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Xii Zoology CH 1 MLM

The document is a learning material for XII Biology focusing on reproduction in organisms, including various types of reproduction such as parthenogenesis, asexual, and sexual reproduction. It contains multiple-choice questions, assertion-reasoning questions, and detailed explanations of concepts like regeneration, fertilization types, and differences between juvenile and reproductive phases. Additionally, it discusses the significance of genetic variation in sexual reproduction and provides examples from different organisms.

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38 views3 pages

Xii Zoology CH 1 MLM

The document is a learning material for XII Biology focusing on reproduction in organisms, including various types of reproduction such as parthenogenesis, asexual, and sexual reproduction. It contains multiple-choice questions, assertion-reasoning questions, and detailed explanations of concepts like regeneration, fertilization types, and differences between juvenile and reproductive phases. Additionally, it discusses the significance of genetic variation in sexual reproduction and provides examples from different organisms.

Uploaded by

hasanjd26
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VELAMMAL MATRICULATION HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL

XII BIOLOGY MANDATE LEARNING MATERIAL (MLM)

BIO-ZOOLOGY
CH 1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

One mark questions:


1. In which type of parthenogenesis are only males produced?
a) Arrhenotoky b) Thelytoky c) Amphitoky d) Both a and b
2. The mode of sexual reproduction in bacteria is by
a) Formation of gametes b) Endospore formation c) Conjugation d) Zoospore formation
3. In which mode of reproduction variations are seen
a) Asexual b) Parthenogenesis c) Sexual d) Both a and b
4. Assertion and reasoning questions:
In each of the following questions there are two statements. One is assertion (A) and other is reasoning
(R). Mark the correct answer as
a. If both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A
b If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation for A
c. If A is true but R is false
d. If both A and R are false.
I. Assertion: In bee society, all the members are diploid except drones.
Reason: Drones are produced by parthenogenesis.
abcd
II. Assertion: Offsprings produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent.
Reason: Asexual reproduction involves only mitosis and no meiosis.
abcd

2 MARK / 3MARK / 5 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS


5. Name an organism where cell division is itself a mode of reproduction.?
� Ameoba , Euglena, Paramecium.

6. Name the phenomenon where the female gamete directly develops into a new organism with
an avian example.
 Phenomenon - Parthenogenesis.
 In some organisms female gamete (ovum) is directly develop into a complete individual by physical or
chemical induction. e.g., Turkey, Chicken, Pigeon.

7. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples from animals ? (May -2022)


 The process of development of an egg into a complete individual without fertilization is known as
parthenogenesis . Eg. Anne lid and sea urchin eggs.

8. Which type of reproduction is effective -Asexual or sexual and why?


 Sexual reproduction is an effective method of reproduction than asexual method
because Sexual reproduction contributes to the evolution of the species by adding
variation in a population.
 Variation occurs because of the fusion of male and female gametes (sexual reproduction)
carrying different sets of chromosomes.

9. The unicellular organisms which reproduce by binary fission are considered immortal. Justify.
 In Asexual reproduction single individual can able to producing offspring.
 The parent cells undergo to directly amitotic or mitotic division and produce young ones.
So the unicellular organisms are immortal.

10. Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred as a clone ?


 In Asexual reproduction single individual can able to producing offspring.
 These offspring are genetically and morphologically similar to one another and also similar to
their parent.
 Clone is the term given to organisms that are similar in all aspects.
 Thus the offspring produced by asexual reproduction are called clones.

11. Give reasons for the following:-


a. Some organisms like honey bees are called parthenogenetic animals
Reason : Male Honey bee (Drones) is develop from unfertilized egg so they are called a
parthenogenetic animals.
b. A male honey bee has 16 chromosomes where as its female has 32 chromosomes.
Reason : 1. A male honey bee – Develop from unfertilized eggs.
2. Female honey bee - Develop from fertilized eggs.
12. Differentiate between the following :-
a) External and internal fertilization :-

S.N Internal fertilization External Fertilization


1. the fusion of male and female gametes takes place the fusion of male and female gametes takes
outside the body of female organisms in the water place within the body of female organisms.
medium.
2. e.g. sponges, fishes and amphibians e.g. reptiles, aves and mammals.

b) Regeneration in lizard and Planaria :- (March-2023)

S.N Regeneration in lizard Regeneration in Planaria


1. Type of generation Epimorphosis Type of generation: Morphallaxis

2. In this type replacement of lost body parts In this type Whole body grows from a small
occur fragment.

13. How is juvenile phase different from reproductive phase? (March-2023)


S.N Juvenile phase Reproductive phase
1. It is a Time period between birth to just before It is an actual Reproductive phase
reproductive phase
2. This phase also known as primary growth phase This phase is known as secondary growth phase or
or vegetative phase sexual maturity

14. What is the difference between syngamy and fertilization ?


1. Autogamy - Male and female gametes are produced by the same cell or same organism and
both the gametes fuse together to form a zygote. e.g. Actinosphaerium and
Paramecium.
2. Exogamy - the male and female gametes are produced by different parents and they fuse to form
a zygote. So it is biparental. e.g. Human – dioecious or unisexual animal.
3. Hologamy - In lower organisms, organisms itself behave as gametes and the fusion of
such mature individuals is known as hologamy. e.g. Trichonympha.
4. Paedogamy - union of young individuals produced immediately after the division of the
adult parent cell by mitosis.
5. Merogamy - fusion of small size and morphologically different gametes (merogametes).

6. Isogamy - it is the fusion of morphological and physiological identical gametes . e.g.


Monocystis.

7. Anisogamy – The fusion of dissimilar gametes is called anisogamy (Gr. An-without; iso-equal; gam-
marriage). Anisogamy occurs in higher animals but it is customary to use the term fertilization instead of
anisogamy or syngamy. e.g. higher invertebrates and all vertebrates.

OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate complete and incomplete parthenogenesis. (2 Mark MAR’25)

Natural parthenogenesis may be of two types, viz., complete and incomplete.


Complete parthenogenesis is the only form of reproduction in certain animals and there is no
biparental sexual reproduction. There are no male organisms and so, such individuals are
represented by females only.
Incomplete parthenogenesis is found in some animals in which both sexual reproduction and
parthenogenesis occurs. e.g. In honeybees; fertilized eggs (zygotes) develop into queen and
workers, whereas unfertilized eggs develop into drones (male).

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