VECTORS IN 2-SPACE AND 3-SPACE

GEOMETRIC VECTORS VECTORS OPERATIONS DOT PRODUCT; PROJECTIONS CROSS PRODUCT

GEOMETRIC VECTORS
Vectors can represented geometrically as directed line segments or arrows in 2-space and 3-space. We denote vectors in lowercase boldface type ( for instance a,b,u,v ). The tail of the arrow is called the initial point of the vector, and the tip of the arrow is called the terminal point

Vectors AB A : the initial point

B : the terminal point

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

GEOMETRIC VECTORS
Definition If v and w are any two vectors, then vector v+w is represented by the arrow from initial point of v to terminal point of w where position the vector w so that its initial point coincides with terminal point of v u+w ? u w u u+w w

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

GEOMETRIC VECTORS
Definition If v is a nonzero vector and k is a nonzero scalar, then product kv is defined to be the vector whose length is |k| times the length of v and whose direction is the same as that of v if k>0 and opposite to that v if k<0.

2v -v

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

GEOMETRIC VECTORS
Definition If v and w are any two vectors, then the difference of w from v is defined by v-w = v + (-w) -w v-w w

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

VECTORS OPERATIONS
Vectors in Coordinate Systems
Definition If v and w are any two vectors in 3-space, k : scalar v = (v1,v2,v3) , w = (w1,w2,w3) then v+w = (v1+w1,v2+w2,v3+w3) v-w = (v1-w1,v2-w2,v3-w3) kv = (kv1,kv2,kv3) Vectors operations in 2-space are similar with vectors operations in 3-space

August 7, 2008

Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

VECTORS OPERATIONS
Properties of Vectors Operations
If u,v and w are vectors in 2,3-space, k,m : scalar a. u+v = v+u b. u+0 = 0+u c. k(mu) = (km)u d. (k+m) u = ku +mu Norm a Vector The length of a vector u is often called the norm of u and denoted by ||u|| e. (u+v)+w = u+(v+w) f. u+(-u) = 0 g. k(u+v) = ku+kv h. 1u = u

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

VECTORS OPERATIONS
Let u = (u1,u2) then ||u|| is given by formula

|| u ||= u1 + u2
2

Let u = (u1,u2,u3) then ||u|| is given by formula || u ||= u1 + u 2 + u3 Distance between 2 point (vector) Let A(a1,a2) and B(b1,b2) are two points (vectors) in 2-space, then distance between A and B is given by formula

d ( A, B ) = AB =

(b1 a1 )2 + (b2 a2 )2

Let A(a1,a2,a3) and B(b1,b2,b3) are two points (vectors) in 3-space, then distance between A and B is

d ( A.B ) = AB =
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(b1 a1 )2 + (b2 a2 )2 + (b3 a3 )2

Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

VECTORS OPERATIONS
Example 1 Let u = (1,2,2), ||u||= ? Solution

|| u ||= 12 + 2 2 + 2 2 = 9 = 3
Example 2 Determine distance between A(1,1,1) and B(2,3,4) Solution d ( A.B ) =

(2 1)2 + (3 1)2 + (4 1)2

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

DOT PRODUCT
Definition If u and v are vectors in 2 or 3 space and is the angle between u and v then dot product u.v is defined by

u .v = u v cos

,0

u v

u v

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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DOT PRODUCT
Let u =(u1,u2,u3) and v =(v1,v2,v3) are vectors in 3-space,we can derive formula dot product u.v when entries of u and v are known, then using law of cosines
PQ = u 2 + v 2 2 u v cos
2

,0

Where PQ = v - u Then dot product u.v is given by formula (after simplifying)

u .v = u1v1 + u2 v2 + u3v3
If u and v vectors in 2-space, then dot product u.v is

u .v = u1v1 + u2 v2
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DOT PRODUCT
Formula

u .v = u v cos

can be written as

cos =

u.v u v

Formula of dot product can be used to obtain information about the angle () between two vectors is acute is obtuse = /2 if and only if if and only if if and only if u.v > 0 u.v < 0 u.v = 0

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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DOT PRODUCT
Example Calculate sin where is angle between a=(1,1,2) and b=(2,1,0) Solution

u = 1+1+ 4 = v = 4 +1 = 5

cos =

u.v u v

3 3 = 6 5 30

u .v = 1.2 + 1.1 + 0 = 3
sin2 = 1 - cos2
sin 2 = 21 30

sin =

21 30

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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DOT PRODUCT
Properties of the Dot Product a. u.v = v.u b. u. (v+w) = u.v + u.w c. k (u.v) = (ku).v = u.(kv) d. v.v > 0 if v 0 and v.v = 0 if v = 0

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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DOT PRODUCT
An Orthogonal Projection
u
w2 w1

w1 : Projection of u on v w1+ w2 = u w2 : Vector component of u orthogonal to v v If u and v are vectors in 2 or 3-space and v0, then

u
w2

projv u = w1 = kv =
v

u .v v
2

w1

w2 = u w1
Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

We get k value by substitute w1 to u.v

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DOT PRODUCT
Example Let a =(2,-1,3) and b = (4,-1,2). Find the vector component of a along b and vector component of a orthogonal to b Solution Vector component of a along b is orthogonal projection of a on b a . b =15 ||b||2 =21

15 (4,1,2) projb a = w1 = 2 b = 21 b
a .b
Vector component of a orthogonal to b is w2=a-w1 =
August 7, 2008 Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

1 ( 18 ,6,33 ) 21
16

CROSS PRODUCT
Definition Let a =(a1,a2,a3) and b = (b1,b2,b3) are vectors in 3-space, then cross product a x b is the vector defined by
i a x b = a1 b1 j a2 b2 k a3 b3

Where i,j,k are standard unit vector i=(1,0,0), j=(0,1,0) and k=(0,0,1)

Relationships Cross Product and Dot Product a. a.(axb) = 0 b. b.(axb) = 0 c. ||axb||2 = ||a||2 ||b||2 (a.b) ( axb ortogonal to a) ( axb ortogonal to b) (Lagrange Identity)

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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CROSS PRODUCT
Properties of Cross Product If a,b and c are vectors in 3-space and k : scalar,then a. axb = - (bxa) b. ax(b+c) = (axb) +(axc) c. (a+b)xc = (axc) +(bxc) d. k(axb) = (ka)xb = ax(kb) e. ax0 = 0xa = 0 f. axa = 0

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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

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CROSS PRODUCT
Geometric Interpretation
We can derive formula ||axb|| using Lagrange Identity. The formula is || axb || = ||a|| ||b|| sin a ||a|| sin ||b|| b Area of Triangle = . ||a|| ||b|| sin = || axb ||
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What is this ?

Area of Parallelogram = ||a|| ||b|| sin

CROSS PRODUCT
Example Find the area of triangle determined by the point A(1,2,3), B(2,2,2) and C(2,0,2) Solution Let area of ABC triangle C AB = a = (1,0,-1) AC = b = (1,-2,-1) A B
i j k a x b = 1 0 1 1 2 1

Area of Triangle = || axb || = -2i -2k = (-2,0,-2) || axb ||

Area of ABC triangle

1 2

( 8)=

2
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Vectors in 2-space and 3-space

EXERCISES
1. Let a = (k,k,1) and b = (k,3,-4). Find k a. If angle between a and b is acute b. If angle between a and b is obtuse c. If angle between a and b is orthogonal 2. Let a =(2,-1,3) and b = (4,-1,2). Find the norm of vector component of a along b ? 3. Find a unit vector that is orthogonal to both u and v ? a. u = (1,1,-1), v = (3,2,1) b. u = (1,0,-1), v = (2,1,-1)

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EXERCISES
4. Find the area of triangle having vertices P,Q,R a. P(0,1,2), Q(-1,2,0), R(3,1,2) b. P(2,3,4), Q(-1,-2,1), R(3,2,1)

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