International A Level Edexcel Maths 4 hours 38 questions

Exam Questions

Binomial Distribution
The Binomial Distribution / Calculating Binomial Probabilities

Easy (10 questions) /57

Medium (10 questions) /50 Scan here to return to the course

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Hard (10 questions) /59

Very Hard (8 questions) /60

Total Marks /226

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A random variable X ∼ B 9,0 . 6 .
( )

Write down the values of and which make the following statements true:

(i) P ( X ≤7 ) =1−P X ≥a ( )

(ii) P X ≥3
( ) =1− P X ≤b . ( )

(2 marks)

n ⎞⎟ r
1 − p n − r with n = 9 and p = 0 . 6 to find:
⎛
⎟p
⎜
(b) Use calculations of the form ⎜
⎜
r ⎠⎟ ( )

(i) P ( X =5 )

(ii) P X ≤7
( )

(iii) P ( X ≥3 ) .

Give your answers to three significant figures.

(6 marks)

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2 (a) A random variable X ∼ B 25,0 . 3 .
( )

Calculate:

(i) P ( X = 12 )

(ii) P X ≤2
( )

(3 marks)

(b) A random variable Y ∼ B 25,0 . 7 .

( )

Calculate:

(i) P ( Y = 13 )

(ii) P Y ≥ 23
( )

(3 marks)

(c) By comparing your answers to part (a) and part (b), write down the values of a and b
that make the following equations correct:

(i) P ( X = 10 ) =P Y=a
( )

(ii) P X ≥ 20
( ) = P Y ≤b
( )

(2 marks)

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3 (a) A random variable X ∼ B 20,0 . 15 .
( )

(i) Write down the name of this distribution

(ii) Write down the number of trials, n

(iii) Write down the probability of success, p .

(3 marks)

(b) Find:

(i) P ( X =4 )

(ii) P X ≤1
( )

(iii) P ( X ≥8 )

(4 marks)

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4 (a) A biased coin has probability 0.8 of landing on heads. Sunita and Mark model the
probabilities of obtaining X heads when the coin is tossed 10 times using the random
variable X B 10, p 1
( ) .

(i) Explain why p

1
= 0 . 8 in this case.
(ii) Sunita decides to use her calculator to determine any probabilities. She determines
P X =4
( ) using the calculation

10 C
0
× 0 . 8 4 1 − 0 . 8 10 −4
( ) ( )

Use Sunita’s calculation to find P X =4

( ) to four decimal places.

(3 marks)

(b) Mark decides to use statistical tables to determine any probabilities.

(i) Explain why Mark will not be able to use the random variable X ∼ B 10, 0 . 8
( ) with
statistical tables.

(ii) Mark says that instead of considering the number of heads obtained he will consider
the number of tails obtained, Y , instead. He will use the random variable
Y ∼ B 10, p 2
( ) . Find the value of p and explain how you found it.
2

(3 marks)

(c) Sunita and Mark use their methods to calculate the probability that the coin lands on
heads at least 9 times.

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(i) Mark will use tables to find P ( Y ≤y ) . State the value of y and find P Y ≤y
( ) from
statistical tables, writing down all four decimal places given.

(ii) Sunita will use her calculator to find P X ≥9

( ) . Using either a calculation similar to the
one given in part (a)(ii) or the statistical features of your calculator, find P X ≥9
( ) , to four
decimal places.

(3 marks)

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5 (a) A snowboarder is trying to perform the Poptart trick.

The snowboarder has a success rate of 25% of completing the trick.

The snowboarder will model the number of times they can expect to successfully
complete the Poptart trick, out of their next 12 attempts, using the random variable
X ∼ B 12,0 . 25 ( ) .

(i) Give a reason why the model is suitable in this case.

(ii) Suggest a reason why the model may not be suitable in this case.

(2 marks)

(b) Using the model, find the probability that the snowboarder

(i) successfully completes the Poptart trick more than 3 times in their next 12 attempts

(ii) fails to successfully complete the trick on any of their next 12 attempts.

(2 marks)

6 A random variable X ∼ B 50,0 . 05 . Use either the statistical features on your calculator
( )

or statistical tables to find:

(i) P ( X =4 )

(ii) P X ≤8
( )

(iii) P ( X ≥7 )

Give your answers to four decimal places.

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 (4 marks)

7 A random variable Y ∼ B 25,0 . 55 . Find:

( )

(i) P ( Y = 13 )

(ii) P Y ≤8
( )

(iii) P ( Y ≥ 20 )

Give your answers to four decimal places.

(4 marks)

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8 (a) A company manufacturing energy-saving light bulbs claims the mean lifetime of a bulb is
8000 hours. It is known from past quality assurance procedures that the probability of
any particular light bulb having a lifetime of less than 5000 hours is 0.1.

A random sample of 30 light bulbs is taken. The random variable X ∼ B n, p

( ) is used to
model the probability that X light bulbs in the sample last less than 5000 hours.

(i) Write down the values of n and p .

(ii) State how the situation meets the criterion “a fixed sample size” for a binomial
distribution model.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) exactly one light bulb

(ii) no more than three light bulbs

last less than 5000 hours.

(2 marks)

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9 (a) Farmer Kate rears a herd of 50 alpacas. She takes a random sample of 8 alpacas and
tests them for the disease Tuberculosis (TB). From previous testing of the herd Farmer
Kate knows that any individual alpaca has a 95% chance of testing negative for
Tuberculosis.

Let N represent the number of alpacas in Farmer Kate’s sample that test negative for
Tuberculosis.

(i) Write down the probability distribution that describes N .

(ii) Write down an alternative probability distribution that describes P , where P

represents the number of alpacas in Farmer Kate’s sample that test positive for
Tuberculosis.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) zero

(ii) more than 2

alpacas in Farmer Kate’s sample test positive for Tuberculosis.

(3 marks)

10 For each of the given binomial distributions find the mean ( np ) and the variance
( np 1 − p
( )) .

(i) X ∼ B 50,0 . 4
( )

(ii)Y ∼ B 32,0 . 14
( )

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 (4 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) A fair coin is tossed 20 times and the number of times it lands heads up is recorded.

Define a suitable distribution to model the number of times the coin lands heads up, and
justify your choice.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that the coin lands heads up 15 times.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) For a jellyfish population in a certain area of the ocean, there is a 95% chance that any
given jellyfish contains microplastic particles in its body.

State any assumptions that are required to model the number of jellyfish containing
microplastic particles in their bodies in a sample of size n as a binomial distribution.

(2 marks)

(b) Using this model, for a sample size of 40, find the probability of

(i) exactly 38 jellyfish

(ii) all the jellyfish

having microplastic particles in their bodies.

(3 marks)

3 Giovanni is rolling a biased dice, for which the probability of landing on a two is 0.25. He
rolls the dice 10 times and records the number of times that it lands on a two. Find the
probability that

(i) the dice lands on a two 4 times

(ii) the dice lands on a two 4 times, with the fourth two occurring on the final roll.

(4 marks)

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4 (a) For cans of a particular brand of soft drink labelled as containing 330 ml , the actual
volume of soft drink in a can varies. Although the company’s quality control assures that
the mean volume of soft drink in the cans remains at 330 ml, it is known from experience
that the probability of any particular can of the soft drink containing less than 320 ml is
0.0296.

Tilly buys a pack of 24 cans of this soft drink. It may be assumed that those 24 cans
represent a random sample. Let L represent the number of cans in the pack that
contain less than 320 ml of soft drink.

Write down the probability distribution that describes L .

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) none of the cans

(ii) exactly two of the cans

(iii) at least two of the cans

contain less than 320 ml of soft drink.

(4 marks)

5 The random variable X ∼ B 40,0 . 15 . Find:

( )

(i) P ( X < 10 )

(ii) P X >7
( )

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 (iii) P ( 3 ≤ X < 14)

(iv) P ( 5 < X < 12 .

)

(4 marks)

6 The random variable X ∼ B 40, 0 . 25 . Find:

( )

(i) the largest value of k such that P ( X <k ) < 0 . 10

(ii) the smallest value of r such that P X ≥ r
( ) < 0 . 05
(iii) the largest value of s such that P X >s
( ) > 0 . 95.

(5 marks)

7 In an experiment, the number of specimens testing positive for a certain characteristic is

modelled by the random variable X ∼ B 50,0 . 35 . Find the probability of
( )

(i) fewer than 20

(ii) no more than 20

(iii) at least 20

(iv) at most 20

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(v) more than 20

of the specimens testing positive for the characteristic.

(5 marks)

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8 (a) In the town of Wooster, Ohio, it is known that 90% of the residents prefer the locally
produced Woostershire brand sauce when preparing a Caesar salad. The other 10% of
residents prefer another well-known brand.

30 residents are chosen at random by a pollster. Let the random variable X represent
the number of those 30 residents that prefer Woostershire brand sauce.

Suggest a suitable distribution for X and comment on any necessary assumptions.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) 90% or more of the residents chosen prefer Woostershire brand sauce

(ii) none of the residents chosen prefer the other well-known brand.

(3 marks)

(c) The pollster knows that there is a greater than 97% chance of at least k of the 30
residents preferring Woostershire brand sauce, where k is the largest possible value that
makes that statement true.

Find the value of k .

(2 marks)

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9 (a) On any given day during a normal five-day working week, there is a 60% chance that
Yussuf catches a taxi to work.

Find E ( X ) , the expected number of times Yussuf will catch a taxi to work during a
normal five-day working week.

(1 mark)

(b) Find the probability that, during a normal five-day working week, Yussuf never catches a
taxi.

(2 marks)

(c) Find the probability that, during a normal five-day working week, Yussuf catches a taxi
once at the most.

(2 marks)

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10 (a) The random variable Y ∼ B n ,0 . 4 .
( )

Given that EY
( ) = 12 , find the value of n .

(1 mark)

(b) Find:

(i) P ( 8 < Y < 12 )

(ii) Var Y ( )

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) A fair dice is rolled 24 times and the number of times it lands on a 4 is recorded.

Define a suitable distribution to model the number of times the dice lands on a 4, and
justify your choice.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that the dice lands on a ‘4’ four times.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) For a population of squirrels in a certain area of woodland, there is a 92% chance that
any given squirrel was born in that area of woodland. Squirrels born in that area of
woodland are referred to by researchers as being ‘local’.

State any assumptions that are required to model the number of local squirrels in a
sample of size as a binomial distribution.

(2 marks)

(b) Using this model, for a sample size of 50, find the probability of

(i) exactly 45 squirrels

(ii) all but one of the squirrels

being local.

(4 marks)

2
3 Guglielma is rolling a biased dice, for which the probability of landing on a 5 is .
11
She rolls the dice twenty times and records the number of times that it lands on a 5.
Find the probability that

(i) the dice lands on a ‘5’ four times

(ii) the dice lands on a ‘5’ four times, but the final ‘5’ does not occur on the final roll.

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 (4 marks)

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4 (a) For bars of a particular brand of chocolate labelled as weighing , the actual weight of the
bars varies. Although the company’s quality control assures that the mean weight of the
bars remains at 300 g, it is known from experience that the probability of any particular
bar of the chocolate weighing between 297 g and 303 g is 0.9596. For bars outside that
range, the proportion of underweight bars is equal to the proportion of overweight bars.

The chocolate fanaticism of the club members means that no bars weighing less than
297 g can be handed out as snacks at their meetings. Millie buys bars of this chocolate
to hand out as snacks at her weekly Chocophiles club meeting. It may be assumed that
those bars represent a random sample. Let U represent the number of bars out of
those 25 that weigh less than .

Write down the probability distribution that describes U .

(3 marks)

(b) Given that 24 people (including Millie) will be attending the meeting, find the probability
that there will be enough bars to hand out to

(i) all

(ii) all but one, but not all

of the attendees.

(3 marks)

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(c) After an incident where there were not enough chocolate bars weighing 297 g or more to
hand out to all of a meeting’s attendees, Millie decides to reorganise the way she runs
the meetings. She will still only buy 25 of the chocolate bars each week, but she wants to
reduce the number of attendees to make sure that she will have a certainty of at least
99.9% of being able to hand out a chocolate bar to every single attendee (including
herself).

Work out the greatest number of attendees that a meeting will be able to have under
this new system.

(2 marks)

5 The random variable X ∼ B 50,0 . 3 . Find:

( )

(i) P ( X > 20 )

(ii) P 7 ≤ X < 16
( )

(iii) P ( 23 > X > 5 )

(iv) P ( X < 8 or X > 16 ) .

(4 marks)

6 The random variable X ∼ B 50,0 . 85 . Find:

( )

(i) the largest value of q such that P ( X <q ) < 0 . 16

(ii) the largest value of r such that P X ≥ r
( ) > 0 . 977
(iii) the smallest value of s such that P X >s
( ) < 0 . 025.

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 (6 marks)

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7 (a) Abner, an American baseball fanatic, has just moved to a town in which it is known that
25% of the residents are familiar with the rules of the game.

Abner takes a random sample of 40 residents of the town. Find the probability that

(i) fewer than 13

(ii) no more than 13

(iii) more than 13

(iv) at most 13 but at least 5

of the residents in Abner’s sample are familiar with the rules of baseball.

(4 marks)

(b) Abner asks random residents, who know the rules, whether they would like to join his
baseball team. There’s an 80% chance that the resident will join his team.

Given that Abner needs at least 5 more players, find the smallest number of people that
Abner should ask in order to have at least a 90% chance of filling up his team.

(3 marks)

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8 (a) In the town of Edinboro, Pennsylvania, a festival of trimmed below the forehead
hairstyles is held every year, known as the Edinboro Fringe Festival. It is known that 70%
of the residents of the town are in favour of the festival because of the tourism revenue
it brings in. The other 30% of residents oppose the festival because of the sometimes
hostile reactions of the large number of tourists who arrive every year thinking they had
actually made bookings to attend another well-known fringe festival.

25 residents are chosen at random by a local newspaper reporter. Let the random
variable represent the number of those 25 residents that are in favour of the festival.

Suggest a suitable distribution for X and comment on any necessary assumptions.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) 76% or more of the residents chosen are in favour of the festival

(ii) more of the residents chosen oppose the festival than are in favour of it.

(3 marks)

(c) The reporter knows that the chance of k or more of the 25 residents being opposed to
the festival is less than 0.5%, where k is the smallest possible value that makes that
statement true.

Find the value of k .

(2 marks)

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9 (a) The random variable X ∼ B 40,0 . 15 .
( )

Find:

(i) E ( X )

(ii) Var X . ( )

(2 marks)

(b) Find:

(i) P ( X =5 )

(ii) P X ≥3
( ) .

(4 marks)

(c) Find P X =5 | X ≥3
( ) .

(2 marks)

10 The random variable Y ∼ B 5,p

( ) .

(i) Find the value of p when EY ( ) = 3.

(ii) Find the value of p when P Y =5
( ) = 0 . 32768 .

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(iii) Find the possible values of p when Var Y
( ) = 1 . 05.

(5 marks)

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Very Hard Questions
1 (a) Two fair dice are rolled and the numbers showing on the dice are added together. This is
done 18 times and the number of times the sum is not equal to 7 or 11 is recorded.

Define a suitable distribution to model the number of times the sum is not equal to 7 or
11, and justify your choice.

(3 marks)

(b) Find the probability that the sum of the two dice is not equal to 7 or 11 exactly fourteen
times.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) Researchers studying malaria in a certain geographical region know that there is an 80%
chance of any given female mosquito in the region carrying the malaria parasite.

State any assumptions that are required to model the number of female mosquitoes
that carry the malaria parasite in a sample of n female mosquitoes as a binomial
distribution.

(2 marks)

(b) Male mosquitoes do not bite humans and therefore are unable to transmit the malaria
parasite to a human. A female mosquito is only able to transmit the malaria parasite to
a human if it is carrying the malaria parasite itself.

Given that 50% of the mosquitoes in the region are male, find the probability that in a
random sample of six mosquitoes none of them are able to transmit the malaria parasite
to a human. Give your answer as an exact value.

(5 marks)

3 Maifreda is rolling a biased dice, for which the probability of landing on a prime number
1 5
is and the probability of landing on a square number is . She rolls the dice
2 16
twenty times and records the number of times that it lands on a 6. Find the probability
that

(i) the dice lands on a ‘6’ four times

(ii) the dice lands on a ‘6’ four times, but all of those sixes occur within the first rolls
(where 4 ≤ k ≤ 20 ).

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Your answer for (ii) should be given in terms of k , in the form

⎛
⎜
a ⎞⎛
⎟⎜
p ⎞⎟q ⎛⎜ r ⎞⎟s
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜

⎝
b ⎟

⎠
⎝
16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠

a a!
= b! a −b ! a , b , p , q , r and s are constants
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
where ⎜ ⎟ is a binomial coefficient, and
⎜

⎝
b ⎟

⎠
( )

to be found.

(6 marks)

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4 (a) Zara is a gymnast. It is known that she has a 20% chance of making a mistake in any
given routine.

Zara performs ten routines in a competition.

(i) Find the expected number of routines in which Zara will make a mistake.

(ii) Find the standard deviation of the number of routines in which Zara makes a mistake.

(3 marks)

(b) Find the probability that Zara makes a mistake in:

(i) none of her routines,

(ii) exactly two of her routines,

(iii) no more than two of her routines.

(6 marks)

(c) Given that Zara makes a mistake in at least 2 of her routines, find the probability that she
makes a mistake in exactly 3 of her routines.

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 (3 marks)

(d) Find the probability that the number of routines in which Zara makes a mistake is less
than one standard deviation away from the mean.

(3 marks)

5 The random variable X ∼ B 50,0 . 75 . Find:

( )

(i) P ( X ≤ 52 and X > 31 )

(ii) P X < 29 or X > 38

( )

(iii) P ( 40 > X ≥ 30 .
)

(3 marks)

6 The table below contains part of the cumulative distribution function for the random
variable X ∼ B 30,0 . 45 :
( )

x 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P X≤x( ) 0.0011 0.0040 0.0121 0.0312 0.0694 0.1350 0.2327 0.3592

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 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

0.5025 0.6448 0.7691 0.8644 0.9286 0.9666 0.9862 0.9950 0.9984

The random variable Y is defined in terms of X as Y = 30 − X , while the random

variable Z ∼ B 30,0 . 55 .
( )

Using the table above, and showing your working, find:

(i) the smallest value of q such that P X >q

( ) < 0 . 21
(ii) the largest value of r such that P Y > r
( ) > 0 . 93
(iii) the smallest value of s such that P Z <s
( ) > 0 . 988.

(6 marks)

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7 (a) Although a particular manufacturer of academic gowns advertises the material of their
gowns as being 93% silk, the actual silk content of the gowns varies. Although the
manufacturer’s quality control protocols assure that the mean percentage of silk in the
gowns remains at 93%, it is known from experience that the probability of the silk
content of any particular gown being between 90% and 95% is 0.9805. For gowns falling
outside that range, the probability that a gown contains less than 90% silk is exactly half
the probability that a gown contains more than 95% silk.

Camford University has received an order of 100 gowns from the manufacturer. It may
be assumed that those gowns represent a random sample. Let W represent the
number of gowns out of those 100 that have a silk content greater than 95%.

Write down the probability distribution that describes W .

(3 marks)

(b) At an upcoming ceremony the university’s Department of Obfuscation is going to be

awarding honorary degrees to four government statisticians. The university prefers
whenever possible to provide the recipients of such degrees with gowns containing more
than 95% silk.

Out of the order of 100 gowns, find the probability that there will be enough gowns
containing more than 95% silk to provide

(i) all

(ii) all but one (but not all)

(iii) less than half

of the honorary degree recipients with such a gown.

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 (4 marks)

(c) Due to a mix-up at the ceremony, the four honorary degree recipients are simply handed
gowns at random from the order of 100 gowns. It had previously been determined that
exactly one of the 100 gowns in the order contained less than 90% silk, and the
university is worried that if one of the honorary degree recipients received that gown
then the university’s government grant funding will be cut.

Work out the probability that one of the honorary degree recipients received the gown
containing less than 90% silk.

(3 marks)

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8 (a) In Surry County, North Carolina, local farmers and agricultural equipment suppliers
gather each year to celebrate at the Surry Slurry Fest. It is known that 80% of the
residents of the county are opposed to the Slurry Fest because of the mess it leaves
behind on local roads, fields and government buildings. The other 20% of residents are
in favour of the Slurry Fest because it is (according to them) “one heck of a good ol’ time”.

An organiser of the rival Surry ♥ Curry Not Slurry food festival is attempting to gather
evidence to support his campaign to have the Surry Slurry Fest banned. He selects 25
county residents at random in order to poll them about their opinions on the Slurry Fest.
Let the random variable X represent the number of those 25 residents that are opposed
to the Slurry Fest.

Suggest a suitable distribution for X and comment on any necessary assumptions.

(2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that

(i) 90% or more of the residents chosen are opposed to the Slurry Fest

(ii) a majority of the residents chosen are in favour of the Slurry Fest.

(3 marks)

(c) Before he is able to conduct his poll of the selected residents, the food festival organiser
is interviewed by a local newspaper. He would like to be able to predict with at least 90%
certainty that not more than a given percentage of the 25 residents selected for the poll
will be in favour of the Slurry Fest.

Given that the organiser would like his prediction to support his anti-Slurry Fest
campaign in the strongest manner possible, determine the ‘given percentage’ that he
should quote to the newspaper.

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 (3 marks)

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