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2 Overview of Programming Languages

Programming languages are artificial languages designed to instruct computers, consisting of vocabulary and rules for writing programs. They have evolved from machine languages to high-level languages like Java and C, with various types including procedural, modular, and object-oriented languages. The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC) outlines the steps for developing software, including problem definition, design, coding, testing, documentation, and maintenance.

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2 views

2 Overview of Programming Languages

Programming languages are artificial languages designed to instruct computers, consisting of vocabulary and rules for writing programs. They have evolved from machine languages to high-level languages like Java and C, with various types including procedural, modular, and object-oriented languages. The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC) outlines the steps for developing software, including problem definition, design, coding, testing, documentation, and maintenance.

Uploaded by

jerelynlenteria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of Programming

Languages
Programming Languages

• Programming languages are artificial languages created to


tell the computer what to do
• They consist of vocabulary and a set of rules to write
programs
Development of Programming Languages
• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• Procedural languages
• Non-procedural languages
• Modular languages
• Problem-oriented languages
• Natural languages
Development of Programming Languages
MACHINE LANGUAGES

• Consists of binary numbers


• Machine dependent
Development of Programming Languages
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES MOV AH, 09H
LEA DX, STRING
INT 21H

• Low-level language
• Uses mnemonics
• Program is written in source
code (text file) and translated
into machine language by an
assembler
Development of Programming Languages
PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES

• High-level languages that tell


the computer what to do and
how to do it
• Uses compiler
• Example: COBOL and Fortran
Development of Programming Languages
PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES

• High-level languages that tell


the computer what to do and
how to do it
• Uses compiler
• Example: COBOL and Fortran
Development of Programming Languages
MODULAR LANGUAGES
• Used to create programs that
are divided into separate
modules
• Require specified input to
produce specified output
Development of Programming Languages
NONPROCEDURAL LANGUAGES
• There is no standard procedures to
follow to produce results
• Example:
Development of Programming Languages
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
• Relies on component reusability
(the ability to produce program
modules that perform a specific task
• Eliminate the distinction between
programs and data
• Uses objects that contain data and
procedures
Development of Programming Languages
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
Development of Programming Languages
ADA

• Named after Augusta Ada


Byron
• Incorporates modular
programming
• Used in US Defense
department
• Suitable for control of real-
time system
Development of Programming Languages
Beginner’s All-Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code
(BASIC)
• Easy-to-use language
available on personal
computers
• Beginner’s
programming
language
Development of Programming Languages
Visual Basic
• Widely used in program
development packages
• Uses event-driven
programming
• Uses on-screen graphical user
interfaces
Development of Programming Languages
Smalltalk
• Developed by Xerox Corp (1970s)
• Object-oriented programming
language
Development of Programming Languages
Pascal
• Named after Blaise
Pascal
• Encourages to write
well-structured
programs
• Widely used in
teaching language
Development of Programming Languages
C Programming
• Developed by AT&T’s
Bell Labs (1970s)
• Combines high-level
programming
language with
assembly language
Development of Programming Languages
Java
• Developed by Sun
Microsystem
• An object-oriented,
high-level
programming
language with a twist
• First true cross-
platform programming
language
• Simplified version of
C++
Development of Programming Languages
Web-Based Languages
• Markup languages:
• Hypertext markup language (HTML)- sets the attributes of text
and objects within a Web page
• Scripting languages:
• VBScript- used to write programs (scripts) that are embedded
in Web pages
• JavaScript- used to write scripts on Web pages
• Visual Studio . NET
• Used to develop scripts and programs that are accessible from
the Web
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

1. Defining the problem


2. Designing the program
3. Coding the program
4. Testing and debugging the program
5. Formalizing the solution
6. Implementing and maintaining the program
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

1. Defining the problem

Specs define:
• Input data
• Processing
• Output
• Appearance of user interface
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

2. Designing the program


-Developing an algorithm is a step-by-step
description of how to arrive at a solution

Program design tools:


• Structure charts
• Flow charts
• pseudocode
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

3. Coding the program

- Coding requires the translation of the algorithm


into specific program instructions
- An appropriate programming language is chosen,
and the code is typed according to its syntax roles
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

4. Testing and debugging the program

- Testing and debugging eliminate all errors


- Syntax and logic errors are corrected
- Debugging is the process of eliminating errors
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

5. Formalizing the solution

- Documentation is created for future use


- The variable names and definitions, a
description of the files needed, and the layout
of the output are produced
- User manual is developed
Program Development Life Cycle (PLDC)

6. Implementing and maintenance of the


program

The program is:


• Tested by users
• Thoroughly documented
• Maintained and evaluated regularly
Algorithm

- Also called the “program logic”


- The step-by-step description of how to arrive at
solution of a given problem
Algorithm
Representation of Algorithm

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