Daniel Alves Castello

[email protected]

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Introduction

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Governing equation

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Governing equation

This equation is valid for either elastic or norelastic materials.

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Governing equation
Hooke’s Law: Small deformations:

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Governing equation
Hooke’s Law: Homogeneous materials Small deformations:
E(x) = E, for all x
r(x) = r, for all x

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Governing equation

Thin rod

Taut string

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Governing equation
Thin rod without body forces:

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Bar velocity c0

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Basic characteristics

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Basic characteristics

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Propagating pulse

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Poisson’s effect

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Particle velocity

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Particle velocity
Lets consider e around 0.1%, i.e., e around 10-3. For steel, E = 207GPa and therefore
 = E e = 207 Mpa.
 For this situation, one gets: v = c0*/E = (5.1*103*207*106)/(207*109) = 5.1 m/s

c0 = 5.1*103 m/s
v = 5.1 m/s

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Semi-infinity rod in 𝑥 ≥ 0
Fixed end in 𝑥 = 0

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐0 𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡
𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0 = 𝑓 −𝑐0 𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑐0 𝑡); for all 𝑡 ≥ 0
Therefore
𝑔 𝑟 = −𝑓 −𝑟 , for all r
Hence
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐0 𝑡) = −g − 𝑥 − 𝑐0 𝑡 = −𝑔 −𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡 − 𝑔 −𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡 − 𝑔 −𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡

𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡 − 𝑔 −𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡) 𝜕𝑔(−𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡)
𝜎 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐸 =𝐸 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, if a = x+c0t and b=-x+c0t
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑔(𝑎) 𝜕𝑔 𝑏
𝜎 0, 𝑡 = 𝐸 =𝐸 − (−1) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏
𝜕𝑔(𝜃)
=2 𝜕𝜃
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑐0 𝑡

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries Double stress peak value at
x=0

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Rodar codigo Dalembert_Reflexao_Rigid_End.m

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Semi-infinity rod in 𝑥 ≥ 0
Free end in 𝑥 = 0

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐0 𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐0 𝑡
𝜕𝑢
𝜎 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐸
𝜕𝑥
𝜎 0, 𝑡 = 0

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑔(𝑥+𝑐0 𝑡) 𝜕𝑓 𝑥−𝑐0 𝑡
Therefore, =𝐸 + = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

Falta digitar e provar que u(x,t) = g(x+cot) + g(-x+cot) !!

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Semi-infinity rod in 𝑥 ≥ 0
Free end in 𝑥 = 0

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Semi-infinity rod in 𝑥 ≥ 0
Free end in 𝑥 = 0

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Reflection and Transmission at
boundaries
Rodar codigo Dalembert_Reflexao_Free_End.m

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Transmission into another rod

Nos meio 1 temos

Nos meios 1 e 2 temos

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Transmission into another rod

Nos meio 1 temos

At the junction :

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Transmission into another rod

Nos meio 1 temos

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Transmission into another rod

Nos meio 1 temos

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Transmission into another rod

Nos meio 1 temos

Impedância Z:

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

Uniaxial stress, the system presents only 𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝑖. 𝑒., 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑗 ≠ 𝑥𝑥
The strain components for an homegeneous and isotropic rod are:

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 36

As one gets the potential energy and the kinectic energy, one may use the
extended Hamilton’s principle to determine que governing equations of the
system (conservative ones):

𝑡1
𝛿 (𝑇 − 𝑉 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡0

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

𝑡1
𝛿 (𝑇 − 𝑉 )𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡0

Calculus of variations ...

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda

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Effects of lateral inertia - dispersion

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 40

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 41

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 42

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 43

Atenção que neste slide k = raio de giração e gamma = numero de onda 44

Wavelength and rod theory approximation

Rod

Displacement
(l = 2d) Displacement (l > 2d)

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Waves in finite rod – hystory of a
stress pulse
Bar suspended by two light strings

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Waves in finite rod – hystory of a
stress pulse

Stress field

Velocity at the point x=x0

Vamos fazer no quadro

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Waves in finite rod – hystory of a
stress pulse

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

Solution :
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑐0 𝑡 − 𝑥 (𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒)

For the rigid-mass block we consider the impact momentun relation:

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

𝐹 𝑡 : 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑉𝑓 𝑡 : 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Considering the information at the interface, one gets that :

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

Digitar no Latex

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

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Rigid-mass impact against a rod

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Notes: Spectrum analysis
𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡

+𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝐹𝑡⟶𝜔 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = −𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝜔

1 +𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝐹𝜔⟶𝑡 𝑢 𝑥, 𝜔 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡
2𝜋 −𝑖𝑛𝑓

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Notes: Spectrum relation

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Notes: Spectrum relation

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Notes: Spectrum relation

Digitar Latex

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Rods: Spectrum relation

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Rods: Spectrum relation

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Rods: Spectrum relation

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Rods: Spectrum relation

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Rods: Spectrum relation

Wave number k1:

Square root of a complex number is also complex !

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Rods: Spectrum relation

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Rods: Spectrum relation

𝐴𝜂2
lim 𝐼𝑚 𝑘1 = (verificar no quadro)
𝜔→+∞ 𝜌

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Rods: Force history applied at one
end

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Rods: Force history applied at one
end

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Rods: Force history applied at one
end

Como temos apenas as soluções forward, então B = 0

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Rods: Force history applied at one
end

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Rods: Dissipation in Rods

Dispersive media
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Rods: Dissipation in Rods

Assuming the elastic parameter K = 0 (springs) and small damping, one gets :

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Rods: Dissipation in Rods

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Rods: Dissipation in Rods
Assuming that \eta = 0 :

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Rods: Dissipation in Rods

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Rods: Dissipation in Rods

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