Scribd
Upload
4 views19 pages

Week#3.1-Set Theory

The document provides an outline on sets, covering basics such as enumeration, notations, and cardinality, as well as Venn diagrams and their applications. It discusses set operations, relations, and methods for proving set identities, including the use of membership tables. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples to illustrate the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

Humna Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views19 pages

Week#3.1-Set Theory

The document provides an outline on sets, covering basics such as enumeration, notations, and cardinality, as well as Venn diagrams and their applications. It discusses set operations, relations, and methods for proving set identities, including the use of membership tables. Additionally, it includes exercises and examples to illustrate the concepts presented.

Uploaded by

Humna Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Sets

Rimsha Javed

1
Outline on sets
 Basics
 Specify a set by enumerating all elements
 Notations
 Cardinality
 Venn Diagram
 Relations on sets: subset, proper subset
 Set builder notation
 Set operations
 Principle of Inclusion/Exclusion
 Applications of Venn diagram

2
Venn Diagrams
 Disjoint sets: There is no common elements in sets

 Overlapping sets: Sets has common elements.

3
Venn Diagrams
 Subsets (A ∩ B)

 (AUB) (A-B)

4
Venn Diagrams
 Ac (A∩B∩C )

 (AUB) c (A∩B) c

5
Venn Diagrams
 A⊝B


 Let’s Try this:
a. A∩(BUC)
 b. (B∩C)UA
 c. (A-B)U(A-C)U(B-C)

6
Venn Diagrams

7
Applications of Venn diagram
 A number of computer users are surveyed to find out if
they have a printer, modem or scanner. Draw separate
Venn diagrams and shade the areas, which represent the
following configurations.
a. modem and printer but no scanner
b. scanner but no printer and no modem
c. scanner or printer but no modem
d. no modem and no printer

8
SOLUTION
 Let
P represent the set of computer users having printer.
M represent the set of computer users having modem.
S represent the set of computer users having scanner

9
SOLUTION
a. Modem and printer but no Scanner is shaded.
(M∩P∩Sc)

b. Scanner but no printer and no modem is shaded.


(S∩Mc∩Pc)

10
SOLUTION
c. scanner or printer but no modem is shaded.
d. (Mc∩P)U(Mc∩S)

c. no modem and no printer is shaded. (Mc∩Pc)

11
How to prove a set identity
 For example: A∩B=B-(B-A)
 Four methods:
 Use the basic set identities
 Use membership tables
 Prove each set is a subset of each other
 This is like proving that two numbers are equal by showing that each
is less than or equal to the other
 Use set builder notation and logical equivalences

12
What we are going to prove…

A∩B=B-(B-A)

A B

A∩B B-A

B-(B-A)

13
14
Proof by using basic set identities
 Prove that A∩B=B-(B-A)
A  B = B-(B  A ) Definition of difference (A - B = A ∩ Bc )

= B  (B  A ) Definition of difference (A - B = A ∩ Bc )

= B  (B  A ) DeMorgan’s Law (A ∩ B) c = (Ac ∪ Bc)

= B  (B  A) Complementation Law

= (B  B )  (B  A) Distributive Law A∩(B∪C)=(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

=   (B  A) Complement Law A ∩ Ac = ∅
= (B  A) Identity Law A∪∅= A

= A B Commutative Law A ∩ B = B ∩ A15


EXERCISE:

 For all set A, B, and C prove that (A – B) – C = (A – C) – B

16
What is a membership table
• Membership tables show all the combinations of
sets an element can belong to
– 1 means the element belongs, 0 means it does not
• Consider the following membership table:
A B AUB A∩B A-B
1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

 The top row is all elements that belong to both sets A and B
 Thus, these elements are in the union and intersection, but not the
difference
17
Proof by membership tables

 The following membership table shows that A∩B=B-


(B-A)
A B A∩B B-A B-(B-A)
1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0

• Because the two indicated columns have the


same values, the two expressions are identical
• This is similar to Boolean logic!
18
Summary
 Basics
 Specify a set by enumerating all elements
 Notations
 Cardinality
 Venn Diagram
 Relations on sets: subset, proper subset
 Set builder notation
 Set operations

19

You might also like