1.

Home
2. Topics
3. European History
4. Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution
BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS
UPDATED: MARCH 27, 2024 | ORIGINAL: MARCH 12, 2024
copy page link

Painting by Isaak Brodsky, National Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic.

Photo by Leemage/Corbis via Getty Images

Table of Contents
1. When Was the Russian Revolution?
2. What Caused the Russian Revolution?
3. Russian Revolution of 1905
4. Nicholas II and World War I
5. Rasputin and the Czarina
6. February Revolution
7. Alexander Kerensky
8. Bolshevik Revolution
9. Russian Civil War
10. Sources
11. Photo Galleries
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most explosive political
events of the 20th century. The violent revolution marked the end of the
Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. Economic hardship,
food shortages and government corruption all contributed to disillusionment
with Czar Nicholas II. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by
leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition
of czarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union.
When Was the Russian Revolution?
In 1917, two revolutions swept through Russia, ending centuries of imperial
rule and setting into motion political and social changes that would lead to
the eventual formation of the Soviet Union.
However, while the two revolutionary events took place within a few short
months of 1917, social unrest in Russia had been brewing for many years
prior to the events of that year.
In the early 1900s, Russia was one of the most impoverished countries in
Europe with an enormous peasantry and a growing minority of poor
industrial workers. Much of Western Europe viewed Russia as an
undeveloped, backwards society.
The Russian Empire practiced serfdom—a form of feudalism in which
landless peasants were forced to serve the land-owning nobility—well into
the nineteenth century. In contrast, the practice had disappeared in most of
Western Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.
In 1861, the Russian Empire finally abolished serfdom. The emancipation of
serfs would influence the events leading up to the Russian Revolution by
giving peasants more freedom to organize.
What Caused the Russian Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution gained a foothold in Russia much later than in
Western Europe and the United States. When it finally did, around the turn of
the 20th century, it brought with it immense social and political changes.
Between 1890 and 1910, for example, the population of major Russian cities
such as St. Petersburg and Moscow nearly doubled, resulting in overcrowding
and destitute living conditions for a new class of Russian industrial workers.
A population boom at the end of the 19th century, a harsh growing season
due to Russia’s northern climate, and a series of costly wars—starting with
the Crimean War—created frequent food shortages across the vast empire.
Moreover, a famine in 1891-1892 is estimated to have killed up to 400,000
Russians.
The devastating Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 further weakened Russia
and the position of ruler Czar Nicholas II. Russia suffered heavy losses of
soldiers, ships, money and international prestige in the war, which it
ultimately lost.
Many educated Russians, looking at social progress and scientific
advancement in Western Europe and North America, saw how growth in
Russia was being hampered by the monarchical rule of the czars and the
czar’s supporters in the aristocratic class.
Brutal Execution of the Romanovs
Loaded: 0%
Progress: 0%
PlayMute

Duration Time5:55

SubtitlesSettingsFullscreen
Russian Revolution of 1905
Soon, large protests by Russian workers against the monarchy led to
the Bloody Sunday massacre of 1905. Hundreds of unarmed protesters were
killed or wounded by the czar’s troops.
The Bloody Sunday massacre sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905, during
which angry workers responded with a series of crippling strikes throughout
the country. Farm laborers and soldiers joined the cause, leading to the
creation of worker-dominated councils called “soviets.”
In one famous incident, the crew of the battleship Potemkin staged a
successful mutiny against their overbearing officers. Historians would later
refer to the 1905 Russian Revolution as ‘the Great Dress Rehearsal,” as it set
the stage for the upheavals to come.
Nicholas II and World War I
After the bloodshed of 1905 and Russia’s humiliating loss in the Russo-
Japanese War, Nicholas II promised greater freedom of speech and the
formation of a representative assembly, or Duma, to work toward reform.
Russia entered into World War I in August 1914 in support of the Serbs and
their French and British allies. Their involvement in the war would soon prove
disastrous for the Russian Empire.
Militarily, imperial Russia was no match for industrialized Germany, and
Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any
previous war. Food and fuel shortages plagued Russia as inflation mounted.
The already weak economy was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war
effort.
Czar Nicholas left the Russian capital of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in 1915 to
take command of the Russian Army front. (The Russians had renamed the
imperial city in 1914, because “St. Petersburg” sounded too German.
Russian Revolution of 1905
Soon, large protests by Russian workers against the monarchy led to
the Bloody Sunday massacre of 1905. Hundreds of unarmed protesters were
killed or wounded by the czar’s troops.
The Bloody Sunday massacre sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905, during
which angry workers responded with a series of crippling strikes throughout
the country. Farm laborers and soldiers joined the cause, leading to the
creation of worker-dominated councils called “soviets.”
In one famous incident, the crew of the battleship Potemkin staged a
successful mutiny against their overbearing officers. Historians would later
refer to the 1905 Russian Revolution as ‘the Great Dress Rehearsal,” as it set
the stage for the upheavals to come.
Nicholas II and World War I
After the bloodshed of 1905 and Russia’s humiliating loss in the Russo-
Japanese War, Nicholas II promised greater freedom of speech and the
formation of a representative assembly, or Duma, to work toward reform.
Russia entered into World War I in August 1914 in support of the Serbs and
their French and British allies. Their involvement in the war would soon prove
disastrous for the Russian Empire.
Militarily, imperial Russia was no match for industrialized Germany, and
Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any
previous war. Food and fuel shortages plagued Russia as inflation mounted.
The already weak economy was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war
effort.
Czar Nicholas left the Russian capital of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in 1915 to
take command of the Russian Army front. (The Russians had renamed the
imperial city in 1914, because “St. Petersburg” sounded too
German.)Bolshevik Revolution
On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar,
which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist
revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a
nearly bloodless coup d’état against the Duma’s provisional government.

The provisional government had been assembled by a group of leaders from

Russia’s bourgeois capitalist class. Lenin instead called for a Soviet
government that would be ruled directly by councils of soldiers, peasants
and workers.

The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other
strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed a new government with
Lenin as its head. Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist
state.

Russian Civil War

Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution. The
warring factions included the Red and White Armies.

The Red Army fought for the Lenin’s Bolshevik government. The White Army
represented a large group of loosely allied forces, including monarchists,
capitalists and supporters of democratic socialism.

On July 16, 1918, the Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks. The
Russian Civil War ended in 1923 with Lenin’s Red Army claiming victory and
establishing the Soviet Union.
After many years of violence and political unrest, the Russian Revolution
paved the way for the rise of communism as an influential political belief
system around the world. It set the stage for the rise of the Soviet Union as a
world power that would go head-to-head with the United States during the
Cold War.
February Revolution
The February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s use of the Julian
calendar until February 1918) began on March 8, 1917 (February 23 on the
Julian calendar).

Demonstrators clamoring for bread took to the streets of Petrograd.

Supported by huge crowds of striking industrial workers, the protesters
clashed with police but refused to leave the streets.

On March 11, the troops of the Petrograd army garrison were called out to
quell the uprising. In some encounters, the regiments opened fire, killing
demonstrators, but the protesters kept to the streets and the troops began
to waver.

The Duma formed a provisional government on March 12. A few days later,
Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne, ending centuries of Russian Romanov
rule.

Alexander Kerensky
The leaders of the provisional government, including young Russian lawyer
Alexander Kerensky, established a liberal program of rights such as freedom
of speech, equality before the law, and the right of unions to organize and
strike. They opposed violent social revolution.

As minister of war, Kerensky continued the Russian war effort, even though
Russian involvement in World War I was enormously unpopular. This further
exacerbated Russia’s food supply problems. Unrest continued to grow as
peasants looted farms and food riots erupted in the cities.
After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov monarchy, Russia emerged
from a civil war in 1921 as the newly formed Soviet Union. The world’s first
Marxist-Communist state became one of the biggest and most powerful
nations in the world, occupying nearly one-sixth of Earth’s land surface,
before its fall and ultimate dissolution in 1991. The United Socialist Soviet
Republic, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
The Russian Revolution and the Birth of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union had its origins in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Radical
leftist revolutionaries overthrew Russia’s Czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of
Romanov rule. The Bolsheviks established a socialist state in the territory
that was once the Russian Empire.

A long and bloody civil war followed. The Red Army, backed by the Bolshevik
government, defeated the White Army, which represented a large group of
loosely allied forces including monarchists, capitalists and supporters of
other forms of socialism.

In a period known as the Red Terror, Bolshevik secret police—known as

Cheka—carried out a campaign of mass executions against supporters of the
czarist regime and against Russia’s upper classes.

A 1922 treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (modern

Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). The newly established Communist Party, led by Marxist
revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, took control of the government. At its peak, the
USSR would grow to contain 15 Soviet Socialist Republics.
Joseph Stalin
Georgian-born revolutionary Joseph Stalin rose to power upon Lenin’s death
in 1924. The dictator ruled by terror with a series of brutal policies, which left
millions of his own citizens dead. During his reign—which lasted until his
death in 1953—Stalin transformed the Soviet Union from an agrarian society
to an industrial and military superpower.

Stalin implemented a series of Five-Year Plans to spur economic growth and

transformation in the Soviet Union. The first Five-Year Plan focused on
collectivizing agriculture and rapid industrialization. Subsequent Five-Year
Plans focused on the production of armaments and military build-up.

Between 1928 and 1940, Stalin enforced the collectivization of the

agricultural sector. Rural peasants were forced to join collective farms. Those
that owned land or livestock were stripped of their holdings. Hundreds of
thousands of higher-income farmers, called kulaks, were rounded up and
executed, their property confiscated.

The Communists believed that consolidating individually owned farms into a

series of large state-run collective farms would increase agricultural
productivity. The opposite was true
 1. Home
2. Topics
3. European History
4. Soviet Union
Soviet Union
BY: HISTORY.COM EDITORS
UPDATED: MARCH 20, 2023 | ORIGINAL: SEPTEMBER 1, 2017
copy page link
Peter Turnley/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images

Table of Contents
1. The Russian Revolution and the Birth of the Soviet Union
2. Joseph Stalin
3. The Great Purge
4. The Cold War
5. Khrushchev And De-Stalinization
6. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Program
7. Mikhail Gorbachev
8. Collapse of the Soviet Union
9. Sources:
After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov monarchy, Russia emerged from a civil war in
1921 as the newly formed Soviet Union. The world’s first Marxist-Communist state became one
of the biggest and most powerful nations in the world, occupying nearly one-sixth of Earth’s land
surface, before its fall and ultimate dissolution in 1991. The United Socialist Soviet Republic, or
U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine
and Uzbekistan.
The Russian Revolution and the Birth of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union had its origins in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Radical leftist
revolutionaries overthrew Russia’s Czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of Romanov rule. The
Bolsheviks established a socialist state in the territory that was once the Russian Empire.
A long and bloody civil war followed. The Red Army, backed by the Bolshevik government,
defeated the White Army, which represented a large group of loosely allied forces including
monarchists, capitalists and supporters of other forms of socialism.
In a period known as the Red Terror, Bolshevik secret police—known as Cheka—carried out a
campaign of mass executions against supporters of the czarist regime and against Russia’s upper
classes.
A 1922 treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (modern Georgia, Armenia
and Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The newly established
Communist Party, led by Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, took control of the government.
At its peak, the USSR would grow to contain 15 Soviet Socialist Republics.
HISTORY Vault: Vladimir Lenin: Voice of Revolution
Called treacherous, deluded, out-of-touch, insane, Lenin might have been a minor historical
footnote but for the Russian Revolution, which catapulted him into the headlines of the 20th
century.
CLICK HERE

Joseph Stalin
Georgian-born revolutionary Joseph Stalin rose to power upon Lenin’s death in 1924. The
dictator ruled by terror with a series of brutal policies, which left millions of his own citizens
dead. During his reign—which lasted until his death in 1953—Stalin transformed the Soviet
Union from an agrarian society to an industrial and military superpower.
Stalin implemented a series of Five-Year Plans to spur economic growth and transformation in
the Soviet Union. The first Five-Year Plan focused on collectivizing agriculture and rapid
industrialization. Subsequent Five-Year Plans focused on the production of armaments and
military build-up.
Between 1928 and 1940, Stalin enforced the collectivization of the agricultural sector. Rural
peasants were forced to join collective farms. Those that owned land or livestock were stripped
of their holdings. Hundreds of thousands of higher-income farmers, called kulaks, were rounded
up and executed, their property confiscated.
The Communists believed that consolidating individually owned farms into a series of large
state-run collective farms would increase agricultural productivity. The opposite was true.
How Joseph Stalin Starved Millions in the Ukrainian
Famine
Cruel efforts under Stalin to impose collectivism and tamp down Ukrainian nationalism left an
estimated 3.9 million dead.
Read more
How the KGB Silenced Dissent During the Soviet Era
From the Bolsheviks’ Red Terror and Stalin’s Great Purge to forced hospital ‘treatments,’ the
secret police agency—and its earlier incarnations—used consistently brutal tactics.
Read more
Why Stalin Tried to Stamp Out Religion in the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin led a uniquely brutal campaign against religion and religious leaders.
Read more

The Great Purge

Amid confusion and resistance to collectivization in the countryside, agricultural productivity
dropped. This led to devastating food shortages.
Millions died during the Great Famine of 1932-1933. For many years the USSR denied the Great
Famine, keeping secret the results of a 1937 census that would have revealed the extent of loss.
The Ukrainian famine—known as the Holodomor, a combination of the Ukrainian words for
“starvation” and “to inflict death”—by one estimate claimed the lives of 3.9 million people,
about 13 percent of the population.
Stalin eliminated all likely opposition to his leadership by terrorizing Communist Party officials
and the public through his secret police.
During the height of Stalin’s terror campaign, a period between 1936 and 1938 known as the
Great Purge, an estimated 600,000 Soviet citizens were executed. Millions more were deported,
or imprisoned in forced labor camps known as Gulags.
The Cold War
Following the surrender of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, the uncomfortable
wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain began to
crumble.
The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European
countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. The Americans and
British feared the spread of communism into Western Europe and worldwide.
In 1949, the U.S., Canada and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). The alliance between countries of the Western bloc was a political show of force
against the USSR and its allies.
In response to NATO, the Soviet Union in 1955 consolidated power among Eastern bloc
countries under a rival alliance called the Warsaw Pact, setting off the Cold War.
The Cold War power struggle—waged on political, economic and propaganda fronts between the
Eastern and Western blocs—would persist in various forms until the fall of the Soviet Union in
1991.
Khrushchev And De-Stalinization
After Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev rose to power. He became Communist Party
secretary in 1953 and premier in 1958.
Khrushchev’s tenure spanned the tensest years of the Cold War. He instigated the Cuban Missile
Crisis in 1962 by installing nuclear weapons just 90 miles from Florida’s coast in Cuba.
At home, however, Khrushchev initiated a series of political reforms that made Soviet society
less repressive. During this period, later known as de-Stalinization, Khrushchev criticized Stalin
for arresting and deporting opponents, took steps to raise living conditions, freed many political
prisoners, loosened artistic censorship, and closed the Gulag labor camps.
Deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union and neighboring China and food shortages
across the USSR eroded Khrushchev’s legitimacy in the eyes of the Communist party leadership.
Members of his own political party removed Khrushchev from office in 1964.
Sputnik and the Soviet Space Program
The Soviets initiated rocketry and space exploration programs in the 1930s as part of Stalin’s
agenda for building an advanced, industrial economy. Many early projects were tied to the Soviet
military and kept secret, but by the 1950s, space would become another dramatic arena for
competition between dueling world superpowers.
On October 4, 1957, the USSR publicly launched Sputnik 1—the first-ever artificial satellite—
into low Earth orbit. The success of Sputnik made Americans fear that the U.S. was falling
behind its Cold War rival in technology.
The ensuing “Space Race” heated up further in 1961 when Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
became the first human in space.
U.S. President John F. Kennedy responded to Gagarin’s feat by making the bold claim that the
U.S. would put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. The U.S. succeeded—on July 20,
1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.
Mikhail Gorbachev
A longtime Communist Party politician, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985. He
inherited a stagnant economy and a crumbling political system. He introduced two sets of
policies he hoped would reform the political system and help the USSR become a more
prosperous, productive nation. These policies were called glasnost and perestroika.
Gorbachev’s glasnost plan called for political openness. It addressed personal restrictions of the
Soviet people. Glasnost eliminated remaining traces of Stalinist repression, such as the banning
of books (like Boris Pasternak’s Nobel Prize-winning “Dr. Zhivago”) and the much-loathed
secret police (though the KGB wouldn’t fully dissolve until the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991).
Newspapers could criticize the government, and parties other than the Communist Party could
participate in elections.
Perestroika was Gorbachev’s plan for economic restructuring. Under perestroika, the Soviet
Union began to move toward a hybrid communist-capitalist system, much like modern China.
The policy-making committee of the Communist Party, called the Politburo, would still control
the direction of the economy. Yet the government would allow market forces to dictate some
production and development decisions.
The 1905 Revolution In Russia, also known as the Russian Revolution of 1905, was a wave of
mass political and social unrest that spread across the Russian Empire. It was a significant
precursor to the larger Russian Revolution of 1917, which ultimately led to the overthrow of the
tsarist autocracy.
Here are some key points about the 1905 Revolution:

1. **Causes:** The revolution was triggered by a combination of factors, including

widespread discontent among the peasantry, industrial workers, and various social groups
due to poor living conditions, political repression, and economic hardships. The defeat in
the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 also played a crucial role in fueling the unrest.

2. **Events:** The revolution began with a peaceful protest march to the Winter Palace in
St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905, known as Bloody Sunday. Tsar Nicholas II’s troops
fired on the protesters, leading to hundreds of casualties and galvanizing opposition to the
autocratic regime.

3. Here are some multiple-choice questions on the Russian Revolution:

4.

5. 1. What year did the Russian Revolution begin?

6. A) 1905
7. B) 1917
8. C) 1923
9. D) 1945
10.
11. 2. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?
12. A) Vladimir Lenin
13. B) Joseph Stalin
14. C) Leon Trotsky
15. D) Tsar Nicholas II
16.
17. 3. Which event in 1917 marked the first phase of the Russian Revolution?
18. A) February Revolution
19. B) October Revolution
20. C) July Days
21. D) April Theses
22.
23. 4. What was the name of the last Russian tsar who abdicated in 1917?
24. A) Nicholas I
25. B) Alexander II
26. C) Nicholas II
27. D) Peter the Great
28.
29. 5. Which slogan was associated with the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution?
30. A) “Workers of the World, Unite!”
31. B) “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
32. C) “Peace, Land, Bread”
33. D) “Long Live the Tsar”
34.
35. 6. What was the name of the provisional government that was established after the
abdication of the tsar?
36. A) Duma Council
37. B) Provisional Assembly
38. C) Petrograd Soviet
39. D) Moscow Parliament
40.
41. 7. Which of the following was NOT a major cause of the Russian Revolution?
42. A) Economic hardship
43. B) Military defeats in World War I
44. C) Industrialization and urbanization
45. D) Strong leadership of the Tsar
46.
47. 8. Who led the Red Army during the Russian Civil War that followed the Revolution?
48. A) Leon Trotsky
49. B) Joseph Stalin
50. C) Vladimir Lenin
51. D) Alexander Kerensky
52.
53. 9. Which event marked the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia in October 1917?
54. A) July Days
55. B) April Theses
56. C) October Revolution
57. D) February Revolution
58.
59. 10. The Russian Revolution ultimately led to the establishment of which form of
government in Russia?
60. A) Monarchy
61. B) Oligarchy
62. C) Communist
63. D) Democracy
64.
 65. (Note: These questions are designed to test your knowledge of the key events, figures,
and outcomes of the Russian Revolution. The correct answers are: 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-C, 5-
C, 6-C, 7-D, 8-A, 9-C, 10-C)

66. **Workers’ Strikes:** Following Bloody Sunday, a series of strikes and uprisings spread
throughout the country, with industrial workers demanding better working conditions,
higher wages, and political reforms. The strikes paralyzed industries and disrupted the
economy.

67. **Formation of Soviets:** Workers, peasants, and soldiers formed councils known as
“soviets” to coordinate their activities and voice their demands. These soviets became a
significant feature of the revolutionary movement and played a crucial role in the events
of 1917.

68. **October Manifesto:** In an attempt to quell the unrest, Tsar Nicholas II issued the
October Manifesto in 1905, promising civil liberties, the establishment of a legislative
Duma, and other reforms. This move helped to temporarily pacify the revolutionary
fervor.

69. **Consequences:** While the 1905 Revolution did not result in the immediate overthrow
of the tsarist regime, it forced the government to make concessions and enact some
reforms. It also laid the groundwork for the more profound changes that would take place
during the 1917 Revolution.

70. **Legacy:** The 1905 Revolution demonstrated the growing discontent and
revolutionary potential within Russian society. It highlighted the weaknesses of the
autocratic system and set the stage for further revolutionary movements that culminated
in the collapse of the Romanov dynasty in 1917.

Overall, the 1905 Revolution was a significant turning point in Russian history, marking the
beginning of a period of revolutionary upheaval that would ultimately lead to the end of tsarist
rule in Russia.
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Here is a set of matching items related to the Russian Revolution and related events:
Match the following events/policies with their descriptions:
1. 1905 Revolution
2. February Revolution
3. October Revolution
 4. New Economic Policy (NEP)
5. Five-Year Plans
6. Collectivization
7. Purges
A. This revolution marked the beginning of the end for the Romanov dynasty, leading to the
abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
B. This event saw the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seize power from the Provisional Government.
C. This policy was introduced by Lenin as a temporary retreat from full socialism to stimulate
the economy.
D. These were a series of centralized economic plans aimed at rapidly industrializing the Soviet
Union under Stalin.
E. This was the forced consolidation of individual peasant farms into collective farms under
Stalin.
F. This involved the mass executions and imprisonments of perceived enemies of the state under
Stalin's rule.
G. This uprising was a precursor to the larger revolutionary movements that followed in Russia.
Match:
1. G. 1905 Revolution
2. A. February Revolution
3. B. October Revolution
4. C. New Economic Policy (NEP)
5. D. Five-Year Plans
6. E. Collectivization
7. F. Purges