PHARMACOLOGY

1. 164 Cards
Flash Cards
2. Common Disorders
3. Preventive Measures for Health
4. Medications
5. Bonus: comes with 214 Free MCQ
 Table of content

1 Cardiovascular 5 Neurology

2 Endocrine 6 Gastrointestinal

3 Antibiotics 7 Pain, Bone & Joint

4 Respiratory 8 Mental Health

Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular System Brief Overview

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a vital network of organs and blood
vessels responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It
plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, supporting cellular functions, and ensuring the proper
functioning of all bodily systems.

Key Components of the Cardiovascular System

Heart: The heart is a muscular organ that acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It consists of
four chambers – two atria and two ventricles – that work together to ensure efficient blood flow.
Blood Vessels: Blood vessels form a complex network that transports blood. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart to the body's tissues, while veins return oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.
Blood: Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells
(leukocytes), platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells are involved in immune
responses, platelets aid in clotting, and plasma carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery: Oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, are transported to
cells throughout the body to support cellular metabolism and energy production.
Cardiovascular

Functions of the Cardiovascular System Disorders

Waste Removal: Carbon dioxide and other waste products are Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
1 carried away from cells to be eliminated from the body via the A condition where the coronary
lungs (for carbon dioxide) and kidneys (for metabolic waste). arteries that supply blood to
the heart muscle become
Hormone Transport: Hormones produced by various glands are
2 transported through the bloodstream to target organs,
narrowed Disorders
or blocked due to a
buildup of plaque. This can lead
regulating a wide range of physiological processes.
to chest pain (angina) or heart
Immune Response: White blood cells patrol the bloodstream attacks.
3 and tissues to identify and combat infections, helping to Hypertension: Also known as
maintain the body's defense against pathogens. high blood pressure, it occurs
when the force of blood against
artery walls is consistently too
Blood Vessels high, which can strain the heart
and damage blood vessels.
Arteries: These thick-walled vessels carry oxygenated blood
Heart Failure: This occurs
away from the heart to the body's tissues. The aorta is the
when the heart is unable to
largest artery in the body and carries blood directly from
pump blood effectively, often
the heart.
resulting from weakened heart
Veins: Veins transport oxygen-depleted blood back to the
muscles due to various causes
heart. The superior and inferior vena cava are the largest
like heart attacks, infections, or
veins and deliver blood from the body to the right atrium.
long-term hypertension.
 Cardiovascular (MCQ) answers.
1.Which of the following is the primary pacemaker of the heart? 1
a) Atrioventricular (AV) node
b) Sinoatrial (SA) node
c) Bundle of His B) Sinoatrial (SA) node
d) Purkinje fibers

2.The nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. Which

assessment finding would indicate fluid volume overload? 2
a) Increased blood pressure
b) Dry mucous membranes
c) Decreased urine output A)Increased blood pressure
d) Weight loss

3.A client with a history of coronary artery disease complains of

chest pain that radiates to the left arm. Which intervention 3
should the nurse prioritize?
a) Administering nitroglycerin
A) Administering
b) Administering aspirin
nitroglycerin
c) Assessing oxygen saturation
d) Performing an electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
4.The nurse is caring for a client with atrial fibrillation. Which
medication would be commonly prescribed to restore normal sinus 4
rhythm?
a) Digoxin
C) Amiodarone
b) Warfarin
c) Amiodarone
d) Lisinopril

5.During a cardiovascular assessment, the nurse auscultates a loud 5

blowing sound heard best at the second intercostal space, right
sternal border. Which murmur is likely present?
B) Mitral valve regurgitation
a) Aortic stenosis
b) Mitral valve regurgitation
c) Pulmonic stenosis
d) Tricuspid valve regurgitation

6
6.The nurse is caring for a client who had a myocardial infarction
(MI). Which lab test is most indicative of cardiac damage?
a) Troponin A) Troponin
b) Creatinine
c) C-reactive protein (CRP)
d) Hemoglobin A1C
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
7.The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease
7
(PAD).The
Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Dependent edema b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure A) Pale, cool extremities
c) Elevated blood pressure d) Bounding pulses
d) Bounding pulses
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia 7
8.A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix).
b) Hyponatremia
Which electrolyte imbalance should the nursec)monitor for?
Hypocalcemia
8
a) Hyperkalemia d) Hypokalemia

b) Hyponatremia
D) Hypokalemia
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Hypocalcemia a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Hypokalemia b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
9.The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Which intervention is a priority? 9
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillowc) Administering C) Administering
anticoagulant medication as prescribed anticoagulant medication as
prescribed
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.

10.Which of the following is not a risk factor for cardiovascular 10

disease? The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
a) High blood pressure
b) Dependent edema
b) Obesity c) Elevated blood pressure C) Regular exercise
c) Regular exercise d) Bounding pulses
d) Smoking
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia 7
11.Which of the following statements about hypertension is
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
11
true?
d) Hypokalemia
a) It is characterized by abnormally low blood pressure. B) It is commonly known as
b) It is commonly Theknown
nurse is as "silent
caring for a killer" duedeep
client with to its "silent killer"
vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention due to its
is a priority?
asymptomatic nature. a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg asymptomatic nature
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) It only affects older adults. c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) It is easily cured with lifestyle modifications.
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

12.What is the main function of the heart valves? 12

a) To regulate blood flow through the heart chambers.
A) To regulate blood flow
b) To control the heart rate and rhythm.
through the heart
c) To supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
chambers.
d) To remove waste products from the blood.
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
13.Which of the following is a symptom of a
myocardial infarction (heart attack)? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Chest pain or discomfort a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Frequent urination b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure A) Chest pain or discomfort
c) Joint pain and stiffness
d) Bounding pulses
d) Visual disturbances
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.A patient with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) isa)atHyperkalemia
7
b) Hyponatremia
risk of developing which potentially fatal c) Hypocalcemia
14
complication? d) Hypokalemia
a) Hypertension
B) Pulmonary
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention embolism
is a priority?
b) Pulmonary embolism a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Atrial fibrillation b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Congestive heart failure c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

15.Which of the following is not a symptom of heart 15

15
failure?
a) Shortness of breath
D) Increased appetite and
b) Fatigue and weakness
weight gain
c) Swelling in the legs and ankles
d) Increased appetite and weight gain
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
16.What is the primary purpose of administering nitroglycerin
to a patient with angina? 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) To increase heart rate and blood pressure a) Pale, cool extremities
b) To prevent blood clot formation b) Dependent edema C) To relieve chest pain by
c) Elevated blood pressure dilating blood vessels
c) To relieve chest pain by dilating blood vessels d) Bounding pulses
d) To stabilize irregular heart rhythms
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia 7
17.Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for
b) Hyponatremia
atherosclerosis? 17
c) Hypocalcemia
a) Agec) d) Hypokalemia
b) Gender
D) Highischolesterol
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention a priority? levels
c) Family history of heart disease a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) High cholesterol levels b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
18.Which of the following diagnostic tests measures the
electrical activity of the heart? 15
18
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
b) Echocardiogram
c) Cardiac catheterization A) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
d) Stress test
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
19.Which of the following is a primary cause of
coronary artery disease? 19
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) High blood pressure a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Hyperthyroidism b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure D) Atherosclerosis
c) Bacterial infection
d) Bounding pulses
d) Atherosclerosis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
20.What is the purpose of anticoagulant medication in
b) Hyponatremia
the treatment of cardiovascular disease? 20
c) Hypocalcemia
a) To lower blood pressure d) Hypokalemia
b) To dissolve blood clots C) To prevent blood clot
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) To prevent blood clot formationa) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg formation
d) To stabilize heart rhythms b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
21.Which of the following is a common side effect of
statin medications used to treat high cholesterol? 15
21
a) Weight gain
b) Increased appetite
c) Muscle pain or weakness C) Muscle pain or weakness
d) Decreased heart rate
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
22.What is the normal range for blood pressure in adults?
a) 80/50 mmHg 22
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b) 120/80 mmHg a) Pale, cool extremities
c) 140/90 mmHg b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
B) 120/80 mmHg
d) 160/100 mmHg
d) Bounding pulses

23.Which of the
A client withfollowing
heart failurecardiac enzymes
is prescribed is most
furosemide commonly
(Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
used as a marker for myocardial infarction (heart a) Hyperkalemia
attack)?
b) Hyponatremia
a) Creatinine kinase (CK) 23
c) Hypocalcemia
b) Troponin d) Hypokalemia
c) C-reactive protein (CRP)
B) Troponin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
d) D-dimer
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering
24.Which of the following conditions anticoagulant
is characterized bymedication
the as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the
heart? 15
24
a) Pericarditis
b) Aortic stenosis
c) Ventricular fibrillation A) Pericarditis
d) Myocarditis
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
25.What is the purpose of administering aspirin during
a suspected heart attack? 25
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) To reduce pain and inflammation a) Pale, cool extremities
b) To dissolve blood clots b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
B) To dissolve blood clots
c) To lower blood pressure d) Bounding pulses
d) To stabilize heart rhythms
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
26.Which of the following is a common symptom of
b) Hyponatremia
peripheral artery disease (PAD)? 26
c) Hypocalcemia
a) Chest pain d) Hypokalemia
b) Leg pain or cramping during activity B) Leg pain or cramping
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Headaches and dizziness a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg during activity
d) Shortness of breath b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
27.What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA)
node in the heart? 15
27
a) To transmit electrical signals to the ventricles
b) To regulate the heart rate
c) To carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle B) To regulate the heart rate
d) To prevent backflow of blood in the heart chambers
 Cardiovascular (Mcq) answers.
28.Which of the following is a potential complication of deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)? 28
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Stroke a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Pulmonary embolism b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
b) Pulmonary embolism
c) Migraine headaches d) Bounding pulses
d) Osteoporosis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
29.Which of the following conditions is characterized by the
b) Hyponatremia
narrowing of the coronary arteries? 29
c) Hypocalcemia
a) Atherosclerosis d) Hypokalemia
b) Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
A) Atherosclerosis
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Mitral valve prolapse a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Ventricular fibrillation b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
30.What is the purpose of administering nitrates to a patient
with angina? 15
30
a) To lower blood pressure
b) To dissolve blood clots
C) To relieve chest pain by
c) To relieve chest pain by dilating blood vessels
dilating blood vessels
d) To stabilize heart rhythms
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Purpose: Antiplatelet a)agent Pale, cool extremities
used to prevent blood clot formation, reduce the
Aspirin: b) Dependent edema
risk of heart attack or stroke. blood pressure
c) Elevated
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Purpose: Antiplatelet agent used to prevent blood clot formation, often prescribed
d) Hypokalemia
Clopidogrel:
after stent placement or in patients with a history of cardiovascular events.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Anticoagulant used to prevent blood clot formation, often administered

Heparin:
as an injection.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Simvastatin: Purpose: Statin medication used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk
b) Dependent edema
of cardiovascular events. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Purpose: Low molecular c) weight heparin used for preventing and treating
Hypocalcemia
Enoxaparin: blood clots in conditions d) such
Hypokalemia
as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary
embolism.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Oral anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood clots, often
Rivaroxaban:
prescribed for conditions like atrial fibrillation or deep vein thrombosis.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Warfarin: Purpose: Oral anticoagulant used to prevent blood clot formation, requires
b) Dependent edema
regular monitoring of c) INR levels.
Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Lisinopril: Purpose: ACE inhibitor used d) Hypokalemia
to lower blood pressure and manage heart failure.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Beta-blocker used to lower blood pressure, control heart rate, and
Metoprolol:
manage angina and heart failure.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Purpose: Diuretic used to reduce fluid retention, lower blood pressure, and
Furosemide: b) Dependent edema
manage edema in conditions c) Elevatedsuch
bloodas heart failure.
pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Purpose: Cardiac glycoside used to improve heart function and manage heart
d) Hypokalemia
Digoxin:
failure and certain arrhythmias.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Vasodilator used to relieve chest pain (angina) by dilating blood

Nitroglycerin:
vessels and improving blood flow to the heart.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Enalapril: Purpose: ACE inhibitor used to lower blood pressure, manage heart failure, and
b) Dependent edema
improve survival after a heartblood
c) Elevated attack.
pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Purpose: Calcium channel blocker used to lower blood pressure and manage
Amlodipine: d) Hypokalemia
angina.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Beta-blocker used to lower blood pressure, manage heart failure,

Carvedilol:
and improve survival after a heart attack.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Purpose: Angiotensin a) Pale, cool extremities
II receptor blocker (ARB) used to lower blood pressure
Losartan: b) Dependent edema
and manage certain types of heart failure.
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Purpose: Antiarrhythmic medication used to manage various types of cardiac
Amiodarone: d) Hypokalemia
arrhythmias.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Spironolact Purpose: Potassium-sparing diuretic used to reduce fluid retention, manage

one: edema, and improve symptoms in heart failure.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Purpose: Selective sinus node inhibitor used to lower heart rate in patients
Ivabradine: b) Dependent edema
with heart failure or angina.blood pressure
c) Elevated
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Ezetimibe: Purpose: Cholesterol absorption inhibitor used to lower LDL cholesterol levels.
d) Hypokalemia

The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Inotropic agent used to increase heart contractility in acute heart

Dobutamine:
failure or cardiac stress testing.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Purpose: Oral anticoagulant
a) Pale, coolused for the prevention and treatment of blood
extremities
Apixaban: clots, often prescribed for conditions
b) Dependent edema like atrial fibrillation or deep vein
c) Elevated blood pressure
thrombosis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Purpose: Beta-blockerc)used Hypocalcemia
to lower blood pressure, manage angina, and
Atenolol: d) Hypokalemia
prevent future heart attacks.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Purpose: Short-acting beta-blocker used for controlling heart rate and blood
Esmolol:
pressure during certain cardiac procedures or critical situations.
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Purpose: Calcium channel blocker used to lower blood pressure, control heart
Verapamil: b) Dependent edema
rate, and manage certain types
c) Elevated ofpressure
blood arrhythmias.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Purpose: Alpha-2 agonist c) Hypocalcemia
used to lower blood pressure by reducing
Clonidine: d) Hypokalemia
sympathetic activity in the body.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Isosorbide
Purpose: Vasodilator used for relieving and preventing angina symptoms.
Dinitrate:
 Cardiovascular MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Purpose: Vasodilator used to lower blood pressure by relaxing and dilating
Hydralazine: b) Dependent edema
blood vessels. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Purpose: Vasodilator used to relax and widen blood vessels, improving blood
Nicorandil: d) Hypokalemia
flow and reducing angina symptoms.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Entresto
Purpose: Combination medication used in the management of heart failure
(Sacubitril/
with reduced ejection fraction.
Valsartan):
 Common Cardiovascular Conditions:
A condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the
Coronary Artery Disease
coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle, often
(CAD):
leading to chest pain or a heart attack.

Persistent elevation of blood pressure, which puts strain on

Hypertension (High
the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart
Blood Pressure):
disease.

Heart Failure: A chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump enough
blood to meet the body's needs.
 Common Cardiovascular Conditions:

Irregular heart rhythms, including tachycardia (fast heart rate)

Arrhythmias:
and bradycardia (slow heart rate).

A condition where blood flow to the brain is disrupted, resulting

Stroke:
in brain damage and neurological deficits.

A condition characterized by narrowed arteries in the limbs,

Peripheral Artery Disease
leading to reduced blood flow, leg pain, and potential
(PAD):
complications.
Preventive Measures for Cardiovascular Health:

Emphasize a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables,

Healthy Diet:
whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.

Cholesterol Maintain healthy cholesterol levels through a nutritious

Management: diet, exercise, and medications if prescribed.

Blood
Pressure Monitor and control blood pressure levels through
Management: lifestyle modifications and medications if necessary.
Preventive Measures for Cardiovascular Health:

Regular
Engage in regular exercise to maintain cardiovascular
Physical
fitness.
Activity:

Tobacco Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand

Avoidance: smoke.

Weight Achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a

Management: combination of diet and exercise.
 Endocrine
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. These hormones serve as chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions, including
growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, mood, and more. The endocrine system works in
coordination with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis and overall physiological balance.

Hormones
Hormones
Endocrine Disorde
Key Components of the Endocrine
System
Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, the hypothalamus controls the Hormones produced by
1 the endocrine system
release of hormones from the pituitary gland by producing releasing
and inhibiting hormones. travel through the
bloodstream and bind to
Pituitary Gland: Often called the "master gland," the pituitary gland target cells or organs,
2 3
produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and other influencing their
endocrine glands. function. Examples of
hormones include
Thyroid Gland: Found in the neck, the thyroid gland produces
3 insulin, thyroid
hormones that control metabolism and energy balance.
hormones, adrenaline,
estrogen, testosterone,
and growth hormone.
Importance of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is vital for maintaining overall health and proper functioning of the body. It helps
regulate growth, metabolism, mood, sleep, sexual function, and many other physiological processes.
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
1.Which gland is responsible for regulating metabolism and
body temperature? 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Adrenal gland a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Thyroid gland b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
B) Thyroid gland
c) Pituitary gland d) Bounding pulses
d) Pancreas
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
2.Which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands and
b) Hyponatremia
helps the body respond to stress? c) Hypocalcemia
2
a) Insulin d) Hypokalemia
b) Thyroxine
C) Epinephrine
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Epinephrine a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Estrogen b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
3.Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the
anterior pituitary gland? 15
3
a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin
D) Antidiuretic hormone
c) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(ADH)
d) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
4.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by:
a) Low blood sugar levels 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b) Inadequate insulin production or a) Pale, cool extremities
resistance to insulin b) Dependent edema
B) Inadequate insulin
production or resistance to
c) Excessive production of growth hormonec) Elevated blood pressure insulin
d) Bounding pulses
d) Overactive adrenal glands
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.The primary function of insulin is to: a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
a) Regulate blood sugar levels c) Hypocalcemia
5
b) Stimulate growth and development d) Hypokalemia
c) Control metabolism and body A) Regulate blood sugar
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
temperature
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg levels
d) Promote calcium absorption b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
6.Which hormone is responsible for
regulating calcium levels in the body? 15
6
a) Insulin
b) Cortisol
c) Thyroid hormone D) Parathyroid hormone
d) Parathyroid hormone
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
7.Which gland is often referred to as the "master gland"
becauseThe
it controls the functions of other endocrine glands? 7
nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Thyroid gland a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Pituitary gland b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
B) Pituitary gland
c) Adrenal gland d) Bounding pulses
d) Pancreas
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
8.Which condition is caused by excessive production of
b) Hyponatremia
growth hormone in adulthood? c) Hypocalcemia
8
a) Cushing's syndrome d) Hypokalemia
b) Addison's disease
C) Acromegaly
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Acromegaly a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Graves' disease b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
9.Which hormone is responsible for regulating the sleep-
wake cycle? 15
9
a) Melatonin
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone A) Melatonin
d) Estrogen
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
10.Which hormone is responsible for regulating the body's
response to stress, including blood pressure and electrolyte 10
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
balance? a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Aldosterone b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
B) Cortisol
b) Cortisol
d) Bounding pulses
c) Thyroxine
d) Insulin
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
11.Which gland is responsible for the production of melatonin, a
c) Hypocalcemia
11
hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles? d) Hypokalemia
a) Adrenal gland
C) Pineal
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is agland
priority?
b) Thyroid gland
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Pineal gland b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Pancreas c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

12.Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk 15

12
production in the breasts after childbirth?
a) Prolactin
b) Estrogen A) Prolactin
c) Progesterone
d) Oxytocin
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
13.Which condition is characterized by an overactive thyroid
gland? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Hypothyroidism a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Diabetes mellitus b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
A) Hypothyroidism
c) Cushing's syndrome
d) Bounding pulses
d) Hyperthyroidism
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which hormone is responsible for regulatinga)blood Hyperkalemia
calcium
b) Hyponatremia
levels by promoting calcium absorption in the bones and
c) Hypocalcemia
14
decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys? d) Hypokalemia
a) Growth hormone
B) Parathyroid
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention hormone
is a priority?
b) Parathyroid hormone
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Follicle-stimulating hormonec)(FSH) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

15.Which gland is responsible for producing insulin, a hormone 15

15
that helps regulate blood sugar levels?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Pituitary gland C) Pancreas
c) Pancreas
d) Thyroid gland
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
16.Which hormone is responsible for regulating the
body's metabolism and energy expenditure? 16
The nurse
a) Growth hormoneis assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Insulin
b) Dependent edema
c) Thyroid hormone c) Elevated blood pressure C) Thyroid hormone
d) Cortisol d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
17.Which condition is characterized by an excess of
a) Hyperkalemia
cortisol, leading to weight gain, thinning skin, b) andHyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
17
muscle weakness?
d) Hypokalemia
a) Addison's disease
b) Hypothyroidism C) Cushing's
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention syndrome
is a priority?
c) Cushing's syndrome a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Hyperthyroidism c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
18.Which hormone is responsible for stimulating
ovulation in females? 15
18
a) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Insulin
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
19.Which gland is responsible for regulating the body's
metabolism and energy levels? 19
The nurse
a) Adrenal gland is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Pineal gland
b) Dependent edema
c) Thyroid gland c) Elevated blood pressure
C) Thyroid gland
d) Thymus gland d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
20.Which condition is characterized by an underactive a) Hyperkalemia
thyroid gland? b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
20
a) Hyperthyroidism
d) Hypokalemia
b) Cushing's syndrome
c) Diabetes mellitus D) Hypothyroidism
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
d) Hypothyroidism a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
21.Which hormone is responsible for regulating the body's
water balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels? 15
21
a) Thyroxine
b) Insulin C) Antidiuretic hormone
c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (ADH)
d) Estrogen
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
22.Which gland produces the hormone progesterone, which
plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy? 22
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pituitary gland a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Adrenal gland b) Dependent edema
C) Ovaries
c) Ovaries c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Testes
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
23.Which hormone is responsible for stimulating a) Hyperkalemia
the
b) Hyponatremia
development and maintenance of female secondary sexual
c) Hypocalcemia
23
characteristics? d) Hypokalemia
a) Progesterone
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
C) Estrogen
b) Testosterone
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Estrogen b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Oxytocin c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

24.Which condition is characterized by a deficiency of insulin, 15

24
leading to high blood sugar levels?
a) Hypothyroidism
b) Diabetes mellitus B) Diabetes mellitus
c) Cushing's syndrome
d) Hyperthyroidism
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
25.Which hormone is responsible for regulating blood sugar
levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells? 25
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Insulin
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Thyroxine b) Dependent edema
A) Insulin
c) Aldosterone c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Estrogen
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
26.Which gland is responsible for producing the hormone
a) Hyperkalemia
cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress? b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
26
a) Pituitary gland d) Hypokalemia
b) Adrenal gland
B) Adrenal
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention
c) Thyroid gland gland
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Pancreas b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging
27.Which hormone is responsible the affected
for stimulating the leg to improve circulation
development of male reproductive organs and secondary
15
27
sexual characteristics?
a) Testosterone
b) Progesterone A) Testosterone
c) Oxytocin
d) Prolactin
 Endocrine (Mcq) answers.
28.Which condition is characterized by an underactive adrenal
gland, resulting in low levels of cortisol and aldosterone? 28
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Addison's disease a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Hyperthyroidism b) Dependent edema
A) Addison's disease
c) Cushing's syndrome c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Hypothyroidism
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
29.Which hormone is responsible for stimulating a) Hyperkalemia
the release of
b) Hyponatremia
follicles in the ovaries and the production of sperm in the testes?
c) Hypocalcemia
29
a) Luteinizing hormone (LH) d) Hypokalemia
b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) D) Follicle-stimulating
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg hormone (FSH)
d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
30.Which gland is responsible for producing the hormone
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in 15
30
the body?
a) Pineal gland
b) Thyroid gland C) Parathyroid gland
c) Parathyroid gland
d) Pituitary gland
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Used to manage diabetes, a) Pale, insulin is administered to regulate blood sugar
cool extremities
Insulin: levels. It comes in variousb) Dependent
forms,edema
including rapid-acting, short-acting,
c) Elevated blood pressure
intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Levothyro This medication is a synthetic form of thyroid hormone and is commonly
d) Hypokalemia
xine: prescribed for hypothyroidism. It helps to regulate the body's metabolism.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Primarily used for type 2 diabetes, metformin helps control blood sugar levels
Metformin:
by reducing glucose production in the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
This medication is used for
a) Pale, severe
cool hypoglycemia, a condition characterized
extremities
Glucagon: by low blood sugar levels. Glucagon
b) Dependent is administered as an injection to increase
edema
blood sugar levels c) Elevated blood pressure
quickly.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Antithyroid Medications such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole are used to
d) Hypokalemia
medications treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormones.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Growth Somatropin is a synthetic form of growth hormone used to treat growth

hormone: hormone deficiency in children and adults.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Adrenal Medications like hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and prednisone are used
a) Pale, cool extremities
corticosteroi to replace or supplement adrenaledema
b) Dependent hormones in conditions such as adrenal
c) Elevated blood pressure
ds: insufficiency or Addison's disease.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
These medication Besides propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole,
c) Hypocalcemia
Anti-thyroid: radioactive iodine therapy d) Hypokalemia
(RAI) may also be used to treat hyperthyroidism by
selectively destroying thyroid tissue.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
These medications, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
Gonadotro
luteinizing hormone (LH), are used in assisted reproductive technologies such
pins:
as in vitro fertilization (IVF) to stimulate ovulation or sperm production.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Medications such asa)bromocriptine and cabergoline are used to lower
Pale, cool extremities
Prolactin
elevated levels of prolactin and manage
b) Dependent edema conditions like hyperprolactinemia
inhibitors:
and prolactinomas.c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Fludrocortisone is a mineralocorticoid
c) Hypocalcemia used to manage conditions such as
Mineralocor d) Hypokalemia
primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) and salt-losing congenital
ticoids:
adrenal hyperplasia.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Adrenal
enzyme Medications like ketoconazole and metyrapone are used to suppress cortisol
inhibitors: production in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
a) Pale, (CRH) receptor antagonists Medications like
cool extremities
(CRH): pasireotide are used to treat Cushing's
b) Dependent edema disease and decrease the production of
c) Elevated blood pressure
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Medications like flutamide and bicalutamide are used to block the effects of
c) Hypocalcemia
Anti-
androgens and are often d) prescribed
Hypokalemia in the treatment of prostate cancer or
androgens:
hirsutism.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

This hormone is sometimes used to treat hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium

Calcitonin:
in the blood) or osteoporosis.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Somatotropin-releasing hormone
a) Pale, (SRH) analogs Medications like tesamorelin
cool extremities
(SRH): are used to reduce excess abdominal
b) Dependent edemafat in patients with HIV-associated
c) Elevated blood pressure
lipodystrophy.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Medications like bromocriptine and cabergoline are used to treat
c) Hypocalcemia
Dopamine d) Hypokalemia
hyperprolactinemia, Parkinson's disease, and certain pituitary tumors.
agonists:
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Estrogen Medications like fulvestrant are used in the treatment of hormone receptor-
receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
antagonists:
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Progesteron Medications like mifepristone are used in various gynecological conditions,
a) Pale, cool extremities
e receptor including emergencyb)contraception,
Dependent edema
medical abortion, and the treatment
c) Elevated blood pressure
modulators: of certain uterine disorders.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Corticotropin-releasingc) hormone
Hypocalcemia(CRH) analogs: Medications like corticorelin
(CRH): are used to diagnose and d) Hypokalemia
differentiate between different causes of Cushing's
syndrome.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists: Medications like
(GnRH): degarelix are used in the treatment of prostate cancer to suppress the
production of testosterone.
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Medications like anastrozole andextremities
a) Pale, cool letrozole are used in the treatment of hormone
Aromatase
receptor-positive breastb)cancer Dependent edema
by blocking the enzyme aromatase, which
inhibitors: c) Elevated blood pressure
converts androgens to estrogen.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Medications like leuprolide and goserelin are used in the treatment of hormone-
c) Hypocalcemia
GnRH
dependent cancers, such as d) prostate
Hypokalemiaand breast cancer, by suppressing the
agonists:
production of sex hormones.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Androgen
Medications like enzalutamide and bicalutamide are used in the treatment of
receptor
advanced prostate cancer by blocking the effects of androgens on cancer cells.
antagonists:
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Steroid Medications like ketoconazole
a) Pale, cooland abiraterone acetate are used in the treatment
extremities
synthesis of conditions like Cushing's b) Dependent
syndrome edema
and advanced prostate cancer by
c) Elevated blood pressure
inhibitors: inhibiting the production of steroid hormones.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Vasopressin Medications like desmopressin and terlipressin are used in the treatment of
d) Hypokalemia
analogs: diabetes insipidus, bleeding disorders, and septic shock.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
Growth d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Medications like tesamorelin and sermorelin are used to stimulate the
hormone production and release of growth hormone and may be prescribed for certain
secretagog growth disorders or HIV-related lipodystrophy.
ues:
 Endocrine MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Sodium-glucose cotransporter a) Pale, cool2 extremities
(SGLT2) inhibitors Medications like canagliflozin
(SGLT2)
and empagliflozin are used b) Dependent edema
in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood
inhibitors: c) Elevated blood pressure
sugar levels by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analogs: Medications like teduglutide are used in
c) Hypocalcemia
(GLP-2)
the treatment of short bowel syndrome to improve intestinal absorption and
d) Hypokalemia
analogs:
reduce dependence on parenteral nutrition.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Serotonin Medications like cyproheptadine and methysergide are used in the treatment of
receptor serotonin syndrome and certain types of migraines.
agonists:
Preventive Measures for Endocrine Health:

Follow a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich

Balanced foods. Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and
Diet: healthy fats in your daily meals. Limit the consumption of processed
foods, sugary snacks, and beverages.

Strive to maintain a healthy body weight as obesity is associated

Maintain a
with an increased risk of endocrine disorders such as type 2
Healthy
diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic
Weight:
syndrome.

Chronic stress can have a negative impact on the endocrine

Stress system. Practice stress management techniques such as deep
Management: breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies and
activities that help you relax and unwind.
Preventive Measures for Endocrine Health:

Get an adequate amount of sleep each night. Aim for 7-9 hours of
Sleep Well: quality sleep to support proper hormone regulation and overall
health.

Limit Limit your alcohol intake and avoid excessive consumption of

Alcohol and caffeinated beverages, as they can disrupt hormone balance and
Caffeine: affect endocrine function.

Tobacco
Avoid smoking and the use of recreational drugs, as they can have
and Drug
detrimental effects on the endocrine system.
Avoidance:
Preventive Measures for Endocrine Health:

Schedule regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to

Regular monitor your overall health, including endocrine health. This
Check-ups: allows for early detection and management of any potential
endocrine disorders.

Self- Practice self-examination techniques for early detection of any

Examination changes in the breasts or testicles. Additionally, adhere to
and recommended screening guidelines for conditions such as
Screening: diabetes, thyroid disorders, and other endocrine disorders.

Protect your skin from excessive sun exposure by wearing

Sun sunscreen with a high SPF, seeking shade during peak sun hours,
Protection: and wearing protective clothing. Overexposure to the sun can
affect the production and regulation of certain hormones.
Preventive Measures for Endocrine Health:

Drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day to support

Stay
proper hydration and overall bodily functions. Dehydration can
Hydrated:
impact hormone balance and function.

Protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by

Practice practicing safe sex, including the use of barrier methods such as
Safe Sex: condoms. Certain STIs can affect reproductive hormones and
overall endocrine function.

Stay informed about the latest research, guidelines, and

Education
recommendations related to endocrine health. Attend educational
and
programs, read reputable sources, and engage in discussions with
Awareness:
healthcare professionals to enhance your knowledge and awareness.
 Antibiotics
Antibiotics are powerful medications used to treat bacterial infections. They work by inhibiting the growth or
destroying bacteria, helping the body's immune system to combat infections more effectively. Antibiotics have
been instrumental in saving countless lives since their discovery and development.

Key Points about Antibiotics Side Effects

Side Effects

Types: Antibiotics can be classified into different classes Antibiotics can have side effects,
based on their mechanism of action and target bacteria. including allergic reactions,
Common classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, gastrointestinal upset, and disturbances
tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. in the balance of natural gut bacteria.
Mode of Action: Antibiotics target specific bacterial
structures or processes, such as cell wall synthesis, Completing the Course
protein synthesis, DNA replication, and metabolism. By
disrupting these processes, antibiotics weaken or kill It's important to complete the full
bacteria. course of antibiotics as prescribed by a
Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: Antibiotics are effective healthcare provider, even if symptoms
against bacterial infections but are not effective against improve. This helps prevent the
viral infections like the common cold or flu. Viruses have development of antibiotic-resistant
different structures and life cycles compared to bacteria. bacteria and ensures complete
Prescription: Antibiotics are prescription-only eradication of the infection.
medications. A healthcare professional should determine
whether antibiotics are necessary based on the type and
severity of the infection.
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
1.Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action
for antibiotics? 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Disruption of bacterial protein synthesis b) Dependent edema D) Stimulation of bacterial
c) Elevated blood pressure growth
c) Inhibition of DNA replication
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Stimulation of bacterial growth
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
2.Which class of antibiotics is primarily used to treat
b) Hyponatremia
Gram-positive infections? c) Hypocalcemia 2
a) Aminoglycosides d) Hypokalemia
b) Tetracyclines
D) Penicillins
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Macrolides a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Penicillins b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
3.Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used
to treat urinary tract infections? 15
3
a) Amoxicillin
b) Vancomycin
c) Ciprofloxacin C) Ciprofloxacin
d) Erythromycin
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
4.Which of the following antibiotics is associated with
the risk of tendon rupture? 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Ampicillin a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Cephalexin b) Dependent edema
C) Ciprofloxacin
c) Ciprofloxacin c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Doxycycline
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.Which antibiotic should be avoided in individuals a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
with a known allergy to penicillin? c) Hypocalcemia 5
a) Ceftriaxone d) Hypokalemia
b) Azithromycin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
D) Amoxicillin
c) Levofloxacin
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Amoxicillin b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
6.Which antibiotic is commonly used as prophylaxis
before surgical procedures to prevent infections? 15
6
a) Gentamicin
b) Metronidazole
c) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole D) Cefazolin
d) Cefazolin
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
7.Which of the following antibiotics requires monitoring of renal
function due to its potential for nephrotoxicity? 7
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Erythromycin a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Vancomycin b) Dependent edema
B) Vancomycin
c) Azithromycin c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Clindamycin
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
8.Which antibiotic is typically used as the first-line a) Hyperkalemia
treatment for
b) Hyponatremia
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections?
c) Hypocalcemia
8
a) Amoxicillin d) Hypokalemia
b) Cephalexin
c) Ciprofloxacin B) Vancomycin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Vancomycin b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
9.Which antibiotic is contraindicated during pregnancy due to its
potential to cause teeth discoloration in the fetus? 15
9
a) Doxycycline
b) Azithromycin
c) Ceftriaxone A) Doxycycline
d) Clindamycin
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
10.Which class of antibiotics carries a higher risk of
causing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)? 10
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Macrolides a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Tetracyclines b) Dependent edema
C) Fluoroquinolones
c) Fluoroquinolones c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Sulfonamides
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
11.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
community-acquired pneumonia? c) Hypocalcemia
11
a) Ceftriaxone d) Hypokalemia
b) Levofloxacin
B) Levofloxacin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Clindamycin
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
12.Which class of antibiotics is known for its ototoxicity
and nephrotoxicity? 15
12
a) Aminoglycosides
b) Macrolides
c) Penicillins A) Aminoglycosides
d) Tetracyclines
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
13.Which antibiotic is commonly used for the treatment
of tuberculosis? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Rifampin
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Erythromycin b) Dependent edema
c) Amoxicillin A) Rifampin
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Ciprofloxacin d) Bounding pulses 22
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which of the following antibiotics is a beta-lactamase a) Hyperkalemia
inhibitor? b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
14
a) Amoxicillin d) Hypokalemia
b) Cephalexin
C) Clavulanate
c) Clavulanate The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Doxycycline
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
15.Which antibiotic is commonly d) Massaging
used the affected leg to improve circulation
to treat
Clostridium difficile infection?
a) Vancomycin
15
15
b) Azithromycin
c) Ciprofloxacin D) Metronidazole
d) Metronidazole
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
16.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat acne
vulgaris? 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Gentamicin
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Ampicillin b) Dependent edema
c) Minocycline C) Minocycline
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Ceftriaxone d) Bounding pulses 22
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
17.Which of the following antibiotics can cause aa) Hyperkalemia
potentially life-threatening allergic reaction known b) Hyponatremia
as
c) Hypocalcemia
17
anaphylaxis? d) Hypokalemia
a) Azithromycin
b) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole D) Penicillin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Erythromycin
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Penicillin c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
18.Which antibiotic is commonly used for the
treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection?
15
18
a) Doxycycline
b) Levofloxacin C) Metronidazole
c) Metronidazole
d) Ceftriaxone
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
22.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat methicillin-
sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections? 22
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Vancomycin a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Amoxicillin b) Dependent edema
B) Amoxicillin
c) Ciprofloxacin c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Clindamycin
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
23.Which of the following antibiotics is commonly a) Hyperkalemia
used to
b) Hyponatremia
treat Helicobacter pylori infection in combination c) Hypocalcemia
23
therapy? d) Hypokalemia
a) Amoxicillin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
D) Metronidazole
b) Ciprofloxacin
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Azithromycin b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Metronidazole c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

24.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat Lyme 15

24
disease?
a) Doxycycline
b) Gentamicin A) Doxycycline
c) Cephalexin
d) Erythromycin
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
25.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat
uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women? 25
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Azithromycin b) Dependent edema A) Trimethoprim-
c) Elevated blood pressure sulfamethoxazole
c) Clindamycin d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Ceftriaxone
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
26.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat
b) Hyponatremia
infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa? c) Hypocalcemia
26
a) Ciprofloxacin d) Hypokalemia
b) Amoxicillin
A) Ciprofloxacin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Vancomycin a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Erythromycin b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
27.Which of the following antibiotics is a
glycopeptide antibiotic? 15
27
a) Ampicillin
b) Cephalexin
c) Vancomycin C) Vancomycin
d) Levofloxacin
 Antibiotics (Mcq) answers.
28.Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat
uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections? 28
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Doxycycline a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Clindamycin b) Dependent edema
B) Clindamycin
c) Cefazolin c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Azithromycin
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
29.Which of the following antibiotics is commonly a) Hyperkalemia
used to
b) Hyponatremia
treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections? c) Hypocalcemia
29
a) Rifampin d) Hypokalemia
b) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
D) Erythromycin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Levofloxacin
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Erythromycin b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
30.Which class of antibiotics is known to inhibit protein
synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit? 15
30
a) Aminoglycosides
b) Tetracyclines
c) Macrolides C) Macrolides
d) Sulfonamides
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Penicillins, such as amoxicillin
a) Pale, cooland ampicillin, are often prescribed for a wide
extremities
Penicillins: range of bacterial infections. They work
b) Dependent edemaby inhibiting the formation of the
bacterial cell wall. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Cephalosporins, such as cephalexin and ceftriaxone, are another class of
c) Hypocalcemia
Cephalospor
antibiotics frequently used d) in nursing. They are effective against various types of
Hypokalemia
ins:
bacterial infections and work by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, are
Macrolides: commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually
transmitted infections. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Tetracycline antibiotics, suchcool
a) Pale, as doxycycline
extremities and minocycline, are often
Tetracyclines: prescribed for acne, respiratory
b) Dependenttract infections, and some sexually transmitted
edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
infections. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Aminoglycosides, such asc)gentamicin
Hypocalcemia and amikacin, are often used to treat severe
Aminoglyco
d) Hypokalemia
bacterial infections, particularly those caused by gram-negative bacteria. They
sides:
work by disrupting protein synthesis in the bacteria.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Carbapenems, including meropenem and imipenem, are broad-spectrum antibiotics
Carbapenems: used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including complicated urinary tract
infections, intra-abdominal infections, and pneumonia. They inhibit bacterial cell
wall synthesis.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Glycopeptides, such asa)vancomycin, are primarily used to treat serious infections
Pale, cool extremities
Glycopeptides: caused by gram-positiveb)bacteria,Dependentincluding
edema methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA). They c) Elevated blood pressure
interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Lincosamides, such as clindamycin,
c) Hypocalcemiaare commonly prescribed for skin and soft
Lincosamides: d) Hypokalemia
tissue infections, dental infections, and certain respiratory tract infections. They
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic frequently used for urinary tract infections caused
Nitrofurans: by susceptible organisms. It works by damaging bacterial DNA and inhibiting
various bacterial enzymes.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic
a) Pale, cool used for the treatment of certain multidrug-
extremities
Oxazolidino
resistant gram-positiveb) Dependent
bacterial edema
infections, including MRSA and vancomycin-
nes: c) Elevated blood pressure
resistant enterococci (VRE). It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic that is primarily used to treat infections
c) Hypocalcemia
Monobacta d) Hypokalemia
caused by gram-negative bacteria. It is often used in patients with allergies to
ms:
penicillins or cephalosporins.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic used to treat complicated skin and
Cyclic
soft tissue infections, as well as bloodstream infections caused by certain gram-
Lipopeptides:
positive bacteria, including MRSA.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Rifampin is a rifamycin antibiotic
a) Pale, commonly used in combination with other
cool extremities
Rifamycins: antibiotics to treat tuberculosis
b) Dependent(TB)edema
and certain other infections. It works by
c) Elevated blood pressure
inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Polymyxins, such as polymyxin B and colistin, are antibiotics used to treat severe
c) Hypocalcemia
Polypeptides: d) Hypokalemia
infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. They disrupt
bacterial cell membranes.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Fosfomycin is an antibiotic used for urinary tract infections, particularly
Fosfomycin: uncomplicated infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It interferes with bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Tigecycline is a glycylcycline antibiotic
a) Pale, cool used to treat complicated skin and soft
extremities
Glycylcycli tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections, and certain respiratory tract
b) Dependent edema
nes: infections. It inhibitsc)bacterial
Elevated blood pressure
protein synthesis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic used for skin and soft tissue infections, as
Lipopeptides: d) Hypokalemia
well as bloodstream infections caused by certain gram-positive bacteria.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
In addition to linezolid, there is another oxazolidinone antibiotic called tedizolid.
Oxazolidino
It is used for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by
nes:
susceptible gram-positive bacteria.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Cephamyci Cefoxitin and cefotetan are examples of cephamycins. They are used for the
b) Dependent edema
ns: treatment of intra-abdominal infections
c) Elevated blood pressureand pelvic inflammatory disease.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a streptogramin antibiotic used for certain skin and
c) Hypocalcemia
Streptogra
soft tissue infections caused d) Hypokalemia
by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, including
mins:
MRSA.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic used to treat various infections,
Nitroimidaz
including bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain protozoal infections.
oles:
It works by interfering with bacterial and protozoal DNA synthesis.
 Antibiotics MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Colistimethate sodium and polymyxin
a) Pale, B are polymyxin antibiotics used for the
cool extremities
Polymyxins: treatment of multidrug-resistant
b) Dependentgram-negative
edema bacterial infections,
c) Elevated blood pressure
particularly in the respiratory tract.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Glycopeptides/Lipoglycopeptides Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used
c) Hypocalcemia
(G/L): for the treatment of various d) Hypokalemia
infections caused by gram-positive bacteria,
including MRSA.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Carbapenem/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations:
(C/B-L.I.C): Avibactam/cilastatin/meropenem is a combination antibiotic used for the
treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary
tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria.
Preventive Measures for ANTIBIOTICS Health:

Staying up to date with vaccinations can help prevent certain

infections and reduce the need for antibiotics. Vaccines can provide
Vaccination:
immunity against bacterial and viral infections, such as influenza,
pneumonia, and pertussis.

Follow proper infection control practices to prevent the

Infection transmission of infections in healthcare settings, including hospitals
Control: and clinics. This includes adhering to protocols for disinfection,
sterilization, and the use of personal protective equipment.

Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a healthcare professional

Proper
and always follow the prescribed dosage and duration. Avoid
Antibiotic
sharing antibiotics or using leftover antibiotics from previous
Use:
treatments.
Preventive Measures for ANTIBIOTICS Health:

Support antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the

Antibiotic responsible use of antibiotics. These programs aim to optimize
Stewardship: antibiotic prescribing practices, reduce unnecessary antibiotic use,
and educate healthcare professionals and patients

Take steps to prevent infections in the first place. This includes

Preventing practicing safe food handling, maintaining good hygiene, getting
Infections: vaccinated, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have
contagious illnesses.

Stay informed about the appropriate use of antibiotics, the risks of

Education
antibiotic resistance, and preventive measures. Educate yourself and
and
others about the importance of using antibiotics judiciously and
Awareness:
following preventive measures to reduce the spread of infections.
 Types of Antibiotics:

Penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin)

Cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin, ceftriaxone)

Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, azithromycin)

Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)

Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline)

Sulfonamides (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)

Respiratory
The respiratory system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. It plays a vital role in supplying oxygen to the
body's cells and expelling waste carbon dioxide.

Key Components of the Respiratory System Breathing Process

Nose and Mouth: Air enters the body through the nose or mouth, Inhalation (Inspiration): The
where it is filtered, humidified, and warmed before reaching the diaphragm contracts and moves
lungs. downward, while the intercostal
Trachea (Windpipe): The trachea is a tube that connects the nose muscles between the ribs also
and mouth to the lungs. It contains rings of cartilage that keep it contract, expanding the chest
open and prevent collapse. cavity. This creates negative
Lungs: The lungs are two spongy organs responsible for gas pressure, causing air to rush into
exchange. They contain bronchial tubes that branch into smaller the lungs.
airways called bronchioles, which lead to clusters of air sacs
called alveoli. Exhalation (Expiration): The
Alveoli: Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen from diaphragm relaxes and moves
inhaled air enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the upward, while the intercostal
blood is released into the air to be exhaled. muscles relax, decreasing the
Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a muscle located beneath the lungs chest cavity's volume. This
that contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing. When it creates positive pressure,
contracts, the volume of the chest cavity increases, drawing air pushing air out of the lungs
into the lungs.
Respiratory

Gas Exchange Importance of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into essential for delivering oxygen to
the bloodstream through the alveoli, body tissues and removing carbon
binding to red blood cells and being dioxide, supporting cellular
transported throughout the body. metabolism and maintaining acid-
Carbon dioxide, a waste product of base balance. It also plays a role in
cellular metabolism, diffuses from the vocalization and regulation of pH
bloodstream into the alveoli to be levels.
exhaled.

In short, the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange

Respiratory Disorders of oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensuring the body's cells receive
oxygen for energy production while eliminating waste carbon
Common respiratory disorders
dioxide.
include asthma (chronic
inflammation of the airways),
chronic obstructive pulmonary Control of Breathing
disease (COPD, including conditions
like emphysema and chronic Breathing is regulated by the respiratory centers in the brainstem,
bronchitis), pneumonia (lung primarily the medulla oblongata. These centers respond to the levels of
infection), and lung cancer. oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to maintain proper gas
exchange.
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
1.Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory
disorderThe
characterized by reversible airflow 1
nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
obstruction and bronchospasm? a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) b) Dependent edema
B) Asthma
c) Elevated blood pressure
b) Asthma d) Bounding pulses 22
c) Pneumonia
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
d) Tuberculosis
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
2.Which of the following is a risk factor for c) Hypocalcemia
2
developing pneumonia? d) Hypokalemia
a) Smoking
A) Smoking
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Sedentary lifestyle a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) High-fiber diet b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Regular exercise
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

3.What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis? 15

3
a) Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae
b) Exposure to environmental pollutants
B) Exposure to
c) Genetic predisposition
environmental pollutants
d) Pulmonary embolism
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
4.Which of the following is a common
symptom of acute respiratory distress 4
The nurse
syndrome (ARDS)? is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Cyanosis b) Dependent edema
A) Cyanosis
b) Bradycardia c) Elevated blood pressure
c) Hypertension d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Decreased respiratory rate
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
5.Which of the following is a diagnostic test b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
5
used to confirm the presence of tuberculosis d) Hypokalemia
(TB)?
A) Sputum
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention
a) Sputum culture culture
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Chest X-ray
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Pulmonary function test c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Arterial blood gas analysis d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

6.What is the primary cause of emphysema?

15
6
a) Exposure to asbestos
b) Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke B) Chronic inhalation
c) Bacterial infection of cigarette smoke
d) Autoimmune disorder
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
7.Which of the following is the most effective way to
prevent the spread of respiratory infections? 7
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Hand hygiene a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Wearing a mask b) Dependent edema
A) Hand hygiene
c) Social distancing c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Vaccination
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
8.Which of the following medications is commonly a) Hyperkalemia
used
b) Hyponatremia
for the management of asthma? c) Hypocalcemia
8
a) Acetaminophen d) Hypokalemia
b) Aspirin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
C) Albuterol
c) Albuterol
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Ibuprofen b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
9.What is the purpose of pursed-lip breathing technique
in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 15
9
(COPD)?
a) To promote carbon dioxide retention
C) To reduce dyspnea and
b) To increase respiratory rate
improve oxygenation
c) To reduce dyspnea and improve oxygenation
d) To enhance cough effectiveness
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
10.What is the normal range for arterial partial
pressure of oxygen (PaO2)? 10
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) 60-80 mmHg
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) 80-100 mmHg b) Dependent edema
B) 80-100 mmHg
c) 100-120 mmHg c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) 120-140 mmHg
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
11.Which of the following conditions is a) Hyperkalemia
characterized by the collapse of a portion or theb) Hyponatremia 11
c) Hypocalcemia
entire lung? d) Hypokalemia
a) Pneumothorax
D) Atelectasis
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Pleural effusion
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Pulmonary embolism b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Atelectasis c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

12.Which of the following is a common symptom of

15
12
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
b) Wheezing B) Wheezing
c) Pleuritic chest pain
d) Productive cough with green sputum
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
13.What is the primary cause of community-acquired
pneumonia? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Influenza virus a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis b) Dependent edema D) Streptococcus
c) Staphylococcus aureus c) Elevated blood pressure pneumoniae
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which of the following is a noninvasive method a) Hyperkalemia
of
b) Hyponatremia
measuring oxygen saturation in arterial blood? c) Hypocalcemia 14
a) Pulse oximetry d) Hypokalemia
b) Arterial blood gas analysis
c) Chest X-ray A) Pulse
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention oximetry
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Spirometry b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
15.Which of the following is a common side effect of
long-term corticosteroid use in the management of 15
15
asthma?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Weight gain B) Weight gain
c) Hypertension
d) Peripheral neuropathy
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
16.What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
a) Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b) Exposure to asbestos a) Pale, cool extremities
c) Viral or bacterial infection b) Dependent edema C) Viral or bacterial
d) Lung cancer c) Elevated blood pressure infection
d) Bounding pulses 22
17.Which of the
A client withfollowing isisaprescribed
heart failure potentialfurosemide
complication
(Lasix).of
Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
untreated obstructive sleep apnea? a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
a) Hypertension c) Hypocalcemia
17
b) Anemia d) Hypokalemia
c) Osteoporosis
d) Hyperthyroidism A) Hypertension
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering
18.Which of the following diagnostic anticoagulant
tests is used to medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
evaluate lung function and diagnose respiratory
conditions? 15
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 18
b) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
D) Pulmonary function
c) Bronchoscopy
test (PFT)
d) Pulmonary function test (PFT)
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
19.What is the purpose of incentive spirometry in
postoperative patients? 19
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) To prevent atelectasis and promote lung expansion
a) Pale, cool extremities A) To prevent atelectasis
b) To assess cardiac function b) Dependent edema
and promote lung
c) To administer inhaled medications c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
expansion
d) To measure oxygen saturation
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
20.Which of the following is an airborne diseasea)caused by the
Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis? 20
c) Hypocalcemia
a) Influenza d) Hypokalemia
b) Legionnaires' disease
The nursecough) D) Tuberculosis
is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority? (TB)
c) Pertussis (whooping
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Tuberculosis (TB) b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging
21.Which of the following conditions the affectedby
is characterized leg to improve circulation

inflammation and narrowing of the airways, excessive mucus

15
21
production, and chronic cough?
a) Chronic bronchitis
b) Pulmonary embolism A) Chronic bronchitis
c) Pneumothorax
d) Pulmonary fibrosis
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
22.Which of the following is the primary
risk factor for the development of lung 22
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
cancer? a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Family history of lung cancer b) Dependent edema D) Cigarette smoking
b) Chronic exposure to asbestos c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
c) Occupational exposure to radiation
d) Cigarette
A clientsmoking
with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
23.Which of the following is a common c) Hypocalcemia
23
symptom of pleural effusion? d) Hypokalemia
a) Hemoptysis
B) Dyspnea
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Dyspnea
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Clubbing of the fingers b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Wheezing c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

24.Which of the following is a common 15

24
complication of pneumonia?
a) Hypotension
b) Hypoglycemia C) Pulmonary edema
c) Pulmonary edema
d) Hypernatremia
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
25.Which of the following is an example of a
restrictive lung disease? 25
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
a) Pale, cool extremities
(COPD) b) Dependent edema
C) Pulmonary fibrosis
b) Asthma c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses 22
c) Pulmonary fibrosis
d) Emphysema
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
26.What is the primary cause of cystic fibrosis? b) Hyponatremia 26
c) Hypocalcemia
a) Genetic mutation d) Hypokalemia
b) Chronic exposure to air pollution
A) Genetic
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention
c) Smoking tobacco mutation
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Pulmonary embolism b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
27.Which of the following is a common
symptom of acute respiratory distress
15
27
syndrome (ARDS)?
a) Hypoxemia
b) Bradycardia A) Hypoxemia
c) Peripheral cyanosis
d) Decreased respiratory rate
 Respiratory (Mcq) answers.
28.Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to
evaluate the presence of obstructive sleep apnea? 28
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG) a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Sleep study (polysomnography) b) Dependent edema B) Sleep study
c) Pulmonary function test (PFT) c) Elevated blood pressure (polysomnography)
d) Bounding pulses 22
d) Chest X-ray
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
29.What is the primary treatment modality for aa)tension Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
pneumothorax? c) Hypocalcemia
29
a) Administration of antibiotics d) Hypokalemia
b) Thoracentesis
C) Insertion
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention of a chest tube
is a priority?
c) Insertion of a chest tube a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Bronchoscopy b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
30.Which of the following conditions is characterized by
the collapse of the alveoli and impaired gas exchange? 15
30
a) Pneumonia
b) Pulmonary embolism
c) Atelectasis C) Atelectasis
d) Pleural effusion
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
These medications help relax
a) Pale, cool the muscles around the airways, allowing them to
extremities
Bronchodila open up and making breathingb) Dependent easier.
edemaThey are commonly used in conditions
tors: such as asthma andc)chronic Elevated blood pressure
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
These medications help reduce inflammation in the airways, making breathing
c) Hypocalcemia
Corticostero
easier. They are often usedd)in Hypokalemia
the treatment of asthma and COPD exacerbations.
ids:
Corticosteroids can be taken orally, inhaled, or given through injections.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
These medications are used to relieve symptoms caused by allergies, such as hay
Antihistami
fever or allergic rhinitis. They work by blocking the effects of histamine, a
nes:
chemical released by the immune system during an allergic reaction.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
These medications help a) loosen
Pale, cooland thin mucus in the airways, making it easier
extremities
Expectorants: to cough up. They are commonly b) Dependent edema
used in conditions such as bronchitis and chest
c) Elevated blood pressure
congestion.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
If a respiratory infection is c) caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed to
Hypocalcemia
Antibiotics: d) Hypokalemia
treat the infection. It's important to note that antibiotics are ineffective against
viral infections, such as the common cold or most cases of bronchitis.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
In certain cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat specific viral
Antivirals: respiratory infections, such as influenza (flu). These medications work by
inhibiting the replication of the virus.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
These medications area)used Pale,to break
cool down and thin mucus, making it easier to
extremities
Mucolytics: cough up. They are often b) prescribed
Dependent edemafor conditions such as cystic fibrosis or
chronic bronchitis. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
These medications help reduce inflammation in the airways by blocking the
c) Hypocalcemia
Leukotriene d) Hypokalemia
action of leukotrienes, which are substances involved in the inflammatory
modifiers:
process. They are primarily used in the treatment of asthma.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
These medications help prevent the release of inflammatory substances from
Mast cell
mast cells, reducing the symptoms of asthma and allergies. They are often used
stabilizers:
as maintenance therapy in asthma.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
In cases of severe respiratory distress
a) Pale, cool or low oxygen levels, supplemental oxygen
extremities
Oxygen
may be administered. Oxygen therapy
b) Dependent edemainvolves the use of oxygen delivered
therapy:
through nasal prongs,c)aElevated
mask, blood pressure
or other devices to help improve oxygenation.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Certain respiratory conditions, such as severe asthma or autoimmune disorders
c) Hypocalcemia
Immunomo
affecting the lungs, may require d) Hypokalemia
immunomodulatory medications. These drugs
dulators:
help regulate the immune response and reduce inflammation.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

These medications help suppress or relieve coughing. They can be used in

Antitussives:
conditions where coughing is persistent or disruptive.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Anticholine These medications help relax the airway muscles and reduce mucus production,
b) Dependent edema
rgics: thereby improving airflow. They
c) Elevated arepressure
blood commonly used in the treatment of COPD.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
In cases where fluid retention is causing respiratory symptoms, diuretics may
Diuretics: d) Hypokalemia
be prescribed to help eliminate excess fluid from the body and reduce edema.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
In some cases, respiratory infections caused by fungi may require antifungal
Antifungals: medications. These medications can help treat conditions like fungal pneumonia or
aspergillosis.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?

Prostacyclin These medications area)used Pale, cool extremities

in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
b) Dependent edema
Analogues: They help dilate the blood vessels
c) Elevated inpressure
blood the lungs and improve blood flow.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Antimuscar These medications help relax the airway muscles and reduce bronchoconstriction.
d) Hypokalemia
inics: They are commonly used in the treatment of COPD.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
In some cases, medications or treatments may be used to improve oxygenation. For
Oxygenation
example, prostaglandins such as alprostadil can be used to maintain the patency of
agents:
the ductus arteriosus in newborns with certain congenital heart defects.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
In premature infants with respiratory
a) Pale, distress syndrome (RDS), synthetic
cool extremities
Pulmonary
pulmonary surfactant can be administered
b) Dependent edema to improve lung function and prevent
surfactant: c) Elevated blood pressure
respiratory complications.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Monoclonal Certain monoclonal antibody therapies may be used in specific respiratory
d) Hypokalemia
antibodies: conditions.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Cough
These medications are used to alleviate coughing symptoms when they are
suppressan
persistent or disruptive.
ts:
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
These medications block thecool
a) Pale, action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory
extremities
Antileukot
b) Dependentsuch
mediators involved in conditions edemaas asthma. They help reduce inflammation
rienes: c) Elevated blood pressure
and improve airflow.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
These medications help reduce fever, which can be a symptom of respiratory
c) Hypocalcemia
Antipyretics: infections. Common antipyretics include acetaminophen (paracetamol) and
d) Hypokalemia
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) LAMAs are bronchodilators that help

(LAMAs):
relax the airway muscles, improving airflow in conditions such as COPD.
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Combination inhalers a) contain
Pale, coola combination
extremities of different medications to provide
Combination b) Dependent
both long-acting bronchodilation edema
and anti-inflammatory effects. They are often
inhalers: c) Elevated blood pressure
used for maintenance therapy in asthma and COPD.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Methylxanthines are a group of medications that help relax the airway muscles
c) Hypocalcemia
Methylxant d) Hypokalemia
and open up the airways. They are primarily used in the treatment of severe
hines:
asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
Proton d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
PPIs are medications that reduce the production of stomach acid. They are
Pump
sometimes prescribed in respiratory conditions where acid reflux or
Inhibitors
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) contributes to respiratory symptoms.
(PPIs):
 Respiratory MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Beta-agonists are bronchodilators that help relax the muscles of the airways,
a) Pale, cool extremities
Beta-
making breathing easier. b) They are commonly
Dependent edema used in conditions such as asthma
agonists: c) Elevated blood pressure
and COPD.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
In certain respiratory conditions, such as primary immunodeficiency disorders,
c) Hypocalcemia
Immunoglob d) Hypokalemia
intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy may be administered to boost the
ulins:
immune system and prevent respiratory infections.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs): LTRAs work by blocking the action of
(LTRAs): leukotrienes, which are inflammatory substances involved in respiratory conditions
such as asthma. They help reduce inflammation and improve symptoms.
 Common Respiratory Disorders:
A chronic condition characterized by airway inflammation,
Asthma:
bronchoconstriction, and wheezing.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A group of progressive lung

(COPD): diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which cause
airflow limitation.

An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or

Pneumonia:
fungi, leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli.

An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

Tuberculosis (TB):
primarily affecting the lungs but can also involve other organs.

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by a

Pulmonary Embolism:
blood clot that has traveled from elsewhere in the body.

Inadequate gas exchange due to dysfunction of the respiratory

Respiratory Failure:
system, often caused by severe lung disease or trauma.
 Neurology
Neurology:

Neurology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related
to the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex network of cells and tissues that coordinate and
regulate bodily functions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Treatment
Key Aspects of Neurology Treatment approaches for
neurological disorders include
Central Nervous System (CNS): The CNS includes the brain and spinal medication, physical therapy,
cord. It processes sensory information, controls voluntary and surgery, and lifestyle
involuntary actions, and is responsible for cognition, memory, and modifications. Management
emotion. aims to alleviate symptoms,
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The PNS comprises nerves that slow disease progression, and
connect the CNS to the rest of the body. It controls movements and improve patients' quality of
sensations and includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. life.
Neurons: Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals in
the form of nerve impulses. They communicate with each other through Neurological disorders
synapses, where signals are transmitted using neurotransmitters. present unique
Neurological Disorders: Neurological disorders can arise from various challenges due to the
causes, including genetics, infections, trauma, autoimmune responses, complexity of the
and degenerative processes. Common neurological disorders include nervous system and the
epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain's intricate
stroke. connections.
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
1.Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling
voluntary movements, balance, and coordination? 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Cerebrum a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Cerebellum b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure B) Cerebellum
c) Brainstem
d) Bounding pulses
d) Thalamus
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
2.Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated a) Hyperkalemia
with the
b) Hyponatremia
transmission of signals between neurons in thec)central Hypocalcemia
2
nervous system? d) Hypokalemia
a) Serotonin
D) Glutamate
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Dopamine
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Acetylcholine b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Glutamate c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

3.Which condition is characterized by the loss of memory and 15

3
cognitive function, typically associated with aging?
a) Alzheimer's disease
b) Parkinson's disease A) Alzheimer's disease
c) Multiple sclerosis
d) Epilepsy
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
4.Which of the following is a common symptom of a
stroke? 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Seizures a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Muscle weakness or paralysis b) Dependent edema B) Muscle weakness
c) Tremors c) Elevated blood pressure
or paralysis
d) Bounding pulses
d) Hallucinations
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.What is the primary cause of multiple sclerosis a) Hyperkalemia
(MS)?
b) Hyponatremia
a) Genetic factors c) Hypocalcemia
5
b) Viral infection d) Hypokalemia
c) Traumatic brain injury D) Autoimmune
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
d) Autoimmune response response
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
6.Which neurological disorder c)
isAdministering
characterized anticoagulant
by medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to
recurrent seizures? 15
6
a) Parkinson's disease
b) Epilepsy
c) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) B) Epilepsy
d) Huntington's disease
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
7.What is the main function of the
meninges? 7
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Producing cerebrospinal fluid a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Protecting the brain and spinal cord b) Dependent edema B) Protecting the brain
c) Transmitting nerve impulses c) Elevated blood pressure and spinal cord
d) Bounding pulses
d) Regulating body temperature
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
8.Which part of the nervous system is a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
responsible for the "fight or flight" c) Hypocalcemia
8
response in stressful situations? d) Hypokalemia
a) Sympathetic nervous system A) Sympathetic nervous
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Parasympathetic nervous system system
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Autonomic nervous system b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Somatic nervous system c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

9.Which neurotransmitter deficiency is 15

9
associated with Parkinson's disease?
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin A) Dopamine
c) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
d) Glutamate
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
10.What is the main symptom of Bell's palsy?
a) Muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of 10
The
the face nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities A) Muscle weakness or
b) Memory loss and cognitive decline b) Dependent edema
c) Difficulty with balance and coordination c) Elevated blood pressure paralysis on one side of
d) Chronic pain in the extremities d) Bounding pulses the face

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
11.Which condition is characterized by sudden, a) Hyperkalemia
severe headaches, often described as the "worst b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
11
headache of my life"?
d) Hypokalemia
a) Migraine
D) Subarachnoid
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Cluster headache
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg hemorrhage
c) Tension headache
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Subarachnoid hemorrhage c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
12.Which cranial nerve is responsible for
controlling eye movements?
15
12
a) Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)
b) Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) A) Cranial nerve III
c) Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) (oculomotor nerve)
d) Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
13.Which of the following is a common symptom of
peripheral neuropathy? 13
The nurse is
a) Muscle weakness assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Difficulty with balance and coordination b) Dependent edema C) Tingling or numbness
c) Tingling or numbness in extremities c) Elevated blood pressure in extremities
d) Memory loss and cognitive decline d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which part of the nervous system is responsible for
a) Hyperkalemia
transmitting sensory information from the body b) Hyponatremia
to the
c) Hypocalcemia
14
brain?
d) Hypokalemia
a) Central nervous system
B) Peripheral
b) Peripheral The
nervous system
nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
nervous system
c) Autonomic nervous system a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Somatic nervous system c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
15.Which condition is characterized by chronic,
widespread pain, tenderness, and fatigue? 15
15
a) Fibromyalgia
b) Multiple sclerosis
A) Fibromyalgia
c) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
d) Huntington's disease
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
16.What is the primary symptom of myasthenia gravis?
a) Muscle weakness that worsens with activity 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b) Tremors and involuntary movements a) Pale, cool extremities
c) Difficulty with speech and swallowing b) Dependent edema A) Muscle weakness that
d) Memory loss and confusion c) Elevated blood pressure worsens with activity
d) Bounding pulses

17.Which imaging
A client technique
with heart failure is is commonly
prescribed used to
furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
diagnose brain tumors and evaluate brain structure a) Hyperkalemia
and
b) Hyponatremia
function? c) Hypocalcemia
17
a) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d) Hypokalemia
b) Computed tomography (CT) scan A) Magnetic resonance
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Electroencephalogram (EEG) imaging (MRI)
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan the affected leg on a pillow
b) Elevating
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
18.Which condition is characterized by the degeneration
of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and 15
18
paralysis?
a) Alzheimer's disease
D) Amyotrophic lateral
b) Parkinson's disease
sclerosis (ALS)
c) Multiple sclerosis
d) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
19.Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation
and is commonly targeted in the treatment of depression? 19
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Dopamine a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Serotonin b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure B) Serotonin
c) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
d) Bounding pulses
d) Glutamate
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
20.What is the main symptom of trigeminal neuralgia? a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
a) Severe facial pain c) Hypocalcemia
20
b) Muscle weakness or paralysis d) Hypokalemia
c) Difficulty with balance and coordination
A) Severe
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention facial pain
is a priority?
d) Memory loss and cognitive decline
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering
21.Which condition is characterized anticoagulant medication as prescribed
by the progressive
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
degeneration of the motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain,
leading to muscle weakness and loss of voluntary movement? 15
21
a) Alzheimer's disease
b) Parkinson's disease
D) Amyotrophic lateral
c) Multiple sclerosis
sclerosis (ALS)
d) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
22.Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating
vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood 22
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
pressure? a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Cerebrum b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure C) Brainstem
b) Cerebellum
d) Bounding pulses
c) Brainstem
d) Thalamus
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
23.Which of the following is a common symptom of a
c) Hypocalcemia
23
migraine headache? d) Hypokalemia
a) Intense, throbbing pain on one side of the head A) Intense, throbbing pain
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Stiff neck and sensitivity to light on one side of the head
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Muscle weakness and tremors b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Difficulty with balance and coordination
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

24.Which condition is characterized by the progressive loss 15

24
of memory, thinking, and reasoning abilities?
a) Alzheimer's disease
b) Parkinson's disease A) Alzheimer's disease
c) Multiple sclerosis
d) Epilepsy
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
25.Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with
the regulation of sleep, mood, and appetite? 25
The
a) Serotoninnurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Dopamine b) Dependent edema
c) Acetylcholine c) Elevated blood pressure A) Serotonin
d) Glutamate d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
26.What is the main symptom of Guillain-Barréa) Hyperkalemia
syndrome? b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
26
a) Muscle weakness and paralysis starting in the legs
d) Hypokalemia
b) Memory loss and cognitive decline
A) Muscle weakness and
c) Tremors andThe nurse is caring
involuntary for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
movements
paralysis starting in the legs
d) Chronic pain in the extremities a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
27.Which imaging technique is commonly
d) Massagingused to
the affected leg to improve circulation
diagnose and monitor the progression of multiple
sclerosis? 15
27
a) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b) Computed tomography (CT) scan A) Magnetic resonance
c) Electroencephalogram (EEG) imaging (MRI)
d) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
 Neurology (Mcq) answers.
28.Which condition is characterized by abnormal
involuntary movements, including jerking, twisting, and 28
The nurse
writhing motions? is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
a) Parkinson's disease b) Dependent edema C) Huntington's
b) Epilepsy c) Elevated blood pressure
disease
c) Huntington's disease d) Bounding pulses

d) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
29.Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling facial
c) Hypocalcemia
29
expressions, taste sensations, and tear production?
d) Hypokalemia
a) Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve)
C) Cranial nerve VII
b) Cranial nerveThe nurse is caringnerve)
V (trigeminal for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
(facial nerve)
c) Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
30.What is the main symptom of a transient ischemic
attack (TIA), often referred to as a "mini-stroke"? 15
30
a) Sudden, temporary loss of consciousness
B) Muscle weakness or
b) Muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
paralysis on one side of
c) Chronic pain in the extremities the body
d) Memory loss and cognitive decline
 Neurology MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Levetiracetam is an antiepileptic drug (AED) used to manage seizures in
a) Pale, cool extremities
Levetiracet patients with epilepsy.b)It is available
Dependent edemain both oral and intravenous
am: formulations. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
L- L-dopa combined with carbidopa is a medication used in the management of
c) Hypocalcemia
dopa / Parkinson's disease. It helps d) Hypokalemia
to alleviate symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and
Carbidopa: bradykinesia.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor commonly used in the treatment of

Rivastigmine:
Alzheimer's disease. It helps to improve cognitive function and memory.
 Neurology MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Sumatriptan is a medication used
a) Pale, cool for the acute treatment of migraines. It helps to
extremities
Sumatriptan: relieve the pain and associated
b) Dependentsymptoms
edema of migraines, such as nausea and
c) Elevated blood pressure
sensitivity to light and sound.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Baclofen is a muscle relaxant commonly prescribed for patients with spasticity,
c) Hypocalcemia
Baclofen: such as those with multiple d) Hypokalemia
sclerosis or spinal cord injuries. It helps to reduce
muscle stiffness and spasms.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
henytoin is an antiepileptic drug used to treat and prevent seizures. It is
Phenytoin: commonly administered in the management of status epilepticus or as long-term
maintenance therapy for epilepsy.
 Neurology MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor
a) Pale, cool used in the treatment of Alzheimer's
extremities
Donepezil: disease. It helps to improve cognitive
b) Dependent function, memory, and overall functioning in
edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
patients with the condition.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Gabapentin is an antiepileptic medication that is also used for managing
c) Hypocalcemia
Gabapentin: neuropathic pain. It can be d)prescribed
Hypokalemia for patients with conditions such as diabetic

neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia.

The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist used in the treatment of moderate to
Memantine: severe Alzheimer's disease. It helps to improve cognitive function and slow down
the progression of symptoms.
 Neurology MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Primarily used for the a) Pale, cool extremities
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related
Prazosin: b) Dependent edema
nightmares and symptoms. c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Lamotrigine: An anticonvulsant medication d) Hypokalemia
used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Oxcarbazepi Similar to carbamazepine, it is used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

ne:
 Neurology MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Clonazepam: A benzodiazepine used b) forDependent
the treatment
edema of epilepsy and panic disorder.
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
Vilazodone: An antidepressant used ind)the Hypokalemia
treatment of major depressive disorder.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Used as a smoking cessation aid by reducing the cravings and withdrawal

Varenicline:
symptoms associated with nicotine addiction.
Preventive Measures for Neurology Health:

When participating in activities that pose a risk of head injury,

Wear
such as sports or certain occupations, ensure the use of
Protective
appropriate protective gear, such as helmets, to prevent head
Gear:
injuries.

Get sufficient and quality sleep on a regular basis. Sleep plays a

Adequate vital role in brain health, memory consolidation, and overall
Sleep: cognitive function. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night and
establish a consistent sleep routine.

Maintain a Obesity and excess body weight can increase the risk of various
Healthy neurological conditions. Maintain a healthy weight through a
Weight: combination of regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Preventive Measures for Neurology Health:

Engage in regular physical activity as it has been shown to improve brain

Regular health, reduce the risk of cognitive decline, and enhance overall neurological
Exercise: function. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise
per week, along with strength training exercises.

Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins,
Healthy Diet: and healthy fats. Include foods high in omega-3 fatty acids (such as fatty fish),
antioxidants (such as berries), and vitamins (such as B vitamins) known to
support brain health.

Keep your brain active by engaging in mentally stimulating activities. Read

Mental books, solve puzzles, play brain games, learn new skills, and engage in hobbies
Stimulation: that challenge your cognitive abilities. This can help maintain cognitive
function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
 Common Neurological Disorders:
It occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
Stroke:
disrupted, leading to brain damage.

It is characterized by recurrent seizures caused

Epilepsy:
by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

An autoimmune disease that affects the central

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): nervous system, causing demyelination and
impairing nerve function.

A progressive disorder that affects movement

Parkinson's Disease: due to the degeneration of dopamine-producing
cells in the brain.

The most common form of dementia,

Alzheimer's Disease: characterized by memory loss and cognitive
decline.

A severe headache disorder often accompanied

Migraine: by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and
sound.
 Assessment and Diagnosis:

Neurological assessment includes evaluating mental status, cranial nerves,

1 motor and sensory function, reflexes, and coordination.

Diagnostic tests for neurological disorders may include imaging studies

2 (MRI, CT scan), electroencephalogram (EEG), lumbar puncture, and blood
tests.

Nurses should be familiar with different assessment scales used in

3 neurology, such as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for assessing
consciousness level.
Gastrointestinal
The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, is responsible for processing food,
extracting nutrients, and eliminating waste from the body. It involves a series of organs and processes that
work together to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Key Components of the Gastrointestinal System

Mouth: The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is broken down mechanically by
chewing and chemically by enzymes in saliva.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports chewed food from the mouth to the
stomach through a series of coordinated contractions called peristalsis.
Stomach: The stomach secretes gastric juices that further break down food and mix it with digestive
enzymes. It also provides an acidic environment that helps kill harmful microorganisms.
Small Intestine: The small intestine is where most of the digestion and nutrient absorption occur. It is
divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Pancreas: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to break
down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Large Intestine (Colon): The large intestine absorbs

Liver water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming
feces. It also houses beneficial gut bacteria that aid in
The liver produces bile, which is stored in the digestion and produce certain vitamins.
gallbladder and released into the small Rectum and Anus: The rectum stores feces until they
intestine to aid in fat digestion and absorption. are ready to be eliminated through the anus.
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
1.Which organ is responsible for the
production of bile? 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Liver a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Stomach b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure A) Liver
c) Pancreas
d) Bounding pulses
d) Gallbladder
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
2.Which of the following is a common a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
symptom of gastroesophageal reflux c) Hypocalcemia
2
disease (GERD)? d) Hypokalemia
a) Diarrhea
b) Abdominal pain C) Heartburn
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Heartburn b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Constipation c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

3.What is the primary function of the 15

3
small intestine?
a) Absorption of nutrients
b) Production of digestive enzymes A) Absorption of nutrients
c) Storage of bile
d) Secretion of gastric acid
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
4.Which of the following is a characteristic
symptom of peptic ulcer disease? 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Bloody diarrhea a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Excessive belching b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure C) Epigastric pain
c) Epigastric pain
d) Bounding pulses
d) Weight gain
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.Which structure prevents the backward a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
flow of stomach contents into the c) Hypocalcemia
5
esophagus? d) Hypokalemia
a) Pylorus C) Lower esophageal
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b) Sphincter of Oddi sphincter
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Lower esophageal sphincter b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Ileocecal valve c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

6.Which of the following is a risk factor for 15

6
developing colorectal cancer?
a) High-fiber diet
C) Family history of the
b) Physical activity
disease
c) Family history of the disease
d) Smoking cessation
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
7.Which of the following is a common symptom
of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? 7
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Rectal bleeding a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Steatorrhea (fatty stools) b) Dependent edema D) Alternating diarrhea
c) Severe constipation c) Elevated blood pressure and constipation
d) Bounding pulses
d) Alternating diarrhea and constipation
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
8.Which of the following is a diagnostic test used a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract? c) Hypocalcemia 8
a) Colonoscopy d) Hypokalemia
b) Barium swallow
B) Barium
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention
c) Liver biopsy
swallow
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Stool culture b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
9.Which of the following is an appropriate
nursing intervention for a patient with acute 15
9
pancreatitis?
a) Encouraging a high-fat diet
C) Promoting frequent
b) Administering opioid analgesics as needed
ambulation
c) Promoting frequent ambulation
d) Providing a high-protein diet
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
10.Which medication is commonly used to treat
Helicobacter pylori infection? 10
The
a) Antacids nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Proton pump inhibitors b) Dependent edema
C) Antibiotics
c) Antibiotics c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses
d) H2 blockers
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
11.Which of the following is a primary function a) ofHyperkalemia
the large
b) Hyponatremia
intestine? c) Hypocalcemia
11
a) Digestion of proteins d) Hypokalemia
b) Absorption of water and electrolytes B) Absorption of water
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Secretion of digestive enzymes a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg and electrolytes
d) Production of bile b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
12.Which condition is characterized by chronic
inflammation of the intestinal lining and typically affects 15
12
the ileum and colon?
a) Crohn's disease
b) Diverticulosis A) Crohn's disease
c) Gastritis
d) Hepatitis
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
13.Which of the following is a common symptom
of diverticulitis? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Bloody diarrhea a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Abdominal cramping b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure B) Abdominal cramping
c) Excessive flatulence
d) Bounding pulses
d) Heartburn
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which of the following diagnostic tests is used a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
to detect the presence of blood in the stool? c) Hypocalcemia 14
a) Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy d) Hypokalemia
b) Barium enema
C) Stool
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention guaiac test
is a priority?
c) Stool guaiac test
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Abdominal ultrasound b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
15.Which structure is responsible for the
production and secretion of digestive enzymes 15
15
into the small intestine?
a) Pancreas
b) Spleen A) Pancreas
c) Appendix
d) Gallbladder
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
16.Which of the following is a potential
complication of chronic liver disease? 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Hyperglycemia a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Hypertension b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure C) Ascites
c) Ascites
d) Bounding pulses
d) Osteoporosis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
17.Which type of hepatitis is primarily transmitted a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
through contaminated food and water? c) Hypocalcemia
17
a) Hepatitis A d) Hypokalemia
b) Hepatitis B
A) Hepatitis
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention A
is a priority?
c) Hepatitis C
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Hepatitis D b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
18.Which of the following is a dietary modification
often recommended for patients with celiac 15
18
disease?
a) High-fiber diet
b) Gluten-free diet B) Gluten-free diet
c) Low-protein diet
d) Low-sodium diet
 Gastrointestinal (Mcq) answers.
19.Which condition is characterized by the
formation of stones within the gallbladder? 19
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Cholecystitis a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Pancreatitis b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
A) Cholecystitis
c) Diverticulitis
d) Bounding pulses
d) Cirrhosis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
20.Which of the following is a common side effect a) Hyperkalemia
of
b) Hyponatremia
opioid analgesics on the gastrointestinal system? c) Hypocalcemia
20
a) Diarrhea d) Hypokalemia
b) Increased appetite
D) Constipation
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Gastrointestinal bleeding
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) Constipation b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
21.Which condition is characterized by the
inflammation and ulceration of the inner lining of 15
21
the colon?
a) Diverticulosis
b) Cholecystitis C) Ulcerative colitis
c) Ulcerative colitis
d) Cirrhosis
 Gastrointestinal MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Prokinetic medications, a) Pale,such as metoclopramide and domperidone, are used to
cool extremities
Prokinetic
improve gastrointestinal motility.
b) Dependent They can be prescribed to treat conditions
edema
Agents:
like gastroparesisc)(delayed
Elevated blood pressure
gastric emptying) and to facilitate digestion.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Antispasmodic drugs c) like dicyclomine and hyoscyamine are used to relieve
Hypocalcemia
Antispasmo
abdominal cramps andd)spasms Hypokalemia
associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
dics:
and other gastrointestinal disorders.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Acid Apart from PPIs and H2 blockers, there are other acid-reducing medications
Reducers: that may be used for specific conditions. For example, sucralfate is a medication
that forms a protective coating over ulcers to promote healing.
 Gastrointestinal MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Antiemetic medications, such as ondansetron and metoclopramide, are used
Antiemetics: b) Dependent edema
to prevent or treat c) nausea
Elevated and
bloodvomiting.
pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
Laxatives can help relieveb) Hyponatremia
constipation by promoting bowel movements.
c) Hypocalcemia
Examples include bulk-forming laxatives (psyllium), osmotic laxatives
d) Hypokalemia
Laxatives:
(polyethylene glycol), stimulant laxatives (senna), and stool softeners (docusate
sodium).
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Anti- Medications like loperamide and diphenoxylate/atropine can be used to
diarrheal control diarrhea by slowing down bowel movements. However, it's important
Agents: to identify the underlying cause of diarrhea before using these medications.
 Gastrointestinal MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Pancrelipase and other digestive
a) Pale, enzyme preparations can be used to aid in
cool extremities
Digestive
the digestion of food for patientsedema
b) Dependent with pancreatic insufficiency, cystic
Enzymes: c) Elevated blood pressure
fibrosis, or other conditions that impair the normal function of the pancreas.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Medications like lubiprostone and linaclotide can be prescribed to treat chronic
c) Hypocalcemia
Bowel
constipation or irritabled)bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) by increasing
Hypokalemia
Regulators:
fluid secretion in the intestines or activating specific receptors in the gut.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Probiotics are live microorganisms that can help restore the natural balance of gut
Probiotics:
bacteria. They are commonly used to manage conditions such as antibiotic-
associated diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
 Gastrointestinal MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Corticosteroids like prednisone and budesonide can be used to reduce
a) Pale, cool extremities
Corticoster inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. They are often prescribed for
b) Dependent edema
oids: inflammatory bowel diseasesblood
c) Elevated (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
pressure
during flare-ups. d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
5- 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA), such as mesalamine and sulfasalazine, are anti-
c) Hypocalcemia
Aminosalicyl inflammatory medications used to treat mild to moderate symptoms of ulcerative
d) Hypokalemia
ates: colitis and Crohn's disease. They work by reducing inflammation in the colon.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Immunomodulatory drugs, such as azathioprine, methotrexate, and
Immunomo mercaptopurine, are used to suppress the immune system and reduce
dulators: inflammation in conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. They are
often used when other medications are not sufficient.
 Gastrointestinal MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Biologic medications, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and vedolizumab, target
a) Pale, cool extremities
Biologic specific molecules involved in inflammation. They are used to treat moderate to
b) Dependent edema
Therapies: severe cases of Crohn's disease
c) Elevated and
blood ulcerative colitis when other medications fail
pressure
to provide relief. d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Antibiotics like metronidazole and ciprofloxacin can be prescribed to treat
c) Hypocalcemia
Antibiotics: certain bacterial infections d) Hypokalemia
in the gastrointestinal tract, such as Clostridium
difficile (C. difficile) infection or bacterial overgrowth.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
Opioid d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Medications like naloxegol and methylnaltrexone are opioid receptor antagonists
Receptor
used to treat opioid-induced constipation. They work by blocking the effects of
Antagonist opioids in the gastrointestinal tract, relieving constipation without affecting pain
s: relief.
Preventive Measures for Gastrointestina lHealth:

Consume a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits,

Balanced vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoid
Diet: excessive consumption of processed foods, high-fat foods, and
sugary snacks.

Include an adequate amount of dietary fiber in your daily meals.

Fiber helps regulate bowel movements, prevents constipation,
Fiber Intake:
and promotes a healthy digestive system. Good sources of fiber
include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts.

Stay Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your digestive
Hydrated: system functioning optimally. Water helps soften stools and
prevents constipation.
 Common Gastrointestinal Disorders:
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) A condition characterized by the
(GERD): backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing heartburn and
regurgitation.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): Open sores that develop on the lining of the
(PUD):
stomach, esophagus, or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory disorders

(IBD):
affecting the intestines, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional disorder characterized by

(IBS): abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits without any structural
abnormalities.
 Pain, Bone & Joint
Pain is a complex and subjective sensory experience that serves as a protective mechanism to alert the body
to potential harm or injury. It can be caused by various factors, including injury, inflammation, disease, or
dysfunction within the body. Pain is typically classified as acute or chronic:
Acute Pain: Acute pain is temporary and often occurs suddenly in response to an injury or illness. It
usually resolves as the underlying cause heals.

Chronic Pain: Chronic pain persists for an extended period, often lasting for months or even years. It can
significantly impact a person's quality of life and may require specialized management.

Bone & Joint Bone and Joint Disorders

Bones: Arthritis: Arthritis is a Treatment
group of disorders
Bones are rigid connective tissues that provide structure, characterized by inflammation of the
protect internal organs, and serve as a reservoir for minerals joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and
like calcium and phosphorus. They also play a role in blood reduced mobility. Osteoarthritis is the
cell production within the bone marrow. most common type, caused by wear and
tear of joint cartilage, while rheumatoid
Joints: arthritis is an autoimmune condition.
Joints are points where two or more bones meet. They allow Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a condition
movement and flexibility within the body. Different types of characterized by weak and brittle bones,
joints include hinge joints (like the elbow), ball-and-socket making them more prone to fractures. It
joints (like the hip), and pivot joints (like the neck). often occurs in older adults, particularly
women after menopause.
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
1.Which of the following is an example of acute pain?
a. Rheumatoid arthritis 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b. Migraine headache a) Pale, cool extremities
c. Fibromyalgia b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure B) Migraine headache
d. Cancer-related pain
d) Bounding pulses

2.TheAmost appropriate
client with non-pharmacological
heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
intervention for managing pain in a patient with a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
osteoarthritis is: c) Hypocalcemia
2
a. Acetaminophen d) Hypokalemia
b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
C) Heat
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a or cold therapy
priority?
c. Heat or cold therapy
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d. Opioids b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
3.The nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected
bone fracture. Which clinical manifestation would 15
3
indicate a fracture?
a. Localized swelling and tenderness
A) Localized swelling and
b. Generalized muscle weakness
tenderness
c. Numbness and tingling in the extremity
d. Increased range of motion
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
4.A patient is admitted with a suspected dislocated shoulder.
The nurse should prioritize which nursing intervention? 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a. Administer analgesics as prescribed a) Pale, cool extremities
b. Apply ice to the affected shoulder b) Dependent edema C) Immobilize the
c. Immobilize the shoulder joint c) Elevated blood pressure shoulder joint
d) Bounding pulses
d. Assist the patient with range-of-motion exercises
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.A patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Thea)nurse Hyperkalemia
should
b) Hyponatremia
prioritize which health promotion intervention? c) Hypocalcemia
5
a. Encouraging weight-bearing exercises d) Hypokalemia
b. Promoting a calcium-rich diet B) Promoting a calcium-
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c. Administering bisphosphonate medications rich diet
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d. Providing pain management strategies b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
6.A patient with rheumatoid arthritis complains of morning
stiffness lasting longer than an hour. The nurse recognizes 15
6
this as a classic sign of:
a. Osteoarthritis
D) Rheumatoid
b. Gout
arthritis
c. Systemic lupus erythematosus
d. Rheumatoid arthritis
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
7.A patient is scheduled for a total hip replacement surgery. The nurse
should instruct the patient to avoid which of the following activities 7
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
postoperatively? a) Pale, cool extremities
a. Walking with a walker b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure B) Crossing the legs
b. Crossing the legs
d) Bounding pulses
c. Sitting on a firm chair
d. Using a raised
A client toilet
with heart seatis prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
failure
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
8.The nurse is caring for a patient with a suspected sprained ankle.
c) Hypocalcemia
8
Which intervention should the nurse implement first?
d) Hypokalemia
a. Elevate the affected extremity
B) Apply
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention ice to the ankle
is a priority?
b. Apply ice to the ankle
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c. Provide analgesics for pain relief b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d. Apply a compression bandage c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

9.The nurse is caring for a patient with a casted arm. Which assessment 15
9
finding should be reported immediately to the healthcare provider?
a. Mild itching under the cast
b. Warmth and redness around the cast B) Warmth and redness
c. Swelling of the fingers distal to the cast around the cast
d. Pain rated as 4/10 on the pain scale
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
10.A patient with a history of osteoarthritis is prescribed glucosamine and
chondroitin. The nurse should educate the patient about the supplements' 10
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
potential benefits in: a) Pale, cool extremities
a. Reducing joint inflammation b) Dependent edema A) Reducing joint
b. Stimulating bone growth c) Elevated blood pressure inflammation
d) Bounding pulses
c. Relieving muscle spasms
d. Preventing osteoporosis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
11.A patient with a fractured femur is experiencing severe pain. The nurse
c) Hypocalcemia
11
administers an opioid analgesic. The primary action of opioids is to:
d) Hypokalemia
a. Reduce inflammation at the fracture site C) Block pain receptors in
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b. Stimulate bone healing the brain
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c. Block pain receptors in the brain b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering
d. Increase blood flow to the injured area anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

12.The nurse is caring for a patient with a herniated intervertebral dis c. 15

12
Which symptom is commonly associated with this condition?
a. Joint stiffness
D) Numbness in the
b. Muscle weakness
extremities
c. Bone tenderness
d. Numbness in the extremities
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
13.A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is prescribed methotrexate. The
nurse should instruct the patient to monitor for which potential side 13
The nurse is assessing
effect of this medication? a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
a. Bone fractures b) Dependent edema
b. Joint dislocation c) Elevated blood pressure C) Liver toxicity
c. Liver toxicity d) Bounding pulses

d. Muscle spasms
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
14.The nurse is caring for a patient with a totalb)knee
Hyponatremia
replacement. Which 14
c) Hypocalcemia
activity should the nurse encourage the patientd)to perform to prevent
Hypokalemia
complications?
C) Deep vein thrombosis
a. Sitting with The nurse legs
crossed is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
(DVT) prophylaxis
b. High-impact aerobic exercises a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)c)prophylaxis
Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d. Lifting heavy weights d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

15.The nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected rotator cuff injury.

15
15
Which finding would the nurse expect in this condition?
B) Crepitus or grinding
a. Inability to bear weight on the affected shoulder
sensation in the shoulder
b. Crepitus or grinding sensation in the shoulder joint joint
c. Swelling and tenderness in the wrist
d. Muscle weakness in the lower extremities
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
16.A patient with a known history of osteomyelitis presents with
worsening pain, fever, and chills. The nurse recognizes these 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
symptoms as indicative of: a) Pale, cool extremities
a. Acute gouty arthritis b) Dependent edema
c) Elevated blood pressure C) Septic arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis exacerbation
d) Bounding pulses
c. Septic arthritis
d. Reactive arthritis
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
17.The nurse is caring for a patient with a suspected dislocated hip.
c) Hypocalcemia
17
Which clinical manifestation would support this diagnosis?
d) Hypokalemia
a. Joint swelling and redness B) Inability to extend
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
b. Inability to extend the hip the hip
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c. Pain radiating down the leg b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d. Restricted range of motion c) inAdministering
the knee anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

18.A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed alendronate (Fosamax). 15

18
The nurse should instruct the patient to take the medication:
a. On an empty stomach in the morning
A) On an empty stomach
b. With a meal in the evening
in the morning
c. Anytime during the day, regardless of meals
d. At bedtime, before sleep
 Pain, Bone & Joint (Mcq) answers.
19.The nurse is assessing a patient with a suspected meniscal tear.
Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to find? 19
The nurse is assessing a client with
a. Painless clicking sensation in the knee peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
b. Inability to extend the knee fully b) Dependent edema C. Point tenderness at
c. Point tenderness at the knee joint c) Elevated blood pressure the knee joint
d. Muscle weakness in the lower leg d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
20.A patient with a fractured radius is placed ina)aHyperkalemia
cast. Which
nursing intervention is essential for preventing b)compartment
Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
20
syndrome?
d) Hypokalemia
a. Assessing capillary refill of the fingers
A. Assessing capillary
Theanalgesics
b. Administering nurse is caring
forforpain
a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
relief
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg refill of the fingers
c. Applying ice to the fractured area
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d. Elevating the affected arm above heart
c) Administeringlevel
anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
21.The nurse is caring for a patient with a suspected fracture.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm a fracture?
15
21
a. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b. Bone scan
C. X-ray
c. X-ray
d. Ultrasound
 Pain, Bone & Joint MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Acetaminop Also known as paracetamol, acetaminophen is a common over-the-counter pain
b) Dependent edema
hen: reliever that can bec)used to reduce
Elevated mild to moderate pain.
blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Opioids are potent pain c) relievers that are usually prescribed for severe pain.
Hypocalcemia
Opioids: These medications should d) Hypokalemia
be used with caution due to the risk of addiction and
other side effects.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Corticoste Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory medications that can be used to reduce

roids: swelling and pain associated with joint conditions like arthritis. They are often
prescribed in the form of oral tablets or injections.
 Pain, Bone & Joint MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): DMARDs are used to treat
a) Pale, cool extremities
(DMARDs): autoimmune conditions b) Dependent edema
such as rheumatoid arthritis. These medications work
c) Elevated blood pressure
by suppressing the immune system and reducing inflammation.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Biologic Biologics are a type of c) medication
Hypocalcemia derived from living cells. They target specific
Response components of the immune d) Hypokalemia
system to reduce inflammation and slow the
Modifiers: progression of certain autoimmune diseases.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Muscle Muscle relaxants are used to alleviate muscle spasms and reduce associated
Relaxants: pain. Examples include cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), methocarbamol (Robaxin),
and baclofen.
 Pain, Bone & Joint MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
Topical These are creams, gels, or patches that are applied directly to the skin to relieve
b) Dependent edema
Analgesics: pain and reduce inflammation.
c) Elevated blood pressure
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Bisphosphonates are medications
c) Hypocalcemiaused to treat and prevent osteoporosis, a
Bisphosphon
condition characterizedd)by Hypokalemia
weakened bones. Examples include alendronate,
ates:
risedronate, and zoledronic acid.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Calcitonin: Calcitonin is a hormone medication that can be used to manage osteoporosis

and reduce bone pain associated with fractures or bone metastases.
 Pain, Bone & Joint MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Glucosamine Glucosamine and chondroitin are dietary supplements commonly used for
a) Pale, cool extremities
and joint health. They areb)often Dependent
takenedema
together and are believed to support cartilage
c) Elevated blood pressure
Chondroitin: health and reduce joint pain, particularly in osteoarthritis.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Hyaluronic Hyaluronic acid injections are used to provide temporary pain relief for
c) Hypocalcemia
Acid d) Hypokalemia
osteoarthritis of the knee. This gel-like substance is injected into the joint to
Injections: The nurse isimprove
caring for lubrication andvein
a client with deep cushioning.
thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Muscle In addition to oral muscle relaxants, there are topical creams available that can
Relaxant be applied directly to the affected area to alleviate muscle spasms and
Creams: discomfort.
 Pain, Bone & Joint MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
In addition to oral NSAIDs, there are topical formulations available in the
NSAID a) Pale, cool extremities
form of creams, gels, b) orDependent
patches. These
edema
include diclofenac gel, ibuprofen gel,
Topicals: and lidocaine patches, whichbloodcan be applied directly to the affected area to
c) Elevated pressure
provide localized paind)relief. Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Capsaicin patches are used to relieve neuropathic pain, particularly in
c) Hypocalcemia
Capsaicin
conditions like postherpetic d) Hypokalemia
neuralgia. These patches contain a substance
Patches:
derived from chili peppers that help reduce pain signals.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
In cases of severe acute pain, short-term use of narcotic analgesics may be necessary.
Narcotic These medications include opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone, or fentanyl,
Analgesics: and they should be used cautiously due to their potential for dependence and side
effects
Preventive Measures for Pain, Bone & Joint: health

Excess weight puts strain on the joints, leading to increased

Maintain a
pain and risk of conditions like osteoarthritis. Follow a balanced
healthy
diet and engage in regular physical activity to achieve and
weight:
maintain a healthy weight.

When engaging in physical activities or sports, wear

Protect appropriate protective gear, such as knee pads, wrist guards, or
your joints: supportive footwear, to prevent injuries.

Strengthening the muscles around your joints can provide

Maintain
additional support and reduce pain. Include exercises that
strong
target specific muscle groups, as recommended by a healthcare
muscles:
professional or physical therapist.
Preventive Measures for Pain, Bone & Joint: health

Use proper Lift objects using your legs and avoid twisting or bending at the
body waist. When performing repetitive tasks, take frequent breaks
mechanics: and vary your movements to prevent overuse injuries.

Avoid
If your job involves prolonged sitting or standing, take regular
prolonged
breaks to stretch, change positions, and relieve stress on your
sitting or
joints.
standing:

Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean

Maintain a
proteins, and healthy fats. This can help reduce inflammation,
balanced
support tissue health, and provide essential nutrients for bone
diet:
and joint health.
 Pain Management:
Nurses play a critical role in assessing pain by using standardized pain
Assessment: assessment tools and taking into account the patient's self-report,
observation, and physiological indicators.

Medication Nurses administer pain medications as prescribed and monitor their

Administration: effectiveness and potential side effects.

Nurses educate patients about their pain medications, including dosage,

Patient Education: side effects, and potential interactions. They also teach patients self-
management strategies to cope with pain effectively.

Nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians,

Collaborative pharmacists, and physical therapists, to develop comprehensive pain
Approach: management plans for patients.
Mental Health
Mental health refers to the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of an individual. It encompasses
how people think, feel, and behave, and it plays a crucial role in how they handle stress, relate to others, and
make choices.
Mental Health Disorders
Key Aspects of Mental Health Mental health disorders are conditions that affect
a person's thoughts, emotions, behavior, or a
Emotional Well-being: This involves recognizing combination of these. Examples include:
and managing emotions, coping with stress, and Depression: Persistent feelings of sadness,
maintaining a balanced emotional state. hopelessness, and a lack of interest in
Psychological Well-being: This includes having a activities.
positive self-image, a sense of purpose, and the
ability to manage thoughts and feelings effectively. Anxiety Disorders: Excessive worry, fear, and
Social Well-being: Social connections and nervousness that can interfere with daily life.
relationships contribute to mental health. A strong
support network can provide emotional support Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder
during challenging times. characterized by distorted thoughts,
Resilience: Resilience is the ability to bounce back hallucinations, and impaired perceptions of
from setbacks, adapt to change, and cope with reality.
adversity. It's a crucial aspect of mental well-being.
Bipolar Disorder: Mood swings between
periods of depression and periods of mania
(elevated mood and energy).
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
1.Which of the following is NOT
considered a mental health disorder? 1
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Depression
a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Schizophrenia b) Dependent edema
c) Hypertension c) Elevated blood pressure C) Hypertension
d) Anxiety d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
2.A patient diagnosed with bipolar a) Hyperkalemia
disorder is most likely to experience: b) Hyponatremia
a) Persistent sadness and c) Hypocalcemia
2
hopelessness d) Hypokalemia
B) Rapid mood swings
b) Rapid mood swings between
between
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention mania and
is a priority?
mania and depression a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg depression
c) Excessive worry and fear b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Hallucinations and delusions c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

3.Which of the following is a

characteristic symptom of post-
15
3
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
a) Rapid weight gain
C) Hypervigilance
b) Panic attacks
c) Hypervigilance
d) Excessive sleepiness
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
4.The first-line treatment for major
depressive disorder often involves: 4
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Psychotherapy a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Antidepressant medication b) Dependent edema B) Antidepressant
c) Electroconvulsive therapy c) Elevated blood pressure medication
d) Bounding pulses
d) Meditation and relaxation techniques
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
5.Which of the following is a symptom of a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? c) Hypocalcemia
5
a) Recurrent panic attacks d) Hypokalemia
b) Intrusive thoughts and repetitive C) Excessive worry and
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
behaviors restlessness
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Excessive worry and restlessness b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Hallucinations and disorganized c) Administering
speech anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

6.A patient with schizophrenia may exhibit 15

6
the following symptoms, except:
a) Delusions and hallucinations
C) Excessive fear and
b) Flat affect and social withdrawal
worry
c) Excessive fear and worry
d) Disorganized speech and behavior
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
7.The acronym "OCD" stands for:
a) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 7
The nurse is assessing a
b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Pale, cool extremities
c) Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior b) Dependent edema A) Obsessive-Compulsive
d) Overeating and Compulsive Dieting c) Elevated blood pressure Disorder
d) Bounding pulses

8.Which of the following is a risk factor

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
for developing an eating disorder? a) Hyperkalemia
a) Positive body image b) Hyponatremia
c) Hypocalcemia
8
b) Low self-esteem
d) Hypokalemia
c) Regular exercise routine
d) Healthy eating The habits B) Low
nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is aself-esteem
priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
9.Which of the following is a symptom
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
of attention-deficit/hyperactivity d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
disorder (ADHD)?
a) Excessive sleepiness 15
9
b) Difficulty paying attention and
impulsivity B) Difficulty paying
c) Paranoia and delusions attention and impulsivity
d) Memory loss and confusion
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
10.Substance abuse is often seen as a comorbidity
with which mental health disorder? 10
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Borderline personality disorder a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) b) Dependent edema D) Major depressive
c) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder c) Elevated
(ADHD) blood pressure disorder
d) Bounding pulses
d) Major depressive disorder
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
11.Which of the following neurotransmitters isa) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
commonly associated with depression? c) Hypocalcemia
11
a) Serotonin d) Hypokalemia
b) Dopamine
A) Serotonin
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
c) Acetylcholine
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
d) GABA b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
12.What is the primary symptom of panic disorder?
a) Excessive worry and fear about multiple things 15
12
b) Recurrent intrusive thoughts and compulsive
behaviors
C) Sudden and intense
c) Sudden and intense episodes of fear or terror
episodes of fear or terror
d) Mood swings between mania and depression
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
13.Which of the following is a symptom of borderline personality
disorder (BPD)? 13
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Disorganized speech and behavior a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Grandiose beliefs and inflated self-esteem b) Dependent edema D) Unstable relationships
c) Elevated blood pressure
c) Intense fear of social situations and embarrassment and emotional instability
d) Bounding pulses
d) Unstable relationships and emotional instability
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
14.Which of the following is a common symptom a) Hyperkalemia
of obsessive-
b) Hyponatremia
compulsive disorder (OCD)? c) Hypocalcemia
14
a) Impulsivity and hyperactivity d) Hypokalemia
b) Recurrent nightmares and flashbacks C) Preoccupation with
cleanliness
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention and excessive
is a priority?
c) Preoccupation with cleanliness and excessive handwashing
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg handwashing
d) Social withdrawal and flat affect b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
15.What is the primary goal of crisis intervention in mental health?
a) To identify the underlying causes of mental health disorders 15
15
b) To provide long-term psychotherapy for individuals with
chronic mental illness C) To provide immediate
c) To provide immediate support and stabilization during acute support and stabilization
crises during acute crises
d) To administer psychotropic medications to manage symptoms
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
16.Which of the following is NOT a type of
eating disorder? 16
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
a) Anorexia nervosa a) Pale, cool extremities
b) Bulimia nervosa b) Dependent edema D) Dissociative identity
c) Binge-eating disorder c) Elevated blood pressure disorder
d) Bounding pulses
d) Dissociative identity disorder
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
17.What is the term used to describe a severe a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
mental disorder characterized by a loss of 17
c) Hypocalcemia
contact with reality? d) Hypokalemia
a) Bipolar disorder
b) Schizophrenia B) Schizophrenia
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
c) Generalized anxiety disorder b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
d) Post-traumatic stress disorder c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

18.Which of the following is a symptom of a

15
18
panic attack?
a) Intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors
b) Hallucinations and delusions C) Rapid heartbeat and
c) Rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath shortness of breath
d) Social withdrawal and lack of motivation
 Mental Health (Mcq) answers.
19.What is the primary difference between delirium and dementia?
a) Delirium is reversible, while dementia is not. 19
The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
b) Delirium is characterized by memory loss,a)while dementia is not.
Pale, cool extremities
c) Delirium is a psychological disorder, while b) dementia
Dependentisedema
a A) Delirium is reversible,
neurological disorder. c) Elevated blood pressure while dementia is not.
d) Bounding pulses
d) Delirium affects younger individuals, while dementia affects
older adults.
A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
20.The term "anhedonia" refers to: c) Hypocalcemia
20
a) Excessive and irrational fear of specific objects or situations
d) Hypokalemia
b) Intense and irrational worry about various aspects of life C) Loss of interest or
pleasure
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention
c) Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities in previously
is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg enjoyed activities
d) Delusions and hallucinations b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
21.Which of the following is NOT an effective therapeutic approach
in treating substance use disorders? 15
21
a) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) b) Dialectical behavior
therapy (DBT)
D) Electroconvulsive
c) Pharmacotherapy with medications
therapy (ECT)
d) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Mental Health MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Stimulant medicationsa) are Pale,used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
cool extremities
Stimulants: (ADHD). These medications, such as
b) Dependent methylphenidate or amphetamines, work by
edema
c) Elevated blood pressure
increasing certain chemicals in the brain that help improve focus and attention.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Mood stabilizers are commonly used to manage bipolar disorder and prevent
c) Hypocalcemia
Mood mood swings. Lithium is ad)well-known
Hypokalemia mood stabilizer, and other options
stabilizers: include anticonvulsant medications such as valproate and carbamazepine.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Anxiolytics, or anti-anxiety medications, are prescribed to manage symptoms of
Anxiolytics: anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and sometimes as adjunctive therapy for other
mental health conditions.
 Mental Health MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Beta Although primarily used forcool
a) Pale, conditions like high blood pressure and heart
extremities

blockers: problems, beta blockersb)like Dependent edema may be prescribed off-label to help
propranolol
c) Elevated blood pressure
manage symptoms of anxiety, such as performance anxiety or social anxiety.
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
While not typically used c) asHypocalcemia
a first-line treatment for mental health conditions,
Opioid
opioid medications like tramadold) Hypokalemia
or oxycodone may be prescribed for managing
analgesics:
severe and treatment-resistant depression or certain anxiety disorders.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Alpha-2 Medications such as clonidine and guanfacine, which are primarily used to treat
agonists: conditions like high blood pressure, can also be prescribed off-label to manage
symptoms of ADHD, impulsivity, and aggression.
 Mental Health MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists Certain medications that
a) Pale, cool extremities
act as NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine and esketamine, have
b) Dependent edema
(NMDA):
shown promise in the c) treatment
Elevated bloodof pressure
treatment-resistant depression and have
been approved for this purpose d) Boundinginpulses
some cases.

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
Selective norepinephrineb)reuptakeHyponatremia
inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs, such as venlafaxine
c) Hypocalcemia
and duloxetine, are a typed)of antidepressant medication that not only increase
Hypokalemia
(SNRIs): serotonin levels but also norepinephrine levels in the brain. They are commonly
The nurseused to treat
is caring depression,
for a client with deep anxiety disorders,
vein thrombosis (DVT).and certain
Which painisconditions.
intervention a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) Some antiepileptic medications, like topiramate and
(AEDs): lamotrigine, may be used off-label to treat conditions such as migraines, post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder.
 Mental Health MEDICINES

The nurse is assessing a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which finding would be consistent with PAD?
Medications such as prazosin
a) Pale, coolare sometimes prescribed off-label for the
extremities
Alpha-1
management of nightmares b) Dependent
and sleepedema
disturbances associated with post-
blockers: c) Elevated blood pressure
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
d) Bounding pulses

A client with heart failure is prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse monitor for?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hyponatremia
Medications such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and memantine are used in the
c) Hypocalcemia
Cognitive
d) Hypokalemia
treatment of cognitive impairment and memory deficits associated with
enhancers:
conditions like Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
The nurse is caring for a client with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which intervention is a priority?
a) Applying warm compresses to the affected leg
b) Elevating the affected leg on a pillow
c) Administering anticoagulant medication as prescribed
d) Massaging the affected leg to improve circulation

Serotonin Serotonin modulators, such as trazodone and vilazodone, are a class of

modulators: medications used primarily as antidepressants, but they can also have sedative
effects and may be prescribed for insomnia.
 Mental Health MEDICINES

Medications like ramelteon are prescribed as sleep aids, particularly for

Melatonin
individuals with insomnia or sleep-wake disorders. These medications work by
agonists:
mimicking the effects of melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating sleep.

Certain herbal supplements, such as St. John's wort and kava, have been used as
Herbal alternative treatments for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. However, it's
supplements: important to consult with a healthcare professional before using herbal
supplements as they can interact with other medications.

Derived from the cannabis plant, CBD has gained attention for its potential
Cannabidiol therapeutic benefits in conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety, and insomnia.
(CBD): However, research is still ongoing, and the use of CBD should be discussed with
a healthcare professional.
Preventive Measures for Mental Health : health

Engage in regular self-care activities that promote relaxation,

stress reduction, and emotional well-being. This can include
Self-care: activities like exercise, getting enough sleep, practicing
mindfulness or meditation, engaging in hobbies, and spending time
with loved ones.

Develop effective strategies to manage stress. This can include

Stress practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or
management: progressive muscle relaxation, engaging in hobbies or activities you
enjoy, setting boundaries, and seeking social support.

Foster and maintain healthy relationships with family, friends,

Social and a support network. Strong social connections provide
connections: emotional support, reduce feelings of isolation, and promote
overall mental well-being.
Preventive Measures for Mental Health : health

Limit Avoid excessive alcohol consumption and the use of illicit drugs.
substance Substance abuse can worsen mental health symptoms and increase
use: the risk of developing mental health disorders.

Strive for a healthy work-life balance by setting realistic goals,

Work-life prioritizing self-care, and establishing boundaries between work
balance: and personal life. Take regular breaks, utilize vacation time, and
engage in activities outside of work that bring you joy.

If you are experiencing persistent or worsening mental health

Seek symptoms, reach out to a mental health professional. Early
support: intervention and treatment can be crucial in preventing the
escalation of mental health issues.
 common mental health disorders:

Persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep,

Depression:
fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

Excessive worry and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder), panic attacks

Anxiety
(panic disorder), intense fear of social situations (social anxiety disorder),
Disorders:
and obsessions and compulsions (obsessive-compulsive disorder).

Alternating periods of mania or hypomania (elevated mood, increased

Bipolar
energy) and depressive episodes.
Disorder:
 common mental health disorders:

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, impaired

Schizophrenia:
functioning.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Intrusive memories or nightmares,

(PTSD): avoidance of triggers, hyperarousal, negative changes in mood and cognition
following a traumatic event.

Eating Disturbances in eating patterns, body image, and weight management

Disorders: (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder).