ACTIVITY -1

AIM
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off)
switches, a fuse and a power source.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Three bulbs (40 W, 220 V each), three (on/off) switches, socket, a fuse of 1.0 A, plug, flexible
connecting wire, main switch.

PRINCIPLE

If P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , P5 , ... be the power consumed by different domestic electrical appliances in a

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + ..

If electric potential is V, then current I drawn from the mains is given by

I= P /V

where P is in watt, V in volt and I in ampere.

In order to protect the appliances from damage, when accidentally a high current is drawn (e.g.
when the terminals of the appliance get accidentally connected), a fuse of rating little higher (10 to
20 per cent higher than the current normally drawn) is connected in series with the set of appliances

PROCEDURE

1. Take the bulbs B1 , B2 , B3 and connect them in series with switches S1 , S2 and S3 respectively.
Connect B1 , B2 , B3 along with S1 , S2 , S3 in parallel with each other as shown in Fig.
2. Connect fuse F in series with the set up as shown in Fig. A 5.1. Connect a plug and the socket at
the end of two leads. Connect a wire from the earth pin of the plug.

3. Insert the plug in socket provided in the main electric board.

4. Press the switches S1 , S2 , S3 one by one and observe the bulb that is switched on and off
independently of the other bulb.

5. Press all the switches simultaneously and observe what happens. Record your observations.

RESULT

Household circuit assembly is complete and installed with safety.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Care should be taken while working with mains.

2. Carefully determine the rating of the fuse by calculating the maximum current drawn by the
circuit.

ACTIVITY-2
AIM

To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

A given open circuit comprising atleast a cell or a battery, plug key, resistor, rheostat, ammeter,
voltmeter, connecting wires and sand paper.

PRINCIPLE

An electrical circuit is functional only if all the components of the circuit are connected in proper
order, assuming that all circuit components/devices are in working condition and key is closed. An
open circuit means a break in some part of a circuit which could be deliberate such as a key in open
position or a fault such as broken wire or burnt-out component(s) or loose connection. Some of such
circuits are given in Figs. A 2.1 (a), (b), (c) and (d).
PROCEDURE

1. Draw the circuit diagrams in your notebook as given by your teacher [Fig. A 2.1(a), (b), (c) and
(d)].

2. Consider one circuit and mark in Table A 2.1, the various components which have not been
connected in proper order.

3. Draw the correct circuit diagram.

4. Connect the electrical components according to corrected circuit diagram.

5. Close the key in the circuit to verify if the corrected circuit is functional.

Note: Rheostat can be used both as a variable resistance and potential divider.
OBSERVATIONS

RESULT

The electrical circuit assembled as per the corrected circuit diagram is functional.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned with sand paper before making connections.

2. The positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter
and positive terminal of the ammeter.

3. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter should be
connected in parallel with it.

ACTIVITY-3
AIM

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the components as shown in Fig. A 1.1.

2. After closing the key K, check that the voltmeter and ammeter show deflections on the right hand
side

3. Check the continuity of the assembled circuit using a multimeter.

RESULT

The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive terminal of ammeter and
positive terminal of the voltmeter.

2. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter should be
connected in parallel with the resistor.

3. Sand paper should be used to clean the ends of connecting wires and leads of the component
terminals. Grease/oil or oxide layer on their surfaces is insulating in nature and needs to be
removed. However, do not clean the plugs and keys with sand paper. Excessive use of sand paper in
such a case will make the plug unfit to be used with the key.
 ACTIVITY-4
AIM

To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Multimeter, a collection of diode, LED, transistor, IC, resistor and capacitor.

PRINCIPLE

A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when
reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.

A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does
not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting.

A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).

An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in the form of a chip. But some may have only
three terminals, e.g. 7805, 7806, 7809, 7912.

A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts equally in both directions.

A capacitor is a two terminal device. It does not conduct but stores some charge when dc voltage is
applied.

PROCEDURE

1. Check the physical appearance of the component. (a) If it has four or more terminals and has the
appearance of a chip (black rectangular block), then it is an IC.
Fig. A 8.1 (a) Diode (b) LED (c) Transistor (d) IC (e) Resistor (f) Capacitor

(b) If it has three terminals, the component may be a transistor. To confirm, set-up the multimeter in
resistance mode (highest range). Connect its black or common terminal to one of the extreme legs of
the component and the second terminal (red or positive) to the central leg. Check the multimeter
deflection. If a deflection is observed, interchange the multimeter terminals. If no deflection is
observed, the component is a transistor. Repeat this test by connecting the multimeter terminals to
the central leg and the other extreme leg. If a similar behaviour is observed, the component is a
transistor.

(2) If the component has two terminals, it could be a resistor, a capacitor, a diode or a LED

(a) Look for colour bands, if it has a typical set of three colour bands followed by a silver or gold
band, the component is a resistor.

(b) Connect the multimeter terminals (in resistance modehighest range) to the component terminals
and watch for multimeter deflection. Also repeat by reversing the component terminals.

(c) If the multimeter shows an equal deflection in both the directions, the component is a resistor.
(d) If the deflection is accompanied with emission of light, in one direction and a much less or zero
deflection in the other direction the component is a LED.

(e) If the multimeter does not show any deflection in one direction and shows deflection with no
light emission in the other direction then, the component is a diode.

(f) If the multimeter does not show any deflection on connecting its terminals either way to the
component, it is a capacitor. But if capacitance of capacitor is large, multimeter may show a
momentary deflection.
RESULT

A diode, a LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor are identified respectively from a mixed
collection. PRECAUTION While obtaining resistance of any component, clean its leads properly.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. When the metal ends of a multimeter leads are touched, the multimeter should show zero
resistance. If it does not show it, bring the pointer to zero using ‘Zero Adj knob’ on the multimeter. If
it is not done, the resistance measurements are not reliable.

2. While checking resistance of a component, avoid touching either of the metal ends of the
multimeter leads. Body resistance in parallel with component resistance can affect the resistance
measurement.

ACTIVITY-5
AIM

To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Drawing board, rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, adhesive tape (cello-tape), drawing
pins, a metre scale, alpins, protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.

PRINCIPLE

When a ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass slab, it is refracted through it. It emerges out of
the slab parallel to the direction of the incident ray. The emergent ray suffers only a lateral
displacement. For a given angle of incidence and a pair of media, the lateral deviation is proportional
to the thickness of the glass slab.

PROCEDURE
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of cello-tape or drawing pins.

2. Place the glass slab lengthwise symmetrically at the centre of the paper sheet and mark its
boundary ABCD (Fig. A10.1) on the paper sheet with a sharp pencil.

3. Draw a normal at a point F on the face AB. Draw a line EF, representing the incident ray, making
an angle i the angle of incidence with the normal.

4. Fix two alpins P and Q with sharp tips, about 8 to 10 cm apart, vertically on the line EF.

5. Observe the images of the two pins through the face opposite of the glass slab. Fix two more
alpins R and S about 8 to 10 cm apart, vertically on the white paper sheet carefully with their tips in
line with the tips of the images of P and Q. Take care that the tips of all the alpins appear to be on a
straight line.

6. Remove the glass slab and mark the pin prick positions of the alpins on the white paper sheet
with a pencil. Draw a straight line GH, representing the emergent ray, passing through the points
marked R and S, meeting the face CD at G.

7. Draw the line FG to represent the refracted ray. Draw a normal at the point G on the face CD;
making an angle of emergence e with the normal. Measure the angle of incidence i and angle of
emergence e with a protractor. Write the values of these angles on the white paper sheet. Do you
find some relation between ∠i and ∠e ?

8. Extrapolate EF forward to meet the face CD of the glass slab at O. Draw the perpendicular OL to
the line GH.

9. Check if the emergent ray GH is parallel to the incident ray EF along the original direction. It is
laterally deviated by a perpendicular distance OL. Measure the lateral deviation OL = d and also the
thickness of the glass slab.

10. Repeat steps 2 to 9 by changing the angle of incidence.

11. Repeat the steps 2 to 10 by using glass slabs of different thickness. Measure the lateral deviation
and the thickness of the glass slab each time. Also write the values of ∠i and ∠e on the white paper
sheet each time.

12. Record observations in tabular form with proper units. What inference do you draw from your
observations?
RESULT

1. The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray direction, but is laterally
deviated.

2. The lateral deviation of the emergent ray with respect to the incident ray is directly proportional
to the thickness of the glass slab.

ACTIVITY-6

AIM

To study nature and the size of the image formed by a convex lens. (for different distances of the
candle from the lens)

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

A candle, match box, a small candle-stand, a convex lens of small focal length and known thickness, a
screen with a stand, metre scale.

PRINCIPLE

(a)The position, nature and size of the image of an object formed by a thin convex lens varies with
the change in the position of the object as illustrated in Fig. A 13 (i).1(a) to A 13 (i).1(f) for some
specific positions. It is assumed that both the spherical surfaces of the lens have same radi of
curvature.
the principal axis, the image is formed on the principal axis and focal plane respectively.

(b) Object is in between infinity and 2F1 , i.e., ∞ > u > 2f. A real, inverted and diminished image lies
in between second principal focus F2 and 2F2 on the other side of the lens, i.e., 2f > v > f.

(c) Object is at 2F1 , i.e., u = 2f. A real and inverted image is also formed at 2F2 on the other side of
the lens, i.e., v = 2f. The size of the image is equal to the size of object.
(d) Object is in between 2F1 and first principal focus F1 , i.e., 2f > u > f. A real, inverted and enlarged
image is formed in between 2F2 and infinity on the other side of the lens, i.e., 2f < v < ∞ .

(e) Object is at the first principal focus, i.e., u = f. A highly enlarged, real and inverted image is
formed at infinity on the other side of the lens, i.e, v = ∞.

(f) Object is in between the principal focus and the optical centre O of the lens, i.e., f > u > 0. An
enlarged, virtual, and erect image is formed on the same side of the object.

PROCEDURE

1. Obtain an approximate value of the focal length of the convex lens by focussing the image of a
distant object. It can be found by obtaining a sharp image of Sun or tree on a plain wall, on the other
side of the lens and measuring the distance between the lens and the wall with a scale. This distance
is approximate value of the focal length, f of the convex lens. Note: Do not look at the Sun through
the lens to see its image as it will hurt your eyes.

2. Fix a metre scale along the edge (lengthwise) of the table with a clamp or a cellotape.

3. Fix lens LL′ in a lens stand and place it approximately in the middle of the metre scale such that its
principal axis is horizontal and parallel to the metre scale. In this position the lens would lie in a
plane perpendicular to the table. Fig. A 13 (i). 2 Real images of a lighted candle formed by a thin
convex lens.

4. Mount a lighted candle vertically on a small candlestand. Place this candlestand on the left hand
side of the lens. Adjust the upright such that the tip of the lighted candle lies on the principal axis of
the lens. In this situation, the height of the tip of the flame of lighted candle becomes equal to the
height of the optical centre of the lens.
RESULT

1. As the object moves towards the focus of the lens the size of the image increases and it moves
away from the focus. In all these positions image is real and inverted and is formed on the other side
of the lens.

2. When the object is brought too close to the lens, the image on the other side is not seen.

3. When the object is at a distance less than the focal length, the image formed is virtual, enlarged
and erect. It is formed on the same side of the lens as that of the object.

PRECAUTIONS

1. This experiment should be performed at a shaded place where no direct light reaches (preferably
in a dark room) otherwise the images may not be distinctly visible.

2. While estimating the rough value of focal length f of the lens by focusing the Sun, do not look at
the image directly as it may hurt your eyes.

3. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically.

4. The aperture of the lens should be small otherwise the image formed will not be distinct.

5. Eye should be placed at a distance more than 25 cm from the image formed on the screen.