements
promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning one can download a full high-definition
film in just 30 seconds.

TTo further get a grasp of Li-Fi consider an IR remote.(fig 3.3). It sends a single data
stream of bits at the rate of 10,000-20,000 bps. Now replace the IR LED with a Light Box
containing a large LED array. This system, fig 3.4, is capable of sending thousands of such
streams at very fast rate.
 Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency
communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible
light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum
space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused; it's not
regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds.

 COMPARISON BETWEEN Li-Fi AND Wi-Fi:-

  ADVANTAGES OF Li-Fi:-
i. Li-Fi can solve problems related to the insufficiency of radio frequency bandwidth
because this technology uses Visible light spectrum that has still not been greatly
utilized.
ii. High data transmission rates of up to 10Gbps can be achieved.
iii. Since light cannot penetrate walls, it provides privacy and security that Wi-Fi cannot.
iv. Li-Fi has low implementation and maintenance costs.
v. It is safe for humans since light, unlike radio frequencies, cannot penetrate human
body. Hence, concerns of cell mutation are mitigated.
vi. Extremely high colour fidelity.
vii. Instant start-time.
viii. Dynamic Dark - Brightness modulation of lamp output to enhance video contrast
ix. Easy thermal management.
x. Trouble-free integration into existing light engine platforms.
xi. Wide spectrum over the visible wavelength range

 DISADVANTAGES OF Li-Fi:-
i. Only works if there is direct line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver.
ii. Data transmission can be easily obstructed by opaque obstacles.
iii. The use of very high frequencies (400-800THz) limits it to very short distances
and point to point communications only.
iv. Interferences from external light sources like sun light, normal bulbs, and opaque
materials in the path of transmission will cause interruption in the communication.
v. High installation cost of the VLC systems.
vi. A major challenge facing Li-Fi is how the receiving device will transmit back to
transmitter.
  CHALLENGES FOR Li-Fi:-
Apart from many advantages over Li-Fi, this technology is facing some problems such
as Li-Fi requires line of sight (LOS) and receiving device would not be shift in indoors. A
major challenge is how the receiving device will transmit data back to transmitter. Another
important issue is interference from external light sources like sun light, normal bulbs;
opaque materials in the path of transmission will cause interruption in the communication.
Another disadvantage is that Li-Fi doesn’t work in the dark or light can’t pass through
objects, so if the receiver is inadvertently blocked in any way, then the signal will
immediately cut out. And the signal is easily blocked by somebody simply walking in front of
the LED source.

 APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY:-

i. Smart Lighting: Any private or public lighting including street lamps can be used
to provide Li-Fi hotspots and the same communications.

ii. Mobile Connectivity: Laptops, smart phones, tablets and other mobile devices can
interconnect directly using Li-Fi. Short range links give very high data rates and also
provides security.

iii. Hospital & Healthcare: Li-Fi emits no electromagnetic interference and so does
not interfere with medical instruments, nor is it interfered with by MRI scanners.

iv. Aviation: Li-Fi can be used to reduce weight and cabling and add flexibility to
seating layouts in aircraft passenger cabins where LED lights are already deployed.

v. Underwater Communications: Due to strong signal absorption in water, RF use

is impractical. Acoustic waves have extremely low bandwidth and disturb marine life.

vi. Vehicles & Transportation: LED headlights and tail-lights are being introduced.
Street lamps, signage and traffic signals are also moving to LED.

vii. Location Based Services (LBS): Highly accurate location-specific information

services such as advertising and navigation that enables the recipient to receive
appropriate, pertinent information in a timely manner and location.
1. CONCLUSION:-

The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further because the concept
of Li-Fi is currently attracting a lot of eye-balls because it offers a genuine and very
efficient alternative to radio based wireless. It has a good chance to replace the
traditional Wi-Fi because as an ever increasing population is using wireless internet,
the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to
get a reliable, high-speed signal. In the future, data for laptops, smart phones and
tablets can be transmitted through light in the room by using Li- Fi. Researchers are
developing micron sized LED which are able to flicker on and off around 1000 times
quicker than larger LED. If this technology can be put into practical use, every bulb
can be used as a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward
the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. This concept promises to solve issues
such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and boot out the disadvantages of
Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is the upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for
various other developing and already invented technologies. Hence the future
applications of the Li-Fi can be predicted and extended to different platforms and
various walks of human life.

2. WEBGRAPHY:-
- These are the web pages that I used to make this work:-
i. https://www.slideshare.net/laxmanjaygonde/lifi-technology-36920336
ii. https://www.slideshare.net/roshandhabekar/report-on-lifi-technology
iii. https://www.seminarsonly.com/computer%20science/Li-Fi-
Technology.php
iv. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi

3. SKILLS DEVELOPED:-

o Communication skills
o Leadership
o Risk Management
o Cost Control
o Negotiation
o Task Management