Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025.

3 Subject content

This syllabus gives you the flexibility to design a course that will interest, challenge and engage your learners.
Where appropriate you are responsible for selecting resources and examples to support your learners’ study.
These should be appropriate for the learners’ age, cultural background and learning context as well as
complying with your school policies and local legal requirements.

AS content
Computational thinking is developed using a structured approach that includes the use of programming and
problem-solving skills to provide solutions to real life problems. It requires the manipulation and storage of
different types of data and the communication of solutions over networks.

Computational thinking is supported by developing an understanding of how computer architecture, hardware,

systems software, security measures and communication systems, provide the infrastructure required in
an efficient and ethical way. The syllabus supports opportunities for students to apply their skills in practical
contexts that are required in the digital industry.

1 Information representation

1.1 Data Representation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of binary magnitudes and the Understand the difference between and use:
difference between binary prefixes and decimal
• kibi and kilo
prefixes
• mebi and mega
• gibi and giga
• tebi and tera
Show understanding of different number systems Use the binary, denary, hexadecimal number
bases and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) and one’s
and two’s complement representation for binary
numbers
Convert an integer value from one number base/
representation to another
Perform binary addition and subtraction Using positive and negative binary integers
Show understanding of how overflow can occur
Describe practical applications where Binary Coded
Decimal (BCD) and Hexadecimal are used
Show understanding of and be able to represent Students are expected to be familiar with ASCII
character data in its internal binary form, depending (American Standard Code for Information
on the character set used Interchange), extended ASCII and Unicode.
Students will not be expected to memorise any
particular character codes

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

1.2 Multimedia
Graphics

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of how data for a bitmapped Use and understand the terms: pixel, file header,
image are encoded image resolution, screen resolution, colour depth/
bit depth
Perform calculations to estimate the file size for a
bitmap image
Show understanding of the effects of changing Use the terms: image resolution, colour depth /
elements of a bitmap image on the image quality bit depth
and file size
Show understanding of how data for a vector Use the terms: drawing object, property, drawing list
graphic are encoded
Justify the use of a bitmap image or a vector
graphic for a given task

Sound
Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance
Show understanding of how sound is represented Use the terms: sampling, sampling rate, sampling
and encoded resolution, analogue and digital data
Show understanding of the impact of changing the Including the impact on file size and accuracy
sampling rate and resolution

1.3 Compression

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the need for and examples
of the use of compression
Show understanding of lossy and lossless
compression and justify the use of a method in a
given situation
Show understanding of how a text file, bitmap Including the use of run-length encoding (RLE)
image, vector graphic and sound file can be
compressed

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

2 Communication

2.1 Networks including the internet

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the purpose and benefits of
networking devices
Show understanding of the characteristics of a LAN
(local area network) and a WAN (wide area network)
Explain the client-server and peer-to-peer models of Roles of the different computers within the network
networked computers and subnetwork models
Benefits and drawbacks of each model
Justify the use of a model for a given situation
Show understanding of thin-client and thick-client
and the differences between them
Show understanding of the bus, star, mesh and Understand how packets are transmitted between
hybrid topologies two hosts for a given topology
Justify the use of a topology for a given situation
Show understanding of cloud computing Including the use of public and private clouds
Benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing
Show understanding of the differences between Describe the characteristics of copper cable,
and implications of the use of wireless and wired fibre-optic cable, radio waves (including WiFi),
networks microwaves, satellites
Describe the hardware that is used to support a Including switch, server, Network Interface Card
LAN (NIC), Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC),
Wireless Access Points (WAP), cables, bridge,
repeater
Describe the role and function of a router in a
network
Show understanding of Ethernet and how collisions Including Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision
are detected and avoided Detection (CSMA / CD)
Show understanding of bit streaming Methods of bit streaming, i.e. real-time and
on-demand
Importance of bit rates broadband speed on bit
streaming
Show understanding of the differences between the
World Wide Web (WWW) and the internet
Describe the hardware that is used to support the Including modems, PSTN (Public Switched
internet Telephone Network), dedicated lines, cell phone
network

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

2.1 Networks including the internet continued

Explain the use of IP addresses in the transmission Including:

of data over the internet
• format of an IP address including IPv4 and IPv6
• use of subnetting in a network
• how an IP address is associated with a device
on a network
• difference between a public IP address and
a private IP address and the implications for
security
• difference between a static IP address and a
dynamic IP address
Explain how a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is
used to locate a resource on the World Wide Web
(WWW) and the role of the Domain Name Service
(DNS)

3 Hardware

3.1 Computers and their components

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the need for input, output,
primary memory and secondary (including
removable) storage
Show understanding of embedded systems Including: benefits and drawbacks of embedded
systems
Describe the principal operations of hardware Including: Laser printer, 3D printer, microphone,
devices speakers, magnetic hard disk, solid state (flash)
memory, optical disc reader/writer, touchscreen,
virtual reality headset
Show understanding of the use of buffers
Explain the differences between Random Access Including their use in a range of devices and
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) systems
Explain the differences between Static RAM (SRAM) Including the use of SRAM and DRAM in a range of
and Dynamic RAM (DRAM) devices and systems and the reasons for using one
instead of the other depending on the device and its
use
Explain the difference between Programmable ROM
(PROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
(EEPROM)
Show an understanding of monitoring and control Including:
systems
• difference between monitoring and control
• use of sensors (including temperature, pressure,
infra-red, sound) and actuators
• importance of feedback

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

3.2 Logic Gates and Logic Circuits

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Use the following logic gate symbols:

NOT AND OR

NAND NOR XOR

Understand and define the functions of : All gates except the NOT gate will have two inputs
NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and XOR (EOR) gates only.

Construct the truth table for each of the logic gates

above
Construct a logic circuit From:
• a problem statement
• a logic expression
• a truth table
Construct a truth table From:
• a problem statement
• a logic circuit
• a logic expression
Construct a logic expression From:
• a problem statement
• a logic circuit
• a truth table

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4 Processor Fundamentals

4.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) Architecture

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the basic Von Neumann
model for a computer system and the stored
program concept
Show understanding of the purpose and role of Special purpose registers including:
registers, including the difference between general
• Program Counter (PC)
purpose and special purpose registers
• Memory Data Register (MDR)
• Memory Address Register (MAR)
• The Accumulator (ACC)
• Index Register (IX)
• Current Instruction Register (CIR)
• Status Register
Show understanding of the purpose and roles of the
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU)
and system clock, Immediate Access Store (IAS)
Show understanding of how data are transferred
between various components of the computer
system using the address bus, data bus and control
bus
Show understanding of how factors contribute to Including:
the performance of the computer system
• processor type and number of cores
• the bus width
• clock speed
• cache memory
Understand how different ports provide connection Including connection to:
to peripheral devices
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
• Video Graphics Array (VGA)
Describe the stages of the Fetch-Execute (F-E) cycle Describe and use ‘register transfer’ notation to
describe the F-E cycle
Show understanding of the purpose of interrupts Including:
• possible causes of interrupts
• applications of interrupts
• use of an Interrupt Service handling Routine
(ISR)
• when interrupts are detected during the fetch-
execute cycle
• how interrupts are handled

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4.2 Assembly Language

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the relationship between
assembly language and machine code
Describe the different stages of the assembly Apply the two-pass assembler process to a given
process for a two-pass assembler simple assembly language program
Trace a given simple assembly language program
Show understanding that a set of instructions are Including the following groups:
grouped
• Data movement
• Input and output of data
• Arithmetic operations
• Unconditional and conditional instructions
• Compare instructions
Show understanding of and be able to use different Including immediate, direct, indirect, indexed,
modes of addressing relative

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

The following table is an example of an instruction set:

Instruction Explanation
Opcode Operand

LDM #n Immediate addressing. Load the number n to ACC

LDD <address> Direct addressing. Load the contents of the location at the given address
to ACC
LDI <address> Indirect addressing. The address to be used is at the given address.
Load the contents of this second address to ACC
LDX <address> Indexed addressing. Form the address from <address> + the contents of
the index register. Copy the contents of this calculated address to ACC
LDR #n Immediate addressing. Load the number n to IX

MOV <register> Move the contents of the accumulator to the given register (IX)

STO <address> Store the contents of ACC at the given address

ADD <address> Add the contents of the given address to the ACC

ADD #n/Bn/&n Add the number n to the ACC

SUB <address> Subtract the contents of the given address from the ACC

SUB #n/Bn/&n Subtract the number n from the ACC

INC <register> Add 1 to the contents of the register (ACC or IX)

DEC <register> Subtract 1 from the contents of the register (ACC or IX)

JMP <address> Jump to the given address

CMP <address> Compare the contents of ACC with the contents of <address>

CMP #n Compare the contents of ACC with number n

CMI <address> Indirect addressing. The address to be used is at the given address.
Compare the contents of ACC with the contents of this second address
JPE <address> Following a compare instruction, jump to <address> if the compare was
True

JPN <address> Following a compare instruction, jump to <address> if the compare was
False
IN Key in a character and store its ASCII value in ACC

OUT Output to the screen the character whose ASCII value is stored in ACC

END Return control to the operating system

All questions will assume there is only one general purpose register available (Accumulator)
ACC denotes Accumulator
IX denotes Index Register
<address> can be an absolute or symbolic address
# denotes a denary number, e.g. #123
B denotes a binary number, e.g. B01001010
& denotes a hexadecimal number, e.g. &4A

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

4.3 Bit manipulation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of and perform binary shifts Logical, arithmetic and cyclic
Left shift, right shift
Show understanding of how bit manipulation can be Carry out bit manipulation operations
used to monitor/control a device Test and set a bit (using bit masking)

Instruction
Label Opcode Operand Explanation
AND #n / Bn / &n Bitwise AND operation of the contents of ACC with the
operand
AND <address> Bitwise AND operation of the contents of ACC with the
contents of <address>
XOR #n / Bn / &n Bitwise XOR operation of the contents of ACC with the
operand
XOR <address> Bitwise XOR operation of the contents of ACC with the
contents of <address>
OR #n / Bn / &n Bitwise OR operation of the contents of ACC with the
operand
OR <address> Bitwise OR operation of the contents of ACC with the
contents of <address>
LSL #n Bits in ACC are shifted logically n places to the left. Zeros are
introduced on the right hand end
LSR #n Bits in ACC are shifted logically n places to the right. Zeros
are introduced on the left hand end
<label>: <opcode> <operand> Labels an instruction
<label>: <data> Gives a symbolic address <label> to the memory location
with contents <data>
All questions will assume there is only one general purpose register available (Accumulator)
ACC denotes Accumulator
IX denotes Index Register
<address> can be an absolute or symbolic address
# denotes a denary number, e.g. #123
B denotes a binary number, e.g. B01001010
& denotes a hexadecimal number, e.g. &4A

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

5 System Software

5.1 Operating Systems

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Explain why a computer system requires an
Operating System (OS)
Explain the key management tasks carried out by Including memory management, file management,
the Operating System security management, hardware management
(input / output / peripherals), process management
Show understanding of the need for typical utility Including disk formatter, virus checker,
software provided with an Operating System defragmentation software, disk contents analysis/
disk repair software, file compression, back-up
software
Show understanding of program libraries Including:
• software under development is often
constructed using existing code from program
libraries
• the benefits to the developer of software
constructed using library files, including
Dynamic Link Library (DLL) files

5.2 Language Translators

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the need for:
• assembler software for the translation of an
assembly language program
• a compiler for the translation of a high-level
language program
• an interpreter for translation and execution of a
high-level language program
Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using either a
compiler or interpreter and justify the use of each
Show awareness that high-level language programs
may be partially compiled and partially interpreted,
such as Java (console mode)
Describe features found in a typical Integrated Including:
Development Environment (IDE)
• for coding, including context-sensitive prompts
• for initial error detection, including dynamic
syntax checks
• for presentation, including prettyprint, expand
and collapse code blocks
• for debugging, including single stepping,
breakpoints, i.e. variables, expressions, report
window

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

6 Security, privacy and data integrity

6.1 Data Security

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Explain the difference between the terms security,
privacy and integrity of data
Show appreciation of the need for both the security
of data and the security of the computer system
Describe security measures designed to protect Including user accounts, passwords, authentication
computer systems, ranging from the stand-alone techniques such as digital signatures and
PC to a network of computers biometrics, firewall, anti-virus software, anti-
spyware, encryption
Show understanding of the threats to computer and Including malware (virus, spyware), hackers,
data security posed by networks and the internet phishing, pharming
Describe methods that can be used to restrict the
risks posed by threats
Describe security methods designed to protect the Including encryption, access rights
security of data

6.2 Data Integrity

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Describe how data validation and data verification
help protect the integrity of data
Describe and use methods of data validation Including range check, format check, length check,
presence check, existence check, limit check,
check digit
Describe and use methods of data verification During data entry including visual check, double
during data entry and data transfer entry
During data transfer including parity check (byte and
block), checksum

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

7 Ethics and Ownership

7.1 Ethics and Ownership

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the need for and purpose of Understand the importance of joining a professional
ethics as a computing professional ethical body including BCS (British Computer
Society), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers)
Show understanding of the need to act ethically and
the impact of acting ethically or unethically for a
given situation
Show understanding of the need for copyright
legislation
Show understanding of the different types of Licences to include free Software Foundation, the
software licencing and justify the use of a licence for Open Source Initiative, shareware and commercial
a given situation software
Show understanding of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Understand the impact of AI including social,
economic and environmental issues
Understand the applications of AI

8 Databases

8.1 Database Concepts

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the limitations of using a file-
based approach for the storage and retrieval of data
Describe the features of a relational database that
address the limitations of a file-based approach
Show understanding of and use the terminology Including entity, table, record, field, tuple, attribute,
associated with a relational database model primary key, candidate key, secondary key, foreign
key, relationship (one-to-many, one-to-one, many-
to-many), referential integrity, indexing
Use an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram to
document a database design
Show understanding of the normalisation process First Normal Form (1NF),
Second Normal Form (2NF) and
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Explain why a given set of database tables are, or
are not, in 3NF
Produce a normalised database design for a
description of a database, a given set of data, or a
given set of tables

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

8.2 Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the features provided by Including:
a Database Management System (DBMS) that
• data management, including maintaining a data
address the issues of a file based approach
dictionary
• data modelling
• logical schema
• data integrity
• data security, including backup procedures and
the use of access rights to individuals / groups
of users
Show understanding of how software tools found Including the use and purpose of:
within a DBMS are used in practice
• developer interface
• query processor

8.3 Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding that the DBMS carries out
all creation / modification of the database structure
using its Data Definition Language (DDL)
Show understanding that the DBMS carries out all
queries and maintenance of data using its DML
Show understanding that the industry standard for Understand a given SQL statement
both DDL and DML is Structured Query Language
(SQL)
Understand given SQL (DDL) statements and be Create a database (CREATE DATABASE)
able to write simple SQL (DDL) statements using a Create a table definition (CREATE TABLE), including
sub-set of statements the creation of attributes with appropriate data
types:
• CHARACTER
• VARCHAR(n)
• BOOLEAN
• INTEGER
• REAL
• DATE
• TIME
change a table definition (ALTER TABLE)
add a primary key to a table (PRIMARY KEY (field))
add a foreign key to a table (FOREIGN KEY (field)
REFERENCES Table (Field))

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

8.3 Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) continued

Write an SQL script to query or modify data (DML) Queries including SELECT... FROM, WHERE,
which are stored in (at most two) database tables ORDER BY, GROUP BY, INNER JOIN, SUM,
COUNT, AVG

Data maintenance including. INSERT INTO, DELETE

FROM, UPDATE

9 Algorithm Design and Problem-solving

Refer to Pseudocode Guide www.cambridgeinternational.org/support

9.1 Computational Thinking Skills

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show an understanding of abstraction Need for and benefits of using abstraction
Describe the purpose of abstraction
Produce an abstract model of a system by only
including essential details
Describe and use decomposition Break down problems into sub-problems leading
to the concept of a program module (procedure /
function)

9.2 Algorithms

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding that an algorithm is a solution to
a problem expressed as a sequence of defined steps
Use suitable identifier names for the representation
of data used by a problem and represent these
using an identifier table
Write pseudocode that contains input, process and
output
Write pseudocode using the three basic constructs
of sequence, selection and iteration (repetition)
Document a simple algorithm using a structured
English description, a flowchart or pseudocode
Write pseudocode from:
• a structured English description
• a flowchart
Draw a flowchart from:
• a structured English description
• pseudocode

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

9.2 Algorithms continued

Describe and use the process of stepwise
refinement to express an algorithm to a level of
detail from which the task may be programmed
Use logic statements to define parts of an algorithm
solution

10 Data Types and Structures

10.1 Data Types and Records

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Select and use appropriate data types for a problem including integer, real, char, string, Boolean, date
solution (pseudocode will use the following data types:
INTEGER, REAL, CHAR, STRING, BOOLEAN,
DATE, ARRAY, FILE)
Show understanding of the purpose of a record Write pseudocode to define a record structure
structure to hold a set of data of different data types Write pseudocode to read data from a record
under one identifier structure and save data to a record structure

10.2 Arrays

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Use the technical terms associated with arrays Including index, upper and lower bound
Select a suitable data structure (1D or 2D array) to
use for a given task
Write pseudocode for 1D and 2D arrays
Write pseudocode to process array data Sort using a bubble sort
Search using a linear search

10.3 Files

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of why files are needed
Write pseudocode to handle text files that consist of
one or more lines

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

10.4 Introduction to Abstract Data Types (ADT)

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding that an ADT is a collection of
data and a set of operations on those data
Show understanding that a stack, queue and linked Describe the key features of a stack, queue and
list are examples of ADTs linked list and justify their use for a given situation
Use a stack, queue and linked list to store data Candidates will not be required to write pseudocode
for these structures, but they should be able to add,
edit and delete data from these structures
Describe how a queue, stack and linked list can be
implemented using arrays

11 Programming

11.1 Programming Basics

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Implement and write pseudocode from a given
design presented as either a program flowchart or
structured English
Write pseudocode statements for:
• the declaration and initialisation of constants
• the declaration of variables
• the assignment of values to variables
• expressions involving any of the arithmetic or
logical operators input from the keyboard and
output to the console
Use built-in functions and library routines Any functions not given in the pseudocode guide
will be provided
String manipulation functions will always be given

11.2 Constructs

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Use pseudocode to write:
• an ‘IF’ statement including the ‘ELSE’ clause
and nested IF statements
• a ‘CASE’ structure
• a ‘count-controlled’ loop:
• a ‘post-condition’ loop
• a ‘pre-condition’ loop
Justify why one loop structure may be better suited
to solve a problem than the others

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

11.3 Structured Programming

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Define and use a procedure
Explain where in the construction of an algorithm it
would be appropriate to use a procedure
Use parameters A procedure may have none, one or more
parameters
A parameter can be passed by reference or by value
Define and use a function
Explain where in the construction of an algorithm it A function is used in an expression, e.g. the return
is appropriate to use a function value replaces the call
Use the terminology associated with procedures including procedure / function header, procedure /
and functions function interface, parameter, argument, return value
Write efficient pseudocode

12 Software Development

12.1 Program Development Life cycle

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of the purpose of a
development life cycle
Show understanding of the need for different Including: waterfall, iterative, rapid application
development life cycles depending on the program development (RAD)
being developed
Describe the principles, benefits and drawbacks of
each type of life cycle
Show understanding of the analysis, design, coding,
testing and maintenance stages in the program
development life cycle

12.2 Program Design

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Use a structure chart to decompose a Describe the purpose of a structure chart
problem into sub-tasks and express the Construct a structure chart for a given problem
parameters passed between the various
Derive equivalent pseudocode from a structure
modules / procedures / functions which are part of
chart
the algorithm design
Show understanding of the purpose of
state-transition diagrams to document an algorithm

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Computer Science 9618 syllabus for 2024 and 2025. Subject content

12.3 Program Testing and Maintenance

Candidates should be able to: Notes and guidance

Show understanding of ways of exposing and
avoiding faults in programs
Locate and identify the different types of errors • syntax errors
• logic errors
• run-time errors
Correct identified errors
Show understanding of the methods of testing Including dry run, walkthrough, white-box, black-
available and select appropriate data for a given box, integration, alpha, beta, acceptance, stub
method
Show understanding of the need for a test strategy
and test plan and their likely contents
Choose appropriate test data for a test plan Including normal, abnormal and extreme/boundary
Show understanding of the need for continuing Including perfective, adaptive, corrective
maintenance of a system and the differences
between each type of maintenance
Analyse an existing program and make
amendments to enhance functionality

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