Chapter - 1

Applications of Matrices and Determinants

Ex 1.1
Question 1.
Find the adjoint of the following:

Solution:
Question 2.
Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following:
Solution:
1
For a matrix A, A−1=|A| (adjA). Where |A| ≠ 0. If |A| = 0 then A is called a singular matrix
and so A−1 does not exist.
Question 3.

Solution:
Let A = F (α)
So [F(α)]−1=A−1
Now
Question 4.

Solution:
To Find A-1
Now we have proved that A2 – 3A – 7I2 = O2
Post multiply by A-1 we get
A – 3I – 7A-1 = O2

Question 5.

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:

Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.

Solution:
Question 9.

Solution:

Question 10.

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:
Question 12.

Solution:

Question 13.
Given A=[12−10],B=[31−21] and C[1212], find a matrix X such that AXB = C.
Solution:
A×B=C
Pre multiply by A-1 and post multiply by B-1 we get
A-1 A × BB-1 = A-1CB-1 (i.e) X = A-1CB-1

Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.

So the sequence of decoded matrices is [8 5], [12 16].

Thus the receivers read this message as HELP.
Ex 1.2
Question 1.
Find the rank of the following matrices by the minor method:

Solution:
Question 2.
Find the rank of the folowing matrices by row reduction method:

Solution:
(i) Let

The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. So ρ(A) = 3
(ii) Let

The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. ρ(A) = 3
(iii) Let

The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. ρ(A) = 3
Question 3.
Find the inverse of each of the following by Gauss-Jordan method:
Solution:

Applying Gauss-Jordan method we get

(ii) Let
(iii) Let
Ex 1.3
Question 1.
Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method:
(i) 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3
(ii) 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2
(iii) 2x + 3y – z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3x – y – z = -1
(iv) x + y + z – 2 = 0, 6x – 4y + 5z – 31 = 0, 5x + 2y + 2z = 13
Solution:
(i) 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3

(i.e) AX = B
Question 2.

Solution:
Question 3.
A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of
annual increment. If his salary was ₹ 19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3
years of service and ₹ 23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of
service, find his starting salary and his annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to
solve the problem.)
Solution:
Let his monthly salary be ₹ x and his annual increment be ₹ y
Given x + 3y = 19800 and x + 9y = 23400
Writing the above equations in matrix form, we get
x = ₹ 18000 and y = ₹ 600
(i.e) monthly salary = ₹ 18000 and annual increment = ₹ 600
Question 4.
4 men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women
can finish the same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of
one woman alone to finish the same work by using matrix inversion method.
Solution:
Let the work done by man in 1 day be x and the work done by a woman in 1 day be y
Now we are given
1
4x + 4y = 3 ⇒ 12x + 12y = 1
1
and 2x + 5y = 4 ⇒ 8x + 20y = 1

(i.e) AX = B ⇒ X = A-1B
Here
 1
(i.e) The work done by a man in 1 day = x = 18
The time taken by a man to finish the work = 18 days.
1
The work done by a woman in 1 day = y = 36
The time is taken by a woman to finish the work = 36 days.
Question 5.
The prices of three commodities A, B and C are ₹ x, y and z per units respectively. A person
P purchases 4 units of B and sells two units of A and 5 units of C. Person Q purchases 2 units
of C and sells 3 units of A and one unit of B . Person R purchases one unit of A and sells 3
unit of B and one unit of C. In the process, P, Q and R earn ₹ 15,000, ₹ 1,000 and ₹ 4,000
respectively. Find the prices per unit of A,B and C. (Use matrix inversion method to solve
the problem.)
Solution:
Price of A = ₹ x /unit
Price of B = ₹ y /unit
Price of C = ₹ z /unit
We are given
2x – 4y + 5z = 15000
3x + y – 2z = 1000
-x + 3y + z = 4000

(i.e) AX = B ⇒ X = A-1B
Here
Ex 1.4
Question 1.
Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
(i) 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0
3 2
(ii) 𝑥+2y=12,𝑥+3y=13
(iii) 3x + 3y – z = 11, 2x – y + 2z = 9, 4x + 3y + 2z = 25

Solution:
(i) 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0
The above equations are 5x – 2y = -16 and x + 3y = -7
The matrix form of the two above equations is
Question 2.
1
In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while 4 mark is
deducted for every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks.
How many questions did he answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
Solution:
The total number of question 100
Let the correct questions be x
and the wrong questions be y
x + y = 100 …….. (1)
1
x – 4y = 80 ……….. (2)
The matrix form is

No. of questions answered correctly x = 84.

Question 3.
A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How
much each should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? (Use Cramer’s rule to
solve the problem).
Solution:
Let the no. of litres in 50% acid used be x litres and the no. of litres in 25% acid used be y
litres
(i.e) we have to mix 6 litres in 50% acid and 4 litres in 25% acid.
Question 4.
A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously. However,
pump B can pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently run in
reverse, then the tank will be filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill
the tank by itself? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
Solution:
Time is taken for pump A to fill the tank be x minutes and time taken for pump B to fill the
tank be y minutes
(i.e) Pump A can fill the tank in 15 minutes and pump B can fill the tank in 30 minutes.
Question 5.
A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies
and two vadais is ₹ 150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is ₹ 200. The
cost of five dosai, four idlies and two vadais is ₹ 250. The family has ₹ 350 in hand and they
ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six vadais. Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within
the amount they had?

Solution:
Let the cost of 1 dosai be ₹ x the cost of 1 idli be ₹ y and the cost of 1 vadai be ₹ z
Here 2x + 3y + 2z = 150
2x + 2y + 4z = 200
5x + 4y + 2z = 250
Writing the above equations in matrix form
So, cost of 1 dosai = x = ₹ 30
cost of 1 idli = y = ₹ 10 and
cost of 1 vadai = z = ₹ 30
Now cost of 3 dosai and 6 idlis and 6 vadais = 3 × 30 + 6 × 10 + 6 × 30
= 90+ 60+ 180
= ₹ 330
and they are having ₹ 350. So they will be able to manage to pay the bill.
Ex 1.5
Question 1.
Solve the following systems of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method:
(i) 2x – 2y + 3z = 2, x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1
(ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22, 3x + 8y + 5z = 27, -x + y + 2z = 2
Solution:
(i) 2x – 2y + 3z = 2, x + 2y – z = 3 and 3x – y + 2z = 1
The matrix form of the above equations

(i.e) AX = B
The augment matrix (A, B) is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Now writing the equivalent equations

Substituting z = 4 in (2) we get

-6y + 20 = -4
⇒ -6y = -4 – 20 = -24
⇒y=4
Substituting z = 4 and y = 4 in (1) we get
x+8–4=3
⇒x+4=3
⇒ x = 3 – 4 = -1
So, x = -1; y = 4; z = 4
(ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22 …… (1)
3x + 8y + 5z = 27 ……. (2)
-x + y + 2z = 2 ……. (3)
Divide equation (1) by 2 we get
x + 2y + 3z = 11 ……. (1)
3x + 8y + 5z = 27 …….. (2)
-x + y + 2z = 2 ……. (3)

(i.e) AX = B
The augment matrix (A, B) is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Now writing the equivalent equations.
Substituting z = 2 in (2) we get
y – 4 = -3
⇒ y = -3 + 4 = 1
Substituting z = 2, y = 1 in (1) we get
x + 2(1) + 3(2) = 11
⇒ x + 2 + 6 = 11
⇒ x + 8 = 11
⇒ x = 11 – 8 = 3
x = 3, y = 1, z = 2
Question 2.
If ax2 + bx + c is divided by x + 3, x – 5, and x – 1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9
respectively. Find a, b and c. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)

Solution:
P(x) = ax2 + bx + c. When P(x) is divided by x + 3, x – 5 and x – 1.
The remainders are respectively P(-3), P (5), and P (1).
We are given that P(-3) = 21; P(5) = 61; P(1) = 9
Now P(-3) = 21
⇒ a(-3)2 + b(-3) + c = 21
⇒ 9a – 3b + c = 21 ……. (1)
P(5) = 61
⇒ a(5)2 + b(5) + c = 61
⇒ 25a + 5b + c = 61 ……. (2)
P(1) = 9
⇒ a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 9
⇒ a + b + c = 9 …… (3)

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
The above matrix is in echelon form now writing the equivalent equations.

Substituting c = 6 in (2) we get

-20b – 24(6) = -164
⇒ -20b = -164 + 144 = -20
⇒b=1
Substituting c = 6, b = 1 in (1) we get
a+1+6=9
⇒a=9–7=2
So a = 2, b = 1, c = 6
Question 3.
An amount of ₹ 65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 10% per
annum respectively. The total annual income is ₹ 5,000. The income from the third bond is ₹
800 more than that from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian
elimination method.)

Solution:
Let the amount invested in 6% bond be ₹ x
and the amount invested in 8% bond be ₹ y
and the amount invested in 10% bond be ₹ z

(i.e) AX = B
Now, the augmented matrix (A, B) is
(i.e) x + y + z = 65000
⇒ y + 2z = 55000
⇒ 13z = 260000
⇒ z = ₹ 20000
Substituting z = ₹ 20000 in (2) we get
y + 40000 = 55000
⇒ y = 55000 – 40000 = ₹ 15000
Substituting z = ₹ 20000, y = ₹ 15000 in (1) we get
x + 15000 + 20000 = 65000
⇒ x = 65000 – 35000 = ₹ 30000
So the amount invested in
6% bond x = ₹ 30000
8% bond y = ₹ 15000
and 10% bond z = ₹ 20000
Question 4.
A boy is walking along the path y = ax2 + bx + c through the points (-6, 8), (-2, -12), and (3,
8). He wants to meet his friend at P(7, 60). Will he meet his friend? (Use Gaussian
elimination method.)

Solution:
We are given y = ax2 + bx + c
Also we are given (-6, 8), (-2, -12) and (3, 8) are points on the path.
(i) (-6, 8) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = -6, y = 8
(i.e) a(36) + b(-6) + c = 8
⇒ 36a – 6b + c = 8 …… (1)
(ii) (-2, -12) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = -2, y = -12
⇒ a(-2)2 + b(-2) + c = -12
⇒ 4a – 2b + c = -12 ….. (2)
(iii) (3, 8) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = 3, y = 8
⇒ a(3)2 + 6(3) + c = 8
⇒ 9a + 3b + c = 8 …… (3)

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
(i.e) 36a – 6b + c = 8
⇒ -12b + 8c = -116
⇒ 30c = -300
⇒ c = -10
Substituting c = -10 in (2) we get
-12b + 8(-10) = -116
⇒ -12b = -116 + 80 = -36
⇒b=3
Substituting c = -10, b = 3 in (1) we get
36a – 6(3) + (-10) = 8
⇒ 36a – 18 – 10 = 8
⇒ 36a = 8 + 18 + 10 = 36
⇒a=1
a = 1, b = 3 and c = -10
y = (1)x2 + (3)x + (-10)
y = x2 + 3x – 10
Now at x = 7, y= (7)2 + 3(7)- 10 = 49 + 21 – 10 = 60
(7, 60) is a point on the path so he will meet his friend.
Ex 1.6
Question 1.
Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank
method.
(i) x – y + 2z = 2, 2x + y + 4z = 7, 4x – y + z = 4
(ii) 3x + y + z = 2, x – 3y + 2z = 1, 7x – y + 4z = 5
(iii) 2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3x + y + 2z = 4
(iv) 2x – y + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6, 4x – 2y + 2z = 4
Solution:
(i) Here the number of unknowns = 3.
The matrix form of the system is AX = B where

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
(A,B)=⎛⎝⎜124−11−1241274⎞⎠⎟
Applying Gaussian elimination method on [A,B] we get

The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with a unique solution. To find the solution.
Now writing the equivalent equations we get

x – y + 2z = 2
3y = 3 ⇒ y = 1
7z = -7 ⇒ z = 1
Substituting z = y = 1 in (1) we get
x–1+2=2⇒x=1
⇒x=y=z=1
(ii) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given system of equations is:

AX = B
(i.e) Now the augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form also

ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2< number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.
To find the solution:
Now writing the equivalent equations we get
(iii) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given equation is

AX = B

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Here ρ(A, B) = 3; ρ(A) = 2
So ρ(A, B) ≠ ρ(A)
The system of equations is inconsistent with no solution.
(iv) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given equation is

AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is
The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 1 < number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.
To find the Solution
Now writing the equivalent equations we get

Question 2.
Find the value of k for which the equations kx – 2y + z = 1, x – 2ky + z = -2, x – 2y + kz = 1
have
(i) no solution
(ii) unique solution
(iii) infinitely many solution

Solution:
The matrix form of the given system of equation is

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
k2 + k – 2 = (k + 2) (k – 1)
The above matrix is in echelon form
Case 1: when k = 1, ρ(A, B) = 3, ρ(A) = 2 (i.e) ρ (A, B) ≠ ρ (A)
The system is inconsistent and the system has no solution.
Case 2: when k ≠ 1, k ≠ -2, then ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with a unique solution.
Case 3: When k = -2 then ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 2 < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.

Question 3.
Investigate the values of λ and µ the system of linear equations.
2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y – 5z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = µ, have
(i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.

Solution:
The matrix form of the above equation is
(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form

Case 1: When λ = 5, μ ≠ 9
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A, B) = 3 (i.e) ρ(A, B) ≠ p(A)
The system is inconsistent and it has no solution.
Case 2: When λ ≠ 5, μ ∈ R,
ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with a unique solution.
Case 3: When λ = 5, μ = 9,
then ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns
The system is consistent with infinite number of solutions.
Ex 1.7
Question 1.
Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.
(i) 3x + 2y + 7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0, 5x + 9y + 23z = 0
(ii) 2x + 3y – z = 0, x – y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0
Solution:
(i) The matrix form of the above equations is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Here ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with infinite number of solutions. To find the solutions.
Writing the equivalent equations.
We get 3x + 2y + 7z = 0 ……. (1)
-17y – 34z = 0 ……. (2)
Taking z = t in (2) we get -17y – 34t = 0
⇒ -17y = 34t
⇒ y = -2t
Taking z = t, y = -2t in (1) we get
3x + 2(-2t) + 7t = 0
⇒ 3x – 4t + 7t = 0
⇒ 3x = -3t
⇒ x = -t
So the solution is x = -t; y = -2t; and z = t, t ∈ R
(ii) The matrix form of the equations is

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with unique solution, x = y = z = 0
(i.e) The system has trivial solution only.
Question 2.
Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations.
x + y + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y + λz = 0, 2x +y + 2z = 0 has
(i) a unique solution
(ii) a non-trivial solution
Solution:
The matrix form of the equation is

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is
The above matrix is in echelon form
Case 1: When λ ≠ 8, ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with a unique solution.
Case 2: When λ = 8, ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with non-trivial solutions.
Question 3.
By using the Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation: C2H6 +
O2 → H2O + CO2
Solution:
We are searching for positive integers x1, x2, x3 and x4 such that
x1C2H6 + x2O2 = x3H2O + x4CO2 ……. (1)
The number of carbon atoms on LHS of (1) should be equal to the number of carbon atoms
on the RHS of (1).
So we get a linear homogeneous equation.
2x1 = x4
⇒ 2x1 – x4 = 0 …… (2)
Similarly considering hydrogen and oxygen atoms we get respectively.
2x2 = x3 + 2x4
⇒ 2x2 – x3 – 2x4 = 0 …… (3)
and -2x3+ 3x4 = 0 …… (4)
Equations (2), (3) and (4) constitute a homogeneous system of linear equations in four
unknowns.
The augmented matrix (A, B) is

Now ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 < number of unknowns.

So the system is consistent and has an infinite number of solutions.
Writing the equations using the echelon form we get
2x1 – x4 = 0 …… (5)
2x2 – x3 – 2x4 = 0 ……. (6)
-2x3 + 3x4 = 0 ……. (7)
Since x1, x2, x3 and x4 are positive integers. Let us choose t = 4t.
Then we get x1 = 2, x2 = 7, x3 = 6, and x4 = 4
So the balanced equation is 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 6H2O + 4CO2.
Ex 1.8
Question 1.
If |adj(adj A)| = |A|9, then the order of the square matrix A is _______ (a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 2.
If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AAT = ATA and B = A-1AT, then BBT = ______
(a) A
(b) B
(c) I3
(d) BT
Answer:
(c) I3

Question 3.

Answer:
Question 4.

Answer:
Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.

(a) -40
(b) -80
(c) -60
(d) -20
Answer:
(b) -80
Hint:

Question 7.

(a) 15
(b) 12
(c) 14
(d) 11
Answer:
(d) 11
Hint: Given |A| = 4 and P is the adjoint matrix of A
|P| = 42 = 16
⇒ -2 (3 – x) = 16
⇒ -6 + 2x = 16
⇒ 2x = 22
⇒ x = 11
Question 8.

Answer:
Question 9.
If A, B and C are invertible matrices of some order, then which one of the following is not
true?
(a) adj A =|A| A-1
(b) adj(AB) = (adj A) (adj B)
(c) det A-1 = (det A)-1
(d) (ABC)-1 = C-1B-1A-1
Answer:
(b) adj(AB) = (adj A) (adj B)

Question 10.

Answer:
Question 11.
If AT A-1 is symmetric, then A2 = _______
(a) A-1
(b) (AT)2
(c) AT
(d) (A-1)2
Answer:
(b) (AT)2

Question 12.
If A is a non-singular matrix such that A−1=[5−23−1], then (AT)-1 = _______

Answer:
Question 13.

Answer:

Question 14.

Answer:
Question 15.

Answer:
Question 16.

Answer:

Question 17.

Answer:

Question 18.
Answer:

Question 19.

Answer:

Question 20.
Which of the following is/are correct?
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a diagonal matrix.
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n and λ, is a scalar, then adj(λA) = λn adj(A).
(iv) A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I
(a) Only (i)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Question 21.
If ρ(A) = ρ([A|B]), then the system AX = B of linear equations is ______
(a) consistent and has a unique solution
(b) consistent
(c) consistent and has infinitely many solution
(d) inconsistent
Answer:
(b) consistent
Question 22.
If 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, the system of equations x + (sin θ)y – (cos θ)z = 0, (cos θ)x – y + z = 0, (sin
θ)x + y – z = 0 has a non-trivial solution then θ is ______
(a) 2π3
(b) 3π4
(c) 5π4
(d) π4
Answer:
(d) π4

Question 23.
The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is ⎡⎣⎢10021074λ−736μ+5⎤⎦⎥. The
system has infinitely many solutions if _____
(a) λ = 7, μ ≠ 5
(b) λ = -7, μ = 5
(c) λ ≠ 7, μ ≠ -5
(d) λ = 7, μ = -5
Answer:
(d) λ = 7, μ = -5
Question 24.

Answer:

Question 25.

Answer: