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Lecture 5 Loop.ppt

The document discusses the concept of loops in Java programming, explaining how they allow for the repetition of statements to avoid redundancy. It covers three types of loops: while, do-while, and for loops, detailing their syntax, usage, and examples. Additionally, it addresses common pitfalls like infinite loops and the use of nested loops.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views

Lecture 5 Loop.ppt

The document discusses the concept of loops in Java programming, explaining how they allow for the repetition of statements to avoid redundancy. It covers three types of loops: while, do-while, and for loops, detailing their syntax, usage, and examples. Additionally, it addresses common pitfalls like infinite loops and the use of nested loops.

Uploaded by

yadullahgoni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 51

LOOP

1
Motivation
Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g.,
"Welcome to Java!") a thousand times. It would
be tedious to have to write the following
statement a hundred times:

System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");

So, how do you solve this problem?

2
Motivation
Problem:
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

1000 …
times …



System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

3
Motivation
A solution using While Loop:

int count = 0;
while (count < 1000)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

A solution using for Loop:


for (int count=1; count <= 1000; count=count+1)
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

4
1. Loop Statements
• Loops are repetition statements that allow us to
execute a statement (or block of statements)
multiple times
• Like conditional statements, they are controlled by
boolean expressions
• Java has three types of loop statements:
– the while loop
– the do-while loop
– the for loop
• The programmer should choose the right type of
loop for the situation at hand

5
Loop Statements
• The while and do-while loops are also called
conditional loops since they use boolean
expressions to control the loop behavior
• The while and do-while loops run
un-determined (unknown) number of iterations
(some call them non-deterministic loops)
• The for loop, on the other hand, runs a
pre-determined (known) number of iterations
(some call it deterministic loop or counting
loop)

6
2. while Loop Statement

• A while loop (statement) has the following


syntax:
while (condition)
statement block; //loop body

• If the condition is true, the statement block is


executed
• Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is
still true, the statement is executed again
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false

7
while Loop Logic

conditio
n
evaluate
d Note: If the initial evaluation
of the condition is false, the
tru fals loop body executes zero
e e times. Therefore, the while
loop executes zero or more
Statement block
(loop body) times

Next Line

8
Trace while Loop
Initialize count
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

9
Trace while Loop, cont.
(count < 2) is true
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

10
Trace while Loop, cont.
Print Welcome to Java
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

11
Trace while Loop, cont.
Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 1 now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

12
Trace while Loop, cont.
(count < 2) is still true since count is 1
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

13
Trace while Loop, cont.
Print Welcome to Java
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

14
Trace while Loop, cont.
Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 2 now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

15
Trace while Loop, cont.
(count < 2) is false since count is 2
int count = 0; now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

16
Trace while Loop
The loop exits. Execute the next
int count = 0; statement after the loop.

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

17
while Loop Example

• An example of a while statement:


int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count + 1;
}

• If the condition is false initially, the statement (loop


body) is never executed
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute
zero or more times

18
while Loop Sentinel Value
Question: How can we control a while loop?

• A sentinel value is a special input value that


represents the end of inputs from the user
• The sentinel value should be included in the prompt
so that the user knows how to stop the loop. For
example,
System.out.println(“Enter a grade (type 9999 to quit): ”);

• A sentinel value gives the user control over the loop


• See Average.java next slide

19
Sentinel Value Example
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop using a sentinel value
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Average
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ int sum = 0, value, count = 0;
double average;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
while (value != 0) //sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop
{ count = count + 1;
sum = sum + value;
System.out.println ("The sum so far is " + sum);
System.out.print ("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
}
System.out.println ();
if (count == 0)
System.out.println ("No values were entered.");
else
System.out.println ("Sum of all values = " + sum);
}
}
20
while Loops for Input Validation

• A while loop can be used for input validation,


making a program more robust
• Input validation allows the program to ensure
correct input values before the input is
processed
• It also allows the program to issue error
messages to the user when invalid data is
entered
• See WinPercentage.java next slide

21
Input Validation Example
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class WinPercentage
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int NUM_GAMES = 12;
int won;
double ratio;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter the number of games won (0 to "
+ NUM_GAMES + "): ");
won = scan.nextInt();
//input validation
while (won < 0 || won > NUM_GAMES)
{
System.out.print ("Invalid input. Please reenter: ");
won = scan.nextInt();
}
ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
System.out.println ();
System.out.println ("Winning percentage: " + fmt.format(ratio));
}
}

22
3. do-while Loop

• A do-while loop has the following syntax:


do
{
statement block;
} while (condition)

• The statement is executed once initially, and then


the condition is evaluated
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false

23
Logic of do-while Loop

Statement
Block conditio
n
Loop body evaluate
d
tru fals
tru
e e e
conditio Statement
n block
evaluate
d

fals While Loop


e

Next Line

24
do-while Loop Example

• An example of a do loop:
int count = 0;
do
{
count = count +1;
System.out.println (count);
} while (count < 5);

• The body of a do loop executes at least once


• See ReverseNumber.java next slide

25
do-while Loop Example
// Demonstrates the use of a do loop
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReverseNumber
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int number, lastDigit, reverse = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter a positive integer: ");
number = scan.nextInt();
do
{
lastDigit = number % 10;
reverse = (reverse * 10) + lastDigit;
number = number / 10;
} while (number > 0);

System.out.println ("That number reversed is " + reverse);


}
}

26
4. for Loop

• A for statement has the following syntax:


The initialization The statement is
is executed once executed until the
before the loop condition becomes
begins false

for (initialization; condition; increment)


statement;

The increment portion is executed


at the end of each iteration

27
for Loop Logic

While Loop
initializatio
conditio
n n
evaluate
conditio d
n tru fals
evaluate e e

d statement block
tru fals
e e
statement
block
Like a while loop, the condition of a for
increme
nt loop is tested prior to executing the loop
body. Therefore, the for loop body will
execute zero or more times

28
Trace for Loop
Declare i
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

29
Trace for Loop, cont.
Execute initializer
i is now 0
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

30
Trace for Loop, cont.
(i < 2) is true
since i is 0
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

31
Trace for Loop, cont.
Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

32
Trace for Loop, cont.
Execute adjustment statement
i now is 1
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

33
Trace for Loop, cont.
(i < 2) is still true
since i is 1
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

34
Trace for Loop, cont.
Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

35
Trace for Loop, cont.
Execute adjustment statement
i now is 2
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

36
Trace for Loop, cont.
(i < 2) is false
since i is 2
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

37
Trace for Loop, cont.
Exit the loop. Execute the next
statement after the loop
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

38
for Loop as a while Loop

• A for loop is functionally equivalent to the


following while loop structure:
for (initialization; condition; increment)
statement block;

initialization;
while (condition)
{
statement block;
increment;
}

39
for to while Loop Example
• The for loop:
for (int count=1; count <= 5; count = count+1)
System.out.println (count);

• The initialization section can be used to declare a


variable, making it is local valuable to the loop
body.

int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count + 1;
}
40
for Loop Example

• The increment section can perform any


calculation
for (int num = 100; num > 0; num = num - 5)
System.out.println (num);

• A for loop is well suited for executing statements


a specific number of times that can be calculated
or determined in advance
• See Multiples.java next slide

41
for Loop Example
// Demonstrates the use of a for loop to print multiples of a number
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Multiples
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int PER_LINE = 5;
int value, limit, multiple, count = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter a positive value: ");
value = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print ("Enter an upper limit: ");
limit = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println ();
System.out.println ("The multiples of " + value + " between " +
value + " and " + limit + " (inclusive) are:");
for (multiple = value; multiple <= limit; multiple = multiple + value)
{
System.out.print (multiple + "\t");
// Print a specific number of values per line of output
count = count + 1;
if (count % PER_LINE == 0)
System.out.println(); // go to next line
}
}
}
42
5. Infinite Loops

• The body of a while loop eventually must


make the condition false
• If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will
execute until the user interrupts the program
• This is a common logical error
• You should always double check the logic of a
program to ensure that your loops will
terminate normally

43
Example

• An example of an infinite loop:


int count = 1;
while (count <= 25)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count - 1; //Error
}

• This loop will continue executing until interrupted


(Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs

44
Be Careful!

• If the condition is left out, it is always


considered to be true, and therefore creates
an infinite loop
for (int count=1; count <= 5; count = count+1)
System.out.println (count);
• If the increment is left out, no increment
operation is performed, and therefore
creates an infinite loop

45
6. Nested Loops

• Similar to nested if statements, loops can


be nested as well
• That is, the body of a loop can contain other
loop statements
• For each iteration of the outer loop, the
inner loop iterates completely
• See PalindromeTester.java next slide

46
Example
// Demonstrates the use of nested while loops.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalindromeTester
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ String str, another = "y";
int left, right;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
while (another.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) // allows y or Y
{
System.out.println ("Enter a potential palindrome string:");
str = scan.nextLine();
left = 0;
right = str.length() - 1;
while (str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right) && left < right)
{
left = left + 1;
right = right - 1;
}
System.out.println();
if (left < right)
System.out.println ("That string is NOT a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println ("That string IS a palindrome.");
System.out.println();
System.out.print ("Test another palindrome (y/n)? ");
another = scan.nextLine();
}
}
}
47
Example
// Demonstrates the use of nested for loops to print starts
public class Stars
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MAX_ROWS = 10;

*
for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++) **
{ ***
****
for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++) *****
System.out.print ("*"); ******
*******
********
*********
System.out.println(); **********
}
}
}

48
Nested Loops Iterations
How many times will the string "I am here" be printed?
// Demonstrates the use of nested loops
public class NestedLoops
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ String str, another = "y";

int count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
int count2 = 1;
while (count2 <= 5)
{
System.out.println("I am here!");
count2 = count2 + 1;
}
System.out.println(); // blank line
count1 = count1 + 1;
}
}
} 49
7. Using break and continue
Examples for using the break statement:
// demonstrate break statement
public class TestBreak {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 20)


{
number = number + 1;
sum = sum + number;
if (sum >= 100) // stop if sum is over 100
break;
}

System.out.println("The number is " + number);


System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
}
}

50
Using break and continue
Examples for using the continue statement:
// demonstrate continue statement
public class TestContinue {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;

while (number < 10) {


number = number + 1;
if (number == 5 || number == 6)
continue; // do not add 5 and 6 to sum
sum = sum + number;
}

System.out.println("The number is " + number);


System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);

}
}

51

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