Chapter: How do organisms reproduce?

SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1.There is a greater possibility for the evolution of a new species in organisms which
reproduce by

a. Binary Fission b. Budding c. Fertilization d. Regeneration

Q2.The ability of an organism to develop whole body from a broken piece or fragment is
called:

a. Binary fission b. Budding c. Multiple Fission d. Regeneration

Q3.Male gametes in flower are produced by :

a. Ovary b. Ovule c. Anther d. Corolla.

Q4. The fertilization of human egg by the sperm takes place in:

a. Vagina b. Uterus c. Ovary d. Oviduct/Fallopian tube

Q5. The male Sex hormone which is produced by testis is :

a. Adrenaline b. Progesterone c. Oestrogen d. Testosterone

Q6. The chemical method of contraception in females is

a. Barrier Method b. Oral Contraceptive Pills c. Vasectomy d. Tubectomy

Q7. In case the ova does not fertilise, which of the following events will take place:

a. Menstruation b. Pregnancy c. Implantation d. Ovulation

Q8. The structure which arises from testis and carries the sperms are:

a. Fallopian Tube b. Vas Deferens/Sperm duct c. Oviduct d. Urethra

Q9. The Viral STD is

a. Syphilis b. Gonorrhoea c. AIDS d. Hepatitis

Q10. The Accessory Sex glands in males are:

a. Prostate Gland b. Adrenal gland c. Testis d. Pancreas

Q11. The following questions consist of two statements Assertion and Reason.
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
i) ASSERTION :Amoeba reproduces by Fission
 REASON: All unicellular organisms reproduced by Asexual Method.

ii) ASSERTION :AIDS , Syphilis are Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

REASON: They can be prevented by the use of condoms by males.

iii) ASSERTION: Plants raised by vegetative Propagation can bear flowers and seeds earlier
than those produced from seeds.T

REASON: Plants which have lost the capacity to bear viable seeds, can propagate through
vegetative propagation.T

SECTION B

Q1. Give one word:

a) An animal which can reproduce by budding - HYDRA

b) Male reproductive organ in flowering plant - STAMEN
c) Copper T and Lippe’s loop are a type of - IUCD
d) Common passage for urine and sperm discharge in human male- URETHRA
e) Swollen part of carpel containing ovules- OVARY
f) The part of embryo which gives rise to future shoot.- PLUMULE
g) The part of the embryo which gives rise to future root.- RADICLE
h) Opening of the uterus- CERVIX
i) The birth canal in females.- VAGINA

Q2. Malarial parasite divides into many daughter individuals simultaneously through
multiple fission. State an advantage the parasite gets because of this type of reproduction.

IT HELPS THE ORGANISM TO REPRODUCE FASTER AND SPREAD THE DISEASE

THROUGHOUT THE BODYAT A FASTER RATE.

Q3. List two functions performed by ovaries in a human female.

1. IT PRODUCES EGG/OVUM FOR FERTILIZATION.

2. IT RELEASES THE 2 FEMALE HORMONES - ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE.

Q4. State the two roles of placenta in the development of embryo.

1. IT PROVIDES NUTRIENTS LIKE GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, OXYGEN TO THE

FOETUS FOR ITS PROPER DEVELOPMENT.
2. IT REMOVES THE WASTES LIKE NITROGENOUS WASTES AND CO2 FROM THE
FOETUS TO THE MOTHER’S BODY FOR EXCRETION.

Q5. Name the method by which Amoeba reproduces. Is this method sexual or asexual?

BINARY FISSION. AN ASEXUAL METHOD AS ONLY A SINGLE ORGANISM IS

INVOLVED.

Q6. Why is cross pollination considered to be superior to self-pollination ?

AS IT CAN PRODUCE MORE VARIATIONS WHICH HELP IN EVOLUTION OF SPECIES.

Q7. Why regeneration is not considered a method of reproduction?

AS AN ANIMAL WILL NOT WAIT TO BE CUT INTO PIECES FOR REPRODUCTION.

Q8. How is regeneration different from fragmentation ?

Q9. Name the place where in human female copper -T is placed and what is its mode of
action?

IMPLANTED IN THE WALLS OF THE UTERUS. The copper filament releases Copper ions
which prevent the implantation of the embryo.

Q10. Define double fertilization in plants. Which group of plants show double fertilization?

The occurrence of two fertilizations ( Syngamy & Triple fusion ) within the same embryo
sac is called double fertilization. It occurs in the flowering plants or Angiosperms.

Q11. What are variations? List the different causes of variation in living organisms.

Variations are differences in the organisms on the basis of their genetic

composition/genes.

 Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

 Errors in DNA copying.
 Migration into a population from other populations with different gene frequencies.
 Mutation- Sudden change in genes due to exposure to chemical mutagens like X-rays,
Gamma rays etc.

Q12.What is the importance of DNA replication in the process of reproduction?

It is important for passing of the genes/characters to the next generation and for the equal
distribution of DNA amongst the two daughter cells.

Q13. Why is reproduction essential for species?

 It is essential for the continuation of a species on earth.

 It produces variations which help in the evolution of a species.

Q14. How do organisms like Paramecium, Euglena and Leishmania reproduce?

They all reproduce by Binary Fission in a definite orientation.

Q15. Name a unicellular and a multicellular organism which shows budding.

Unicellular- Yeast, Multicellular- Hydra

Q16. Why are pair of testis located outside the male body in scrotum?

As sperm formation requires an optimum temp which is 1-3 degree Celsius less than the
body temp.

Q17. Why are petals brightly coloured in flowers?

To attract the insect pollinators.

Q18. What are the changes that occur in a flower after fertilization in plants?
Post fertilization changes-

 Ovules develop a tough covering/coat and turn into seeds.

 Ovary swells and ripens to form a fruit
 Stigma, style, stamen, sepals and petals dry up and fall off.

Q19. Comment on the flower types of Hibiscus and Watermelon.

Hibiscus has Bisexual flowers ( both male & female reproductive organs within the same
flower) while Watermelon has Unisexual flowers ( separate male and female flowers )

Q20. What is syngamy? What is the product formed by syngamy?

The fusion of the egg and the male gamete is called syngamy which gives rise to a diploid
zygote.

Q21. How is endosperm formed in plants?

The nutritive tissue, Endosperm is the product of triple fusion between the male gamete
and the two polar nuclei in flowering plants.

SECTION C

Q1. Name an organism which reproduces by spore formation. List 2 conditions favourable
for spores to germinate and grow.

RHIZOPUS reproduces by spore formation. Optimum temperature and humidity/moisture

are 2 conditions favourable for spores to germinate and grow.

Q2. Differentiate between a) Foetus and Embryo b) Zygote and Embryo c) Pollination and
Fertilization d) Ovum and Sperm e) Menarche and Menopause

COPY FROM THE PICS POSTED IN THE CLASSROOM.

Q3. What is tissue culture or micropropagation ? Which plants are propagated by this
method?

In tissue culture, new plants are grown by removing tissue or separating cells from the growing tip of a
plant. The cells are then placed in an artificial medium where they divide rapidly to form a small group of
cells or callus. The callus is transferred to another medium containing hormones for growth and
differentiation. The plantlets are then placed in the soil so that they can grow into mature plants. Using
tissue culture, many plants can be grown from one parent in disease-free conditions. This
technique is commonly used for ornamental plants like orchids.

Q4. Define: a) Implantation b) Gestation c) Parturition d) Placenta

In Notes

Q5. How can new Bryophyllum plants be produced from the leaves of the old plant.
Explain with diagram. Diagram from the NCERT

By a method of asexual reproduction called vegetative propagation. The buds arise from
the notches along the leaf margins and fall in soil to grow into a new plant.

Q6. What are male and female gonads in human beings and what are their function ?
Male gonad is a pair of testis while female gonad is a pair of ovary.
Function of testes- (i) IT PRODUCES SPERMS FOR FERTILIZATION.
(ii) IT RELEASES THE MALE HORMONE - TESTOSTERONE
Function of Ovary-(i) IT PRODUCES EGG/OVUM FOR FERTILIZATION.
(ii)IT RELEASES THE 2 FEMALE HORMONES - ESTROGEN &
PROGESTERONE.

Q7. Which type of reproduction

a) involves gametes- Sexual Reproduction

b) does not involve gametes- Asexual Reproduction

Q8. List four methods of contraception used by humans. -Barrier/physical, chemical(OCs) ,

IUCD, Surgical (Vasectomy in males & Tubectomy in females)

Q9. What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young
embryo?

Development of the disc shaped tissue called the PLACENTA for providing nourishment
so that the embryo develops into a foetus.

Q10. In tobacco plant, the male gametes have 24 chromosomes. What is the number of
chromosome in female gametes ? What is the number of chromosome in the zygote,
endosperm ?

Female gametes will have 24 chromosomes as it’s a haploid cell, Zygote is diploid so it will
have 48 chromosomes while Endosperm is triploid and will have 72 chromosomes.

Q11. In a plant if the male gamete has 14 chromosomes. What is the number of
chromosomes in the endosperm? Give reason.

Endosperm is triploid and will have 42 chromosomes as it is a product of Triple fusion.

Q12. If a woman is using a Copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted
diseases? Which contraceptive method will provide this advantage?

NO, Copper- T will not protect her from STDs. Only Physical/barrier methods like condoms
will prevent STDs.

Q13. What is the function of micropyle in the embryo sac of a flower ?

Micropyle is the opening of the embryo sac through which the male gametes enter and
bring about double fertilization.

Q14. List two advantages of growing grapes and bananas through vegetative propagation.

1. Fruits can be obtained faster than those grown through seeds.

2. Desirable characters of the parent plant like seedless nature can further be
transferred to the offsprings.

Q15. Variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will only survive in a
population. Justify.
Variations may or may not be beneficial for an organism. Hence those variations that
provide a survival advantage to the organism are carried further in a population while
others get discontinued.

Q16. List two sexually transmitted diseases which are caused by

i) Bacteria – Syphilis , Gonorrhoea

ii) Virus- AIDS, Genital warts

Q17. What happens to the lining of the uterus in females

a) Before release of a fertilized egg. The uterus prepares itself every month to receive a
fertilised egg. Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy. This would be required for
nourishing the embryo if fertilisation takes place.,
b) If no fertilization occurs. This thick lining of the uterus is not needed any longer. So, the
lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle
takes place roughly every month and is known as menstruation. It usually lasts for about
two to eight days.

Q18. What is the genetic constitution of male and female gametes in humans?
Male gametes can be of two types- those containing X chromosome & those containing Y
chromosome while the female gamete or egg is only of one type and contains X
chromosome.
Q19. A piece of bread was left in a box by mistake. When it was opened after 6-7 days, it
smelt badly and also showed black growth. Identify the microorganism which had grown
on this bread . What type of asexual reproduction does it show?
Bread mold or Rhizopus, a fungus will grow on this bread. It shows spore formation as a
method of asexual reproduction.

Q20.Which are the male accessory sex glands? What is their function?
(a) Seminal Vesicles- A pair of seminal vesicles release a fluid which helps in the
transportation and nutrition of sperms.
(b) Prostate gland- Releases a fluid which regulates / reduces acidity in the urethra.
Q21. On what basic principle are the following contraceptive methods based:
a. IUCD- Prevents Implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
b. Condoms and Cervical caps- Prevent Fertilization as the male gametes are not
available for fertilization.
Q22. Where does fertilization of egg and implantation of the embryo takes place in the
female’s body?
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube while Implantation occurs in the Uterus(uterine
wall)
Q23. Which part of the female reproductive system is called the birth canal and why ?
What is its other function ?

Vagina is called the birth canal as it provides the channel to deliver the baby from the
uterus to outside the mother’s body. It also serves as the passageway through which fluid
passes out of the body during menstrual periods.

Q24. Why are testis and ovaries called dual organs?

As they are parts of two different systems Reproductive system as well as the Endocrine
system. As part of the reproductive system they produce gametes for fertilization while as
part of the endocrine system they release sex hormones like testosterone & estrogen
respectively.

Q25. What is the function of the following ?

a. Uterus – Embryo gets implanted and further develops into a foetus here.
b. Vas deferens- Duct which carries sperms from testes into the body.
c. Fallopian tube – Site of fertilization.
d. Urethra- Common passage for semen & urine in males.

Q26. What is puberty? Enlist three changes that occur in boys and girls during puberty.

Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature/ reproductively
active. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12
and 16 for boys.

In girls:

 Ovaries start ovulation.

 Breast development.
 Hair growth in the body and pubic area.
 Menarche- Beginning of Menstruation.
 Widening of the waist.

In boys:

 Testicles grow bigger and start producing sperms.

 Hair growth in the body and pubic area.
 Muscles grow, the voice deepens.
 Facial hair develop as beard and moustache.

Q27. Explain the structure and function of placenta in female’s body.

The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta.
This is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the
tissue. On the mother’s side are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large
surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. The developing
embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the
mother’s blood through the placenta

SECTION D

Q1. What is AIDS? Which microbe is responsible for AIDS infection? State 4 modes of
transmission of this disease. Explain in brief one contraceptive measure for the prevention
of AIDS.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, which is a viral STD. It is caused
by the virus HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It can be transmitted through the
following modes-

(i) Unsafe sexual contact with an infected person.

(ii) Unsafe blood transfusion.
(iii) Sharing of needles & syringes with infected persons.
(iv) From an infected mother to her unborn foetus.

AIDS is an STD which can be prevented through barrier or physical method of

contraception like use of condoms by males.

e. Name the National Level Organization in India which is actively involved in creating
awareness about AIDS and its prevention.

NACO- National AIDS Control Organization

Q2. i) Following is the figure of female reproductive system.

Label the parts 1,2,3,4,and 5

1-Fallopian tube/ Oviduct 2-Ovary 3-Cervix 4-Uterus/Womb 5-Vagina

Answer the following questions:

a) Which part is involved in producing female gamete? OVARY

b) Which part undergoes changes if fertilization does not occur? UTERUS/ UTERINE WALL

c) Where does fertilization occur? IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBE / OVIDUCT

ii) Define: a) Ovulation b) Menarche c) Gestation d) Parturition -FROM TYPED NOTES

Q3. What are cotyledons? What is their function?

Cotyledons also called Seed leaves are structures within the seed that provide nutrition to
the embryo for developing into a seedling.